Isingeniso

Ukulingana kwemishado kuye kwaba yimpumelelo enkulu ekulweleni amalungelo omphakathi, kodwa kusebekhulile abashadile abangongqingili, indawo engokomthetho isalokhu igcwele izinselele izizukulwane ezisha ezingaziqondi ngokugcwele. Nakuba abantu abaningi becabanga ukuthi impi yaphela nge-U.S. iNkantolo Ephakeme ngo 2015 [[FLL:0]] Obergefell v. [,], iLGBT+ss, futhi inqwaba yabo abaphila emashumini eminyaka ekwahlulelwa okuqondile, ukuhlasela, nokucwasana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemigoqo engokomthetho okuqhubeka ngisho nangemva komshado kwaqalwa ngokomthetho. Le mingcele ayiyona nje isivikelo esisemthethweni; ithinta ngokuqondile ukunakekelwa kwempilo, inzuzo, inzuzo, nokunakekelwa kwabadala, futhi izinselele ezingokomthetho ezihlolwayo. Le nkinga iqinisekisa wonke amandla okudingekayo emishadweni emishaneni emishaneni emishaneni emisha.

Umlando Wamalungelo Omshado Emibhanqwana Ehlanganyela Ubulili

Ukuphoqelela ukulingana komshado e-United States akuzange kuqale [umthetho we-. Kwakuwumkhiqizo wamashumi eminyaka wobutshani obunoshukela, izimpi zenkantolo, nokushintsha umbono womphakathi. Ngaphambi konyaka ka-1990, umshado ofanayo we-exxpress womshado wawungacabangeki ngaphansi komthetho wase-U.S.. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ye-Hawaii [iBaehr v. Lewin[FLT] [FLT]] kwakuyisibo sokuqala ukusikisela ukuthi ukunqaba izivumelwano ezifanayo zomshado zingaphula umthetho we-omthetho. Ukunquma: ukudlula kwe-Devicence of Marrial Act (DO) ebekwe omunye umuntu futhi enqaba ukuvunywa futhi emelwa imishadwe umuntu oyedwa phakathi kwezindawo zemishado nezindawo ezifanayo, kodwa kwaze kwaba khona ngisho nangaphezulu-4, izigebhungane ezihlukene, kodwa zazelelwe kanye nangaphezulu kakhulu, kodwa zazezezelelwe kanye nezinye imibhangqwana esingu-4.

Imvume yaqala ekuqaleni ko-2000. i-Massachusetts yaba yisifundazwe sokuqala ukubhalisa umshado owengeziwe ngo-Exponen ngo-2004, ilandelwa ezinye ezimbalwa phakathi neshumi leminyaka elilandelayo. Kodwa ukuqashelwa okuxubile kwasho ukuthi umbhangqwana oshade ngokomthetho esifundazweni esisodwa ungalahlekelwa wonke amalungelo uma uthuthele ezweni elingaliqaphelanga ukuhlangana kwawo. Lokhu kwakuyingozi ikakhulukazi emibhangqwaneni ethathe umhlalaphansi ehlala njalo ngenxa yesimo esifudumele noma izindleko eziphansi zokuphila. Lapho iNkantolo ephakeme yabulala i-DoMA e[FLT] e[FL:] eUnited States. [FLT] V, futhi ekugcineni, kwenziwa izinqumo ezingokomthetho, izivumelwano zesizwe, zingcono kakhulu kunakho ukukhokha izindleko zezelelwa kwezentengozomphakathi futhi zaze zandisa amalungelo afana nakancane kakhulu. Uma imibhangqwana emisha ka-U.[15][5]

Ifa lalokhu kucwaswa lisaqhubeka namuhla. Imibhangqwana eminingi yasebekhulile engabantu asebekhulile, ikakhulukazi leyo engacebile kakhulu noma ehlala emaphandleni, isalintula izincwadi zomthetho ezivikela imibhangqwana eshadile ehlukile kweyezingane zobulili. Umphumela womshado “ovamile” awuvamile ukuba utholakale emibhangqwaneni efanayo ngenxa yokuthi yayingatholi ngisho nokushada. Ngenxa yalokho, ukushada nelungelo elinzima kumane kuyisiqalisi nje sendlela engokomthetho yabantu abadala.

Izimpikiswano Ezingokomthetho Eziyingqayizivele Ezibhekene Nemibhangqwana Eyisilisa Esifanayo

Nakuba umshado oxubile manje usungokomthetho ezweni lonke, imibhangqwana esekhulile iyaqhubeka ibhekana nemingcele okungenzeka ukuthi abafowabo abasebasha abangayitholi. Lemingcele isekelwe ekuxhumaneni kweminyaka, indlela yobulili, nomlando omude wokuhlukanisa ngokomthetho. Ngezansi izinselele ezicindezela kakhulu.

Ukulondeka Komphakathi Nezinzuzo Zalabo Abasinda

Inye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuvikela ngokwezimali kubantu abadala abashadile yi-Social Security Spousal nesibindi sabasindi. Ngaphansi kwe-Social Security Act, umngane womshado osele angathola amaphesenti afinyelela ku-100 enzuzo yomngane oshonile. Imibhangqwana yasebekhulile ehlolile, nokho, isikhathi somshado wabo singalinganisela kakhulu lezinzuzo. Uma umbhangqwana oshadile osushadile usanda kushada futhi usanda kudlula. [FLT] [FLT] ngenxa yencazelo ye-DOMA ehlobele imashumi eminyaka namuhla, ngisho nemibhangqwana emidala ithola ukuthi imishado emishado incikile.

Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela umbhangqwana owawuhlangene kusukela ngo-1970 kodwa washada ngokomthetho ngo-2015. Uma omunye umlingane osele eshona ngo-2016, umngane angasho ukuthi usinda uthola izinzuzo ezisekelwe emshadweni, kodwa imali ingabalwa ngokusebenzisa iminyaka engamashumi eminyaka kuphela ngemva konyaka ka-2015, ingayinaki i-Human Rights Cammission [, imibhangqwana eminingi emidala-externex ayiqapheli ngisho nokuthi inelungelo lokuthola lezinzuzo, ikakhulukazi uma ngaphambili ibitshelwe ukuthi ingabantu abadala abangakwazi ukukwazi ukuyithola. [FOLT:]

Ukwaba Ifa Nefa

Umshado unikeza amalungelo efa elizenzekelayo ngaphansi kwemithetho yokungabhaliswa kwefa, [1] uma umuntu efa engenantando, abashade naye ngokuvamile badla ingxenye enkulu yefa. Imibhangqwana yasebekhulile eyisilisa efanayo eyayingakwazi ukushada kuze kube muva nje, amabhukwana okuhlela indawo afana nefa, amathemba, kanye namandla ommeli abaluleke kakhulu. Kodwa abantu abadala abaningi abakwazanga ukubhalisa la maphepha ngenxa yokuthi ayevalelwe ngaphandle kwenhlangano engokomthetho, noma ngenxa yokuthi abakwazanga ukukwazi ukuthenga ummeli. Ngisho nangemva kwecala [[FLT: 0] [og.] [i-FLT:1], eminye imibhangqwana ikholelwa ngokungeyiphutha ukuthi ayitholangamalungelo emalini eseleni egciniwe. Lokhu kuyingozi ikakhulukazi emikhayeni emisha emisha emisha emishaneni emishaneni emishaneni emishanayo emisha.

Olunye ungqimba lwezinkimbinkimbi luhlanganisa imithetho yefa lefa. Nakuba intela yefa kahulumeni isebenza kubo bonke abashadile abasele ngaphandle kwemingcele, amanye amazwe awakalingani ngokugcwele nabashadile abangobafana ngefa ezinjongweni zentela, ikakhulukazi uma umbhangqwana ushade kwelinye izwe futhi kamuva uthutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibhangqwana eminingi yasebekhulile ehlukene ithola izakhiwo ezifanayo kodwa ayikaze nanini ibe nemali emishado emishado emishanqweni. Inkampani eyanezelwayo ehhovisi ngemva komshado ingase ibhekane nezinkinga zentela ezihlukene nemibhangqwana ehlukene neyasecelene kakhulu. Izinhlangano zezezemthetho zitusa kakhulu ukuthi imibhangqwana emidala efuna ipulani yempahla ebanzi, kodwa izindleko nezindleko ze LGBTQ++-octive eziphambili zezezezezezezemthetho ezisemthethweni kwezinye izindawo ezingenza lezindawo ezingafinyelele. [[FT] [5] [5] [5] [iK] [iK] izibonelov] zezemfundo ezisemthethweni zezemfundo zasebe zezemfundo zakudala]

Ukusebenza Kwesinqumo Nezokwelapha

Uma umngane womshado esekhubazekile, umshado uqinisekisa ukuthi omunye unelungelo elingokomthetho lokwenza izinqumo zezokwelapha. Nokho, imibhangqwana yasebekhulile eyisilisa efanayo engashadanga ngaphambi kwenkinga yezokwelapha ingazithola ivaliwe egumbini lasesibhedlela noma ingakwazi ukuthola ulwazi lwempilo. Ngisho nangemva kokuba u-Obergefell[, abanye abanakekela impilo baye bathatha kancane ukuvuselela izimiso zabo nokuqeqesha. Izindaba zabangane abafanayo bezokwelapha abaphikiswa ukuvakasha noma ukubuzwa “ilungu lomkhaya” ukuba benze izinqumo zivame kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezikhungweni zokunakekela abantu abadla iswini ezingokwempilo.

Ikhambi liwukuthi wonke umbhangqwana usebenzise iziqondiso eziphambili .a ophilayo namandla ahlalayo ommeli wokunakekela impilo (kodwa abantu abadala abaningi abakhulile abake bakwenza. Ukuhlolwa kuka-2021 kwe-National Council on Aging kwathola ukuthi i-LGBTQ+ abadala abavamile ukuba babe nale zincwadi eziqhathaniswe nontanga yabo abanobuntu obuhlukile. Ukuhlangana kokungathembi (okusekelwe ekucwaseni) kanye nokungatholani ngokomthetho ngaphambi kokuba umshado ubangele igebelele. Imibhangqwana akumelwe ithembele kuphela esitifiketini somshado. Kufanele ikwazi ukunikeza amagama acacile amalunga amalunga ne-LGBT [FLLT:]

Ukunakekela Ukucwaswa Kwezindlu Nokucwasa Kwabadala

Imibhangqwana esele ibhekene nobunzima obubodwa lapho ifuna usizo olukhethekile lokuhlala, ukunakekelwa kwamakhaya, noma imiphakathi ethatha umhlalaphansi. I-Fair Howard Act inqabela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ekukhuleni kobulili, kodwa ukugcinwa komthetho akuvumelani. Izindawo eziningi azikho izisebenzi zesitimela eLGBTQ+ + ezichanekayo, futhi izakhamuzi “eziye zaphuma kamuva” ekuphileni noma ezingavuleki ngobuhlobo bazo zingacindezelwa ukuba zibuyele emuva ezindaweni zokufihla ukuthi zikhona. Abantu abadala abathwele izitho, ikakhulukazi, ngokuvamile, babhekene nenzondo ezikhungweni ezingosini ezizimele.

Ukuhlolwa kwango-2019 kweNational Senior Citizens Law Center kwathola ukuthi cishe ingxenye yasebekhulile be-LGBTQ+ abantu abadala babesaba ubandlululo ngokunakekela isikhathi eside, futhi cishe amaphesenti angama-20 ayenakho ngempela. Izikhalo zihlanganisa izisebenzi ezisebenzisa amabizo angafanele, ezihlukanisa umbhangqwana emagunjini ahlukene noma izindawo, futhi ngisho nokuhlukumezana ngamazwi. Amakhambi angokomthetho akhona ngaphansi kwe-Moirhouse Home Act ne-Mource Reformation Act alinganiselwe futhi ngokuvamile adinga isikhalo esingathatha iminyaka ukuxazulula. Amanye amadolobha namazwe awedlula izivikelo eziqinile, kodwa umthetho kahulumeni usawahlukanisa izakhiwo, amalungiselelo ahlukene e-LGBT+ abadala. [FLT:]

Ukudla Okungenangozi Nemithombo Yemibhangqwana Egugile Ehlanganyela Ubulili

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, izinhlangano zomphakathi nezinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenzela ukuvala igebe phakathi kwamalungelo omshado futhi ziphile ngokulingana. Imfundo iseyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu. Imibhangqwana eminingi yasebekhulile engokobulili obufanayo ayazi ukuthi isivikelo esingakanani noma ukuthi ingafinyelela kanjani. Ngezansi iyimizamo eyinhloko yokufuna ukuzuza amalungelo omshado nengcebo.

Izinhlangano Zesizwe Zokuphatha Abasebasha

Amaqembu anjengaye ILambda esemthethweni, i-ACLU LGBT+ LGTQ + Iprojekthi yamalungelo [, I-Human Rights Campaigment [ Isetshenziswa ekufakeni i-ligilamu nasemfuno yemfundo yomphakathi. [[FLT:] [OFLT]bergefell[, bashintsha ukugxila ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isithembiso senze inzelo siqalwe ngokuhlela amashalo ezindawo, i-bono esemthethweni yemithola-mtholampilo. [FLT] [5] [5] [5] [i Alekthensi] indlela yeminyaka esebenzayo ye-National B]

Ngaphezu kwalokho, I-Active Initive kanye noMkhandlu wesizwe oHlakulwa nokuguga usungule imithombo yezobuchwepheshe yemibhangqwana efanayo exponene. Le zihlanganisa uhlu lwemibhalo engokomthetho, iziqondisi zeMedicare sumariba, kanye nokuwohloka kwenkululeko yesizwe. Indlu ephakathi iyiSikhungo sezenzuzo sombuso esise LGBT UKING[FLT:], enikeza ukuqeqeshwa kwabadala nge-igeomeeasemkha.

Usizo Olungokomthetho Nezingosi Ze - proBono

Imithetho ekhokhwayo ivimbela kakhulu. Imibhangqwana eminingi yasebekhulile eyisilisayo iphila ngeholo elimisiwe futhi ayinakukwazi ukukhokhela ummeli ozimele ukuba enze izinqumo zokuhlela noma abaphathi abafuna ukukhokhelwa. Izifunda-mazwe eziningi zine-LGBTQ+ ezingokomthetho, ezivame ukusetshenziswa izikole zomthetho noma izinkampani ze-bar. Ngokwesibonelo, i-LGBTQ+ARP [Umthetho wabadala] [Umthetho] [Umthetho] [[FLT]] [ukhulu Project [[FLT]] [ult:1] [uhlela] izinhlelo zezindawo zaseNew York [unyaka] zinikeza iziteshici zesihle. [[FLT] Imibhangqwana inikeza uhlelo lwezindawo ezingokomthetho [i-GLT] [ignome] [iright Greagent]]

Ukusekela Okusekelwe Emkhakheni

Ngaphandle kosizo olungokomthetho, izikhungo zomphakathi nezikhungo eziphakeme zinikeza ngokuqhubekayo i-LGBTQ+--mcaba. Emadolobheni amaningi, kukhona “LGBTTQ+ amaqembu aphezulu angokwenhlalo” aphethe nezindawo zokusebenzela ezingokomthetho. Izimboni ezingokoqobo zewebhusayithi kanye neziqophanayo zenza le mithombo yemali itholakale kakhulu phakathi kobhadane nangaphandle. USVCECY] ne Advociation for GLBT Lunglblder [FF:1]

Indlela Engaphambili: Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Nezidingo Zesimiso

Nakuba ukulingana emshadweni kuwukunqoba okukhulu, akulona ikhambi. Imibhangqwana ekhulile engokobulili obufanayo idinga izinqubo ezihloselwe ukuxazulula imiphumela engapheli yokuzihlukanisa ngokomlando. Phakathi kwezidingo eziphuthuma kakhulu yile:

  • [ Izinzuzo ezisemthethweni: Imithetho yempesheni yokuqaphela iminyaka yangaphambi komshado yemibhangqwana eboshelwe ebulilini enqatshelwe ngokomthetho ukushada.
  • Imfuneko kahulumeni yokuba amakhaya asebegugile nokusiza izisebenzi ezihlala ezinakekela abantu abaphelele, enezimiso zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa.
  • [ Ukuhlanganisa usizo olungokomthetho: Ukukhuliswa kwezimali zikahulumeni nombuso ezixhasa izinkonzo ze-probono ezingokomthetho ezigxile ekuhleleni ifa kanye nezinzuzo zokuhamba nge-LGBTQ+ abaphathi.
  • Isivikelo esiwena i-discrive-dict: Iziphendu zomthetho we-Fair House Act ne- Nursing Home Reform Act ukudweba ngokucacile uhlu lokubonisa ubulili kanye nobulili njengezigaba ezivikelwe, nezinqubo zokukhononda ezilandelanayo.
  • [[AKT:0] Iqoqo: lithuthukisiwe ukuhlolwa kukahulumeni ukuze kutholakale inani nezidingo ezingokomthetho ze LGBTQ, kuhlanganise nesikhundla somshado, iholo, nokuhlangenwe nakho okucwasana nobandlululo.

Lezi zinguquko zenqubo azizuzuzisanga imibhangqwana eyisilisa besilisa nabesifazane asebekhulile kuphela kodwa futhi ziqinisa idebe lokuphepha komphakathi wabo bonke abantu abadala. I-LGBTQ+ umphakathi walwela ukubandakana hhayi nje ngenxa yesitifiketi somshado, kodwa ngenxa yamalungelo angokomthetho agcwele kanye nesivikelo esinikezwa umshado. Kubantu abadala, ukulibala ukufinyelela lokho kufakwa ekwakheni izikhala ezingokomthetho okumelwe zigcwaliswe ngokusemthethweni. Amaqembu amaqembu amaqembu asebenzela imishadolo ayaqhubeka esunduza lenguquko, kodwa ukuqashelwa komphakathi kuhlala kuphansi.

Isiphetho

Ukubekwa ngokomthetho komshado ongowesilisa nhlobo eUnited States kwakuyisikhawulo esingokomlando semiyalo engokomthetho ye-LBTQ+ amalungelo. Kodwa emibhangqwaneni ekhulile eyachitha ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwayo ngaphandle kwesivikelo somthetho, isithembiso sokulingana asikaphelelanga. Kusukela ekuhlanganeni kwe-Social Security esisizakalo sobudoda ekutholeni izinqumo zezokwelapha, imibhangqwana emidala efanayo ibhekene nezithiyo ezingokomthetho ezidinga imvume yomshado yokuxazulula. Njengoba iminyaka yobudala nenani labantu abadala be-LBBTQ+ ikhula, isilinganiso sezigidi ezintathu zezokuvikela e-U. ngo-20202020 futhi ifaka umsebenzi ophindwe kabili ekunakekeleni ngokuphuthuma kwalezi zinselele. Umbhangqwana ngamunye ufanelwe ukukhula ngesithunzi, ukulondeka komshado, nokuqaphela ngokugcwele kwesibopho sawo wonke ukuphila kwawo.

Ngokukhulisa ukuqasha, ukwandisa usizo olungokomthetho, kanye nokunikeza usizo lwabadala abanakekela izingane, singaguqula ilungelo lokushada libe isivikelo esilinganayo kubo bonke. Ukulwela ukulingana komshado akuphelanga ezitebhisini zeNkantolo Ephakeme; kuyaqhubeka emakamelweni asesibhedlela, emahhovisi omhlalaphansi, nasehhovisi lezenhlalaphansi ezweni lonke. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imibhangqwana ekhulile enezinkonzo ezifanayo ezingokomthetho ayikona nje ukuxazulula ukungalungi kwangesikhathi esidlule, kuyisibopho esiyisisekelo sesimiso sothando nesomkhaya okufanelwe inhlonipho kuzo zonke izinga lokuphila.