Izisekelo Zefilosofi Engokomthetho: Indlela Ukwengamela Okuwaguqula Ngayo Amalungelo Nezibopho

Izimiso zomthetho azisebenzi endaweni evulekile − zakhiwa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka esayensi yokufuna ifilosofi, ukulwa kwezenhlalo, kanye nokucabanga kokwahlulela. Umthetho, ukuhlolwa komthetho okucatshangelwayo, kunikeza isisekelo sokuqonda ukuthi kungani amalungelo athile evikelekile nokuthi kungani kunemithwalo yemfanelo efanayo. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi eziboshwe ukuba baqaphele ukuthi ukusebenzelana kwejurisprade namalungelo omphakathi nemithwalo yemfanelo kubalulekile kanjani ekuthuthukiseni indawo engokomthetho yanamuhla. Lesi sihloko sihlola izikole eziyinhloko zomqondo ongokomthetho, indima eyinhloko yecala ekwandiseni inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, nezibopho zokubuyisana ezisekela umphakathi.

Ukuchaza Ubandlululo Nemibuzo Yalo Ewubala

Uma kucatshangelwa kakhulu, inqubo yomthetho ibuza: Uyini umthetho? Igunya lawo livelaphi? Abahluleli kufanele bachaze kanjani imithetho noma imithetho-mthetho? Lemibuzo iye yabangela izimpikiswano ezingenakubalwa kuwo wonke amasiko nezinkathi. Izazi zefilosofi kusukela kuPlato kuya kuH.L.A. Hart ziye zanikeza izimpendulo eziphikisanayo, ngayinye enemiphumela ejulile ngendlela ohulumeni abaphatha ngayo izakhamuzi zabo. UJurisrude akuyona indlela engokwemfundo eyimfihlo yokuzifundisa umthetho, izabela ngokuqondile izinqumo zokwahlulela, nokusebenzisa amalungelo nsuku zonke.

Izikole Ezinkulu Zobuqaba

Ukuqonda izikole ezinkulu zokwahlulela kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhlaziya izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho noma ocabangela indlela izinkantolo ezingase zibuse ngayo.

UMthetho wobuNattural Theory uphakamiso lokuthi umthetho kumelwe uvumelane nezimiso zokuziphatha zendawo yonke ezisemzimbeni womuntu. Abacabangi abanjengoThomas Aquinas baphikisa ngokuthi umthetho ongalungile awuwona neze umthetho weqiniso. Lombono uye waba wusizo ekulolongeni inkulumo yamalungelo abantu (ngokwesibonelo, iSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (1948) sidwebe kakhulu emibonweni engokwemvelo. Ngokwesiko, ukucabanga komthetho ongokwemvelo kunezimpikiswano ngokuthi umthetho oqondile (owenziwe ngendlu yomthetho) ingabangayekethi uma iphula ubulungisa obuyisisekelo.

ILegal Positivism , ngokungafani, isekela ukuthi umthetho umane uyimithetho emiswe iziphathimandla ezingabantu ngezinqubo eziqashelweyo. H.L.A. Hart wachaza umthetho njengonyundelweyo wemithetho eyinhloko nemithetho engaphezulu. IPosivivism ayihluleli umthetho ngokuqukethe kwayo ngokokuziphatha; kunalokho, igxila kuyi-pidigree yayo. Lesi sikole simane sivelele ezimisweni eziningi zemithetho eNtshonalanga, lapho abahluleli bevame ukusebenzisa khona imithetho ngisho noma bengavumelani nayo ngokomuntu siqu. Nokho, i-posivivism iye yagxekwa ngenxa yokuzenza kube khona imibuso engekho mthetho esemthethweni; kodwa umthetho uthi, ibophaka njalo?

I-Legal Realism[[FLT: 1] yavela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 njengendlela yokusabela ngokumelene nomthetho wezomthetho. Izazi zesayensi ziphikisa ngokuthi umthetho ongakanani ngempela ongenakuhlukaniswa nendlela abahluleli abanquma ngayo amacala. Bagcizelela umongo wezenhlalo, ukucindezela kwezomnotho, kanye nokukhetha komuntu siqu kwabahluleli. Ukuba yiqiniso okungokomthetho kwavula indlela yokulawula isayensi yezesayensi nezifundo ezigxeka umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, umphumela wecala ungase uphendukele kancane ezimithethweni ezingokomthetho ezithathelwanayo futhi umphakathi unemithombo engcono noma ukuthi yimuphi umkhakhakha owe wezombangazwe.

[ Izifundo zasemthethweni ezingokwezezimali (CLS) iqhubekela phambili ngokuphikisa ngokuthi umthetho uyithuluzi lamandla eliqinisa abaphathi abakhona. Izazi zeCLS zibekela izimfundiso ezingokwesiko − njengomthetho wesivumelwano noma umthetho wempahla − njengamathuluzi alondoloza isigaba, ubuhlanga, nobulili. Nakuba i-CLS igcwele kakhulu ezifundweni zezemfundo, ithonya layo lingabonakala ezinhlanganweni zanamuhla zobulungisa bezinhlanga nesilinganiso sezomnotho.

Umhlandi zincwadi uJurisprudence uhlola indlela izimiso zomthetho eziye zahlukanisa ngayo abesifazane ngokomlando futhi zigcizelela izimiso zobubhishobhi. Ihlola indlela umthetho okhuthaza ngayo ukuphakama kwemithetho engokobulili emalunga namalungelo okuzalayo, ubudlova basekhaya, nokulingana emsebenzini. Ngokufanayo, I-Licery [

Uma sikhuluma ngamajaji, ngokuvamile abahluleli nabashaya imithetho bahlanganisa izici zezikole eziningi, benze isimiso somthetho esinamandla, esishintshashintshayo.

Isimo Samalungelo Omphakathi

Amalungelo ezakhamuzi yilezosivikelo namalungelo izakhamuzi ezinawo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni nowesintu. Ziqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho futhi zivikela inkululeko edingekayo. Nakuba uhlu oluqondile lwamalungelo omphakathi luhluka ngegunya, izimiso eziningi zentando yeningi ziqaphela amalungelo amaningana ayisisekelo njengayisisekelo.

Ilungelo Lokulingana

Isimiso sokuvikela esilinganayo esiphethweni seSichibiyelo se 144 se-Constitution yase-U.S. senqabela ukunqabela noma yimuphi umuntu isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho. Lesi simiso siye saba isisekelo semithetho ephawulekayo emelene nobandlululo, ubulili, nokuthola imfundo okungalinganiyo. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Brown v. Board of Education [1954]] [1954] [izedume ngokudume ukuthi izakhiwo zemfundo azilingani ngokwemvelo, zigumbuqela inkolelo ehlangene kodwa ayilinganiyo esungulwa .[FLT] v[FLD] [186]]. Lendaba iveza indlela i-juprucrance] , i-evoluediase ngefilosofi yokwahlulela ngokuqondene nencazelo somphakathi.Playe----epulpha.

Ilungelo Lokukhuluma Ngenkululeko

Inkululeko yokuveza ivikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala e-United States nangamalungiselelo afanayo kwamanye amazwe amaningi. I-Jurispradence iye yachaza imingcele yalelilungelo, njengalokho okungavikelekile ekukhulumeni (umz., ukugqugquzela ubudlova, ukuhlanjalazwa). Icala elivelele Brandenburg v. iOhio [1969]) ivulile ukuthi inkulumo ingavinjelwa kuphela uma iqondiswa ukuba iqhubele isinyathelo sokungabi namthetho futhi kungenzeka ukuba yenze kanjalo. Lokhu kuhlola okuncane kubonisa inani eliphakeme elibekwe emazwini ekhululekile, ngisho nalapho umbono ungathandeki.

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa

Ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo aliphathwa ngokuphandle eMthethweni womthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. kodwa liye lathathwa ezinguqulweni eziningana. Griswold v.Connecticut[ [1965], iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqaphela “ekungasese” esemthethweni ekwakheni ubuhlobo bomshado, ihlasela umthetho ovimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukukhishwa kwezisu. Lendlela yokucabanga kamuva yasekela ilungelo lokukhipha isisu [[FLT:] Roe v. [[FLT][FL:][FLT]][5].[[FLT]][5] Incazelo engokomthetho yezenzwe yezenhlalakahle ingabonisa kanjani ukushintsha indlela engokokwabelana komphakathi.[FLT] [FL:]]

Ilungelo Lenqubo Efanele

Inqubo elindelekile iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqulwa kwamacala angokomthetho kuyoba okulungile nokuthi akekho oyophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kokuvikelwa okwanele. IziNguqulo zesihlanu nezeshumi nane zinikeza kokubili inqubo edingekile (ingcaca, ukuzwa, inkantolo engakhethi) nenqubo edingekayo (ukuvikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni). Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokushada, ukushada komzali, nokwenqaba ukwelashwa konke kuye kwavikelwa ngaphansi kwenqubo efanelekile.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yomphakathi Embusweni Wentando Yeningi Womthetho - sisekelo

Ilungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo kuyizinhlangothi ezimbili zemali eyodwa. Ukubusa ngentando yeningi kudinga izakhamuzi ukuba zifeze imisebenzi ethile eyenza isimiso somthetho sisebenze ngokuphumelelayo. Lemithwalo yemfanelo ayikona nje ukulindela ukuziphatha okulindelekile, kodwa ngokuvamile iyizibopho ezingokomthetho eziphoqwa izinkantolo.

Ukwenza umthetho ube nomthwalo wemfanelo obaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokulalela umthetho, umthetho uyawa. Nokho, i-juriprance iyaqaphela ukuthi kwezinye izimo, ukungalaleli komphakathi kungalunga ngokokuziphatha uma umthetho ungenabulungisa kakhulu − njengoba kubonakala emibhalweni kaMartin Luther King Jr. nefilosofi yomthetho wemvelo.

[ Ukukhokha intela [ Izimali zomphakathi ezinjengezesisekelo sesakhiwo, imfundo, nezinkantolo. Ukugwema intela kuyicala lobugebengu elilula ukuvikela amalungelo ombuso. Intela yanamuhla ihlanganisa imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi mayelana nalokho okubalulekile njengemali, izikweleti, kodwa umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko uhlala ucacile: unezela embonini yezimali.

Ukukhonza kuJury kuwumsebenzi womphakathi oqinisekisa inqubo yokwahlulela ihlanganisa ukuhlanganyela komphakathi. ISiphazamiso seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala emacalani obugebengu, kodwa lelolungelo lixhomeke ezakhamuzini ezizimisele ukukhonza. Ukwehluleka ukuvela emsebenzini wamajaji kungaphumela ekukhokheleni noma ekudeleleni inkantolo.

Ukuvota kuyilungelo nomthwalo wemfanelo. Nakuba kungekho mbuso wentando yeningi ophoqelela izakhamuzi ukuba zivote (ngaphandle kwamazwe ambalwa anjenge-Australia), impilo yentando yeningi ixhomeke ekuthatheni i-vota. Imithetho evimbela ukufinyelela kokuvota, njengezimfuneko ze-ID noma ukuhlukanisa, iphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile yamalungelo omphakathi futhi iye yaba yindaba yokuthatha i-vota.

Ngalé kwalemisebenzi engokomthetho, izakhamuzi zinemithwalo yemfanelo yokuziphatha nezenhlalo: ukuhlonipha amalungelo abanye, ukuhlanganyela enkonzweni yomphakathi, ukuvikela imvelo, nokusekela ubulungisa. Lemithwalo yemfanelo, nakuba ingagunyaziwe njalo, ngokuvamile ibhekiswa emibonweni yokwahlulela lapho izinkantolo zixoxa ngezibopho ezibanzi zezakhamuzi.

Indlela Ukweqa Umthetho Okuwathinta Ngayo Amalungelo Omphakathi: Izenzakalo Eziyinhloko

Ukuqamba amacala angokomthetho awekho lapho kubekwa khona izimpawu zezwe, futhi izinhlangano ezintsha zezenhlalo ziphoqelela izinkantolo ukuba ziphinde zihlole izimfundiso ezindala. Inqubo yokucabanga okungokomthetho (h_akuvumela, ukuhlukanisa, nokuhlola izimiso) ukuthi amalungelo ayakhula yini noma isivumelwano.

Ukulwela Ubulungisa Bobuhlanga

I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s no 1960 yawushintsha ngokuphawulekayo umbono waseMelika we-jurisprudence. Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [ (1954]) yayingekona nje ukunqoba kokuziphatha kuphela kodwa futhi yayiyinguquko engokomthetho. Umbono wejaji eliyinhloko lika-Earl Warren wawuxhomeke kakhulu ebufakazini bezesayensi yomphakathi kanye nokufundwa okukhulu kwe-Octal Protection Clauslease. Lendaba yabonisa ukuthi i-jurisprudence ingalolonga ngezici ezingemthetho, njengengozi ezibangelwa yi-ult.

Izenzakalo ezilandelanayo ezifana no-v. Virginia (1967) zaqeda ukuvinjelwa komshado wezinhlanga, ziqinisa ngokwengeziwe isimiso sokuthi ukuhlelwa kohlanga kumelwe kube isithakazelo esiphoqelelwe futhi kulungiswe ngokulinganiselwe. I-Voting Rights Act ka-65, exhaswe ezinqumweni eziningi zeNkantolo Ephakeme, idinga amagunya nomlando wobandlululo ukuze kutholakale ukuvunyelwa kwezwe phambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota. Nokho, isinqumo seNkantolo ka-2013 ku-13 ku- i-S County v. I-deverpoir[ i-'intells elungiselelwe isihluthulelo somthetho, isholo julplupra ibuye ivikele uma ukuhlela komthetho kushintshana.

Ukulingana Kwezinhlanga Namalungelo Okuzala

Amalungelo abesifazane aye athuthukiswa ngochungechunge lwemithetho ephawulayo. Reed v. Reed yayiyindaba yokuqala ukusebenzisa iSivikelo esilinganayo u-Clause ukuze akhiphe umthetho owenqabela ubulili. Kamuva, Craig v. Boren [197] wasungula indinganiso ephakathi yezindinganiso zobufana. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi umthetho osekelwe ebulilini uhlobene kakhulu nenzalo ebalulekile kahulumeni.

Imvume yokuzala amalungelo yafinyelela isiphetho sayo Roe v. Wade [1773]), eyaqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokukhipha isisu ngaphansi kwe-Century Programme Clause ye-145th Reformation. Nokho, isinqumo seNkantolo [iNkantolo:2] [i-Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202] [202]) phezu kwemithetho Rooe , ibuyisela indaba kuhulumeni. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi amalungelo omthetho awusekelwe kuyo yonke indawo.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo Nokuzivelela Kwenkululeko

Inhlangano ye LGBTQ+ ukulingana iye yabona izinguquko ezisheshayo ezingokomthetho emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule. Lawrence v. Texas [2003], iNkantolo Ephakeme yashaya imithetho ye-sodomay, ibamba leyo hambo eseduze phakathi kwabantu abadala abavumayo iyingxenye yenkululeko evikelwe yi-Claus Procession. Lelicala lilawula [[[FLT:] Bowers v. Hartick[ [1986], eyayisekele imithetho enjalo. Ukushintsha kwendlela yokulawula inqubo yokwahlulela kubonisa indlela yokulawula i-societa engaphezulu engathonya ngayo ukucabanga.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) yandisa ilungelo lokushada nemibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo, iphethe ukuthi umshado uyilungelo eliyisisekelo nokuthi ukukhipha imibhangqwana ehlangene obulili obufanayo kuphula kokubili i-Sect Programme ne-Lingano. IJaji eliyinhloko uRoberts yalahla, iphikisa ngokuthi iNkantolo yayiweqa indima yayo − isibonelo esivamile sokungavumelani phakathi kwemithetho nezenzo zokwahlulela okusenhlizibeni yejaji.

Muva nje, Bostock v. Clayton County [20]) yathi iSihlokwana VII soMthetho wamalungelo omphakathi sinqabela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi esekelwe ekufunekeni noma ekuzimeni kwabesifazane. INkantolo isebenzise incazelo yemithetho, hhayi umthetho wemithetho, ukuze ifinyelele leso siphetho ``A isikhumbuzo sokuthi i-jurispruudence ayihlanganisi nje kuphela ukucabanga komthetho ngokomthetho kodwa futhi nencazelo yemithetho nemithetho.

Ukweqa Icala Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yasemzabalazweni: Ukuvuna Imisebenzi

Njengoba nje ukuqondisa amalungelo emithetho kushintsha, kuveza nemithwalo yemfanelo.Izinkantolo zivame ukusho imisebenzi abantu abafanele bayenze kuhulