Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, iYurophu iye yaguqulwa kakhulu ekuqapheleni ngokomthetho ukusondelana kobuhlobo obuseduze. Izinhlobo zamalungelo omshado kanye nokubambisana komphakathi manje zibonisa ukuthi izwekazi lilwisana nezinhloso eziqhubekayo kanye nokumelana kwamasiko aqinile. Kusukela emithethweni yokuphayona yase-Netherlands kuya ekuvinjelweni komthetho-sisekelo ezingxenyeni zeMpumalanga Yurophu, ukumiswa kwezindawo okungokomthetho kwemibhangqwana (‘i-exconet' noma i-exmear", kuyaqhubeka ukuguquka. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okuqinile kwemisuka emisuka endulweni engokomlando, isifunda samanje, isifunda somshado nokuqaphelana komphakathi eYurophu, siqokomisa ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kwenkululeko yesizwe, amalungelo esizwe, nenguquko yesizwe.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Komthetho Womshado EYurophu

Umshado wawungahlangani nemithetho yesimanje. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, leli lungiselelo lalibuswa ngokuyinhloko yizivumelwano zobulungu, imfundiso engokwenkolo, nesiko lendawo. ISonto lamaKatolika laqinisa ukulawula umshado phakathi nenkathi yenkathi yenkathi ephakathi, lidinga imvume, izifungo zomphakathi, nesibusiso sabefundisi. Lo mthetho wesonto wawuchaza umshado njengongalawuleki futhi ongowesifazane nowesifazane kuphela.

Ukusuka Enkolo Kuya Emshadweni Wangaphakathi

INguquko nokuphakama kwezizwe kwabekela inselele igunya lesonto ngomshado. INguquko yamaProthestani yavumela isehlukaniso ezimweni ezilinganiselwe, kodwa kwaze kwaba yilapho iNguquko yaseFrance lapho umqondo womshado womphakathi waqala ukufakwa emthethweni. IFrance yasungula umshado womphakathi ophoqelelwe ngo-1792, isusa isonto lombuso ongokomthetho futhi ibeka umshado ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni. Lesibonelo sasakazekela kulo lonke elaseYurophu ngekhulu leshumi elinethoba, amazwe anjengeJalimane, i-Italy, kanye neUnited Kingdom emisa imithetho yomshado yombango eyayihlangene nemikhosi yenkolo. Ukusuka ekulawuleni kwezenkolo kwabekwa isisekelo sezinguquko kamuva, njengoba amazwe manje engasenawo umshado omuhle ngaphandle kokuzivumela imfundiso yesonto.

Ukwanda Kwemithetho Yesehlukaniso Nokulingana Kwabantu Abangabantu

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili kwaba nezinguquko eziphindaphindiwe emthethweni womshado. Isehlukaniso saba ngokomthetho emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, nakuba ngokuvamile ngezizathu eziqinile ezinjengokuphinga noma unya. Izinhlangano zamalungelo abesifazane zonyaka ka-1960 no 1970 zaqhutshekiselwa ukulingana phakathi komshado, ziqeda imfundiso yokufihla eyayihlanganisa ukufaneleka kwabesifazane ngokomthetho ngaphansi komyeni wakhe. Amazwe anjengeSweden neDenmark ahola indlela yokwamukela imithetho engokomthetho engokwabela ubulili, ukususa izimfuneko zokuba umfazi athathe isibongo somyeni wakhe futhi anikeze amalungelo alinganayo empahla nasemgqebeni. Lezinguquko zabeka isigaba sobuhlobo obukhulu: ukuqashelwa kobuhlobo obufanayo nobulili obubodwa.

Ukuvela Kwabangane Bomphakathi Njengendlela Engokomthetho

Ngaphambi kokuba umshado oxubile ufinyeleleke, ukuhlangana komphakathi kwavela njengokuyekethisa okungokomthetho. Umqondo wanamuhla waqalwa eDenmark, owadala ngo- 1989 umbuso wokuqala wobungane obhaliwe emhlabeni wemibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo. Lenhlangano entsha engokomthetho yanikeza amalungelo amaningi nezibopho zomshado − ukulandelana kwefa, ukulandelana kwemidanti, nezinzuzo zezenhlalo (xa kugwenywa igama elithi "umshado" futhi ngokuvamile kususwe imikhosi yenkolo kanye nokutholwa kwabantu abahlangene. Isibonelo saseDenmark sazibonakalisa sinethonya.

Imisuka Nokusakazekela EYurophu

Ngemva kwe-Denmark, amanye amazwe ase-Nordic amukela ubuhlobo obubhaliwe: i-Norway (1993), i-Sweden (1995), i-Iceland (2006), ne-Finland (2002). i-Netherlands yasungula ubuhlobo obubhaliwe bayo bobabili ubulili obufanayo nobuhlukene phakathi konyaka ka-1998, ilindele ukulingana okugcwele ngo-2001, iFrance yasungula [i-FLT:0] iPicone Comn de Sonalité [i-PACS] ngo-1999, i-engingx ekhululekileyo evulekileyo yonke imibhangqwana. i-United Kingdom, neSwitzerland yasungula imithetho yayo phakathi kuka-2001 no-2001.

Amalungelo Nezibopho Ngaphansi Kwabangane Bomphakathi

Nakuba ukusebenzelana kwabantu kuhlukahluka ngokwezwe, kunezici eziyinhloko:

  • I-Legal ukuqashelwa: ukubhaliswa okungokomthetho ngamandla angokomthetho, ngokuvamile okudinga izinqubo zokuhlukanisa ezifana nesehlukaniso.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inzuzo namalungelo efa: ikhono lokudla ifa ngaphandle kwentando, ukuvikelana, nokukhulula intela yefa.
  • [ ukulondeka komphakathi nezinzuzo zempesheni: Ukutholakala kwempesheni yabasindi, isikhokhelo somshuwalense wempilo, nezinzuzo zomkhaya.
  • Ukufuduka nobuzwe: Ilungelo lokuxhasa umngane wokuhlala noma izakhamuzi ezifundeni eziningi.
  • Umthwalo wemfanelo wobuzali:[ Abanye ababoni bavumela ukutholwa komzali oyedwa noma ukuqashelwa okuzenzekelayo kwezingane ezizalelwe kulobububuhlobo.

Nokho, ukubambisana kwabantu kwakuba nemingcele, emazweni amaningi, babengaliniki ilungelo lokuthola izingane ngokubambisana, futhi babengavumeli ukuba zigujwe. Izimpikiswano zokuwinwa kwabantwana abazalwa ngaphambi kobuhlobo nazo zazingahlala zingenakulungiswa.

Ubuhlobo Obuphakathi Kwemibhangqwana Ehlukile Engokobulili Obuhlukile

Intuthuko ebalulekile ukuhlanganisa imibhangqwana ehlukene. I-Netherlands, iFrance (PACS), ne-Belgium kakade yavumela lokhu. I-United Kingdom yavula ubuhlobo bomphakathi nemibhangqwana emelene ne-communism ngo-2019 ngemva kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme. iFinland, i-Ireland, neLuxembourg futhi inikeza imibhangqwana eminingi ebhaliswe ngokomthetho. Imibhangqwana eminingi, imishado imelela okunye okufiselekayo emshadweni. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi imishado ayiyona nje indlela yokunqanda imibhangqwana engontakeni kodwa ilungiselelo elingokomthetho eliqinile elingaqhubeka nokuhlala ndawonye.

Umshado Ofanayo Nowe - Sex: Ukuthambekela Okukhulayo EYurophu

Izivumelwano zomphakathi zazivame ukugxekwa njengezinye zezigaba ezilandelayo. Abameleli baphikisa ngokuthi ukwahlukana kwakungenakulingana, ikakhulukazi lapho ubuhlobo bungawahlanganisi amalungelo okutholwa noma ukuqashelwa okugcwele emphakathini. Ukuphoqelelwa kokulingana komshado kwakhula eminyakeni yawo - 2000, nezishaya - mthetho zesizwe nezinkantolo kuholele endleleni.

Amazwe Aphayona Nemithetho Ebalulekile

I-Netherlands yaba izwe lokuqala emhlabeni ukuba ibhalise umshado ofanayo ngo-2001, futhi ngo-2013 i-United Kingdom yafaka umshado ofanayo wobulili osemthethweni, i-Australia, i-Australia, i-Eceland yabhaliswa ngo-2003, ngo-2005, i-Spain ngo-2005, i-Norway ne-Sweden ngo-2020. Ngo-2010 i-Portugal yavunyelwa ngokomthetho ngo-2010 (nomkhosi oqashelwe emhlabeni wonke ngundukubusa kweNkahulumeni wayo), i-Denmark ngo-2017, neFrance ngo-2013220. Ngo-2020. I-2017 i-United Kingdom yasungula umshado ofanayo waseNgilandi nase-Wales ngo-2014, i-Ecossean kuphela ngaphandle kwe-Italy)

Indima YeNkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu

INkantolo yaseYurophu yamaLungu (ECHR) iye yenza indima ebalulekile kodwa eqaphile. Ecaleni eliphawulekayo Schalk noKopf v. [2010], inkantolo yanquma ukuthi i-European Convention on Human Rights ayizange ibophe ukuba inikeze izivumelwano ezifanayo ze-668, kodwa yaqaphela ukuthi ubuhlobo obubodwa obubodwa buwena emqondweni we "ukuphila komkhaya"." Kamuva, [i-aliri nezinye.[FLT:] [20], inkantolo yathola ukuthi i-Italy ayiphulanga izivumelwano ezingokomthetho ngokunikeza isivikelo esingokomthetho sohlobo olulodwa. Lezizwe ezilawula ngaphandle kwesenzo sokubhalisa i-STLY, iye yamisa ukulingana kwemithetho yesizwe; i-Italy[FLT:] [20] [20], ithole ukuthi izivumelwano somphakathi somphakathi sihlangene somphakathi sesizwe sihlangene somphakathi sezwe.

Umthetho We - EU Namalungelo Enhlangano Ekhululekile

Umthetho we-European Union ubuye walololonga isimo. Isimiso se-EU sokuhamba ngokukhululekile kwabantu sisebenza kubangane abangobulili abashadile emazweni aqaphela umshado, kodwa kuphakama izinkinga lapho umbhangqwana usuka emishadweni ungenaso isimo sokulingana ufike emoni ongaboniyo. Coman] nabanye [208] mayelana [icala], iNkantolo yeJaji ye-EUM (208), ikholelwa ukuthi umngane womshado ofanayo u-xponesex uyi-"isibalo" ngezinjongo ze-Free Move Directioniveveveve, ngisho noma isimo sommemi i-khaya singavumeli umshado ofanayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-Romania i-Melika e-Belgium kumelwe inikwe amalungelo e-Romania. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukubusa kwesinqumo kwesizwe ukuba i-Rometton ukuba ingakwazi ukuthatha izigwegwegwegwegwegwegwegwe ngokusho, nakuba kungena izimo ze-mo ezingokomthetho ze-EUR.

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Nezinto Ezingafani

Naphezu kwentuthuko enkulu, ukuqashelwa ngokomthetho kwemibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili akulingani. kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kweNtshonalanga neNyakatho Yurophu nengxenye enkulu yeMpumalanga neNingizimu Yurophu.

IMpumalanga Yurophu Nokuvinjelwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Amazwe amaningana aye alungisa imithetho-mthetho yawo ukuze achaze ngokucacile umshado njengenyunyana phakathi kwendoda nowesifazane. IPoland, iHungary, iLatvia, iLithuania, iCroatia, neSlovakia anawo amalungiselelo anjalo. Ngo-2020, iHungary futhi yadlulisa umthetho owenqabela ukutholwa kwabantwana ngokungemthetho yimibhangqwana efanayo ye-extsona sex. iPoland ayiqashelwa ngokomthetho imibhangqwana efanayo exhen noma yini, futhi imizamo yephalamende yokusungula ubuhlobo bomphakathi iye yahluleka ngokuphindaphindiwe. EHungary, umthetho-sigray hhayi nje imishado efanayo kodwa futhi awunikezi esinye isakhiwo somthetho ongokomthetho, ishiya imibhangqwana engenalo ingenalo ifa lefa lesibhedlela, ukuhawuza isibhedlela, noma ifa. Lokhu kuviswa komthetho kugcizelelwa kakhulu ukuphikisa kwezombangazwe nangokwezenkolo.

Imibono Ethandwayo Nezici Ezilandelanayo

Imizamo yokwandisa amalungelo ngezinye izikhathi iye yabuyiselwa emuva ngama-parence. ESlovenia, u-2012 i-arhendementum wahlehlisa umthetho wobungani besizwe owadluliselwa yiphalamende, nakuba kamuva ngo-2015 ukubhalisa okuhlangene nomshado owenziwe ngesambuku kwahluleka (umthetho womshado wagcina udluliswe yiphalamende). ERomania, i-astendendum ka-2018 yafuna ukuvimbela umshado ofanayo owe-6semthethweni, kodwa yahluleka ngenxa yokungalawuleki. Ama-Referendendum angamathuluzi ahlukanisayo, futhi imiphumela ngokuvamile ibonisa ukwahlukana okujulile kwezenhlalo kunokuba ivumelaniswe ngokucacile ngamalungelo abantu.

Itrangender ne Interssex Amalungelo eMibhanqwana

Ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho kobuhlobo obuhlangene nobulili obuyinkimbinkimbi. Emazweni avumela ukuhlukanisana kobulili kuphela, umshado ungancishiswa uma umuntu othathelana iziqu ezihlukene nocansi eshintsha ubulili bakhe ngokomthetho ngemva kokushada, ngaphandle kokuba umthetho unikeza ngokucacile ukuqhubekeka komshado. Amazwe amaningi aseNtshonalanga Yurophu manje avumela abantu abahlukeneyo ukuba bashintshe ubulili babo ngokomthetho ngaphandle kokuba bafune isehlukaniso, kodwa lokhu akuyona into esemhlabeni wonke. EHungary nasePoland, ukuvimbela ukuqashelwa kwabantu ubulili ngokomthetho ukuba bahlukane ngokuphumelelayo noma bahlale bengashadile. Ngoba abantu ngabanye, isimiso somthetho sivame ukuthatha ubulili obubodwa, sidala izinselele zokubhalisa nefa. Umthetho uyaqhubeka u-Avodicard ekwayalela imithetho yomshado engokwabesilisa neyohlobo oluhlukene.

Ezinye Izinhlobo Zokwamukelwa Ngokomthetho

Ngaphandle komshado nokubambisana komphakathi, imibuso yaseYurophu iye yasungula izinhlelo ezingokomthetho eziningi zemibhangqwana engabuhleli ubuhlobo bayo.

Ukubambisana okungabhaliswanga ngokomthetho v. Imishini ebhaliswe ngombhalisa

Ukuhlalisana okungabhaliswanga ngokomthetho .Nkathi leyo imiphumela iyanda kakhulu. E-Sweden naseFrance, abantu abahlala ndawonye bangathola amalungelo athile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengokuhlukanisa impahla ngemva kokwehlukana noma ifa uma bebizwa ngentando. Ngokungafani, emazweni amaningi aseMpumalanga Yurophu, ukuhlalisana ndawonye kuthwala abambalwa kungenamalungelo azenzekelayo. Ezinye izifundazwe, njenge United Kingdom (inganekwane yomthetho we-onke), inikeza isivikelo esilinganiselwe esidinga ukungeniswa kwenani lika-1bybgrafe ligitation.

Ukwehluka Kwamalungelo Okutholwa

Imibhangqwana elinganayo engokobulili obuhlukile ibonisa ukwahlukana okusele. Emazweni anokulingana okugcwele komshado, njenge-Netherlands, iSpain, ne-United Kingdom, imibhangqwana engokwabelanayo ingamukela ngokubambisana. Nokho, ezifundazweni eziningana zomphakathi, ukutholwa ngokungemthetho kusanqatshelwa. EPoland, eHungary, naseSlovakia, ukutholwa kwemibhangqwana efanayo engokwabazali abahlukene kuvinjelwe ngokuqondile. I-Surcogate, esetshenziswa abanye abesilisa abashadile abangongqingili, kungenye indawo lapho imithetho ihlukene kakhulu khona, evimbela (e, eFrance) ukuba ibeke imingcele engokomthetho (e, e-Grece, e-UK). Ukungaqali malungelo abazali abahlukene emingceleni emingceleni ehlukene kudala "imo yomkhaya oxpasahlukene" lapho ingane engomunye abazali bebodwa kuphela.

Iziqondiso Nesiphetho Sesikhathi Esizayo

Ukuvumelana Nokungavumelani EYurophu

Ikusasa lokuqashelwa kobuhlobo eYurophu lixhomeke ekuncipheni kwezikhundla zesizwe nezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. UMkhandlu we-Europe weSivumelwano samalungelo abantu uye wachazwa kancane kancane, kodwa ukucindezela kwe European Court of Human Rights kungaqhubeka nokuphoqelela izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe. I-EU ithatha izinyathelo ezincane: isinqumo sePhalamende laseYurophu esithi ama-20222 aqaphele izikhundla zomkhaya emazweni angamalungu, nakuba kungabopheki, kunikeza isiqondiso sokuhamba. Nokho, noma imuphi umthetho obophekile ungadinga isivumelwano esivumelanayo, okungalindelekile ukuba kuphikiswe izifunda zaseMpumalanga ezimbalwa.

Indlela Yokulingana Ngokugcwele

Abaxhasi bemithetho kanye nezazi zomthetho bayavuma ukuthi umgomo oyinhloko ukulingana okuphelele: ukutholakala kwakho kokubili ukushada nomphakathi (noma inhlangano eyodwa) kuyo yonke imibhangqwana kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingokwabulili, ubulili, noma ubulili. Lokhu kungaqeda isidingo semibuso ehlukene evame ukukhuthaza ukungalingani. Amanye amazwe, njengeSweden neMalta, asevalile kakade igebe ngokuvumela ukushada okufanayo nokobulili obufanayo nobodwa. Abanye, njengo-Ireland noLuxembourg, baye benza okufanayo. Ukuthambekela kusobala: izimo eziningi zaseYurophu zishukumiseleka ekungeneni ngendlela efanayo, ziqhutshwa yimithetho yenkantolo, izenzo zomthetho womthetho womthetho, nokushintsha umbono womphakathi.

Ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho komshado nobudlelwane bomphakathi eYurophu kusewumkhakha onamandla. Nakuba lelizwekazi liye lathuthuka ngokuphawulekayo kusukela kwasungulwa ubuhlobo bokuqala obubhaliwe eDenmark ngo 1989, izikhala eziphawulekayo ziyaqhubeka. Ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho ehlukene kuthinta ukuphila kwangempela − ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ifa, ukutholwa, nokufuduka. Ukuqhubeka kwe-divocacy, ukubhalisa, nokuguqula imithetho kubalulekile ekuvaleni lezindawo. Njengoba ukuqonda kweYurophu umkhaya nobudlelwane kuqhubeka kuguqula, isimiso somthetho kumelwe sivumelane nokuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bayabathanda, bangakha amalungelo, bangaqinisa, bavikele imikhaya.

Ukuze ifunde, i- Conuncil yamalungelo abantu yaseYurophu inikeza ukucaciswa komthetho wendaba ehlobene nayo. I-ILGA-Eunipein Monowt [[[FLT:]] inikeza iMaphu yezwe elithatha isikhathi eside, [i-6] ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo abantu. Ukuhlaziya kwe-Academic ukubusa kwe-Coman kanye nezici zayo kungatholakala eMthethweni we-Brog [[[FLT:]][FLT]]. Ekugcineni, [FLT:]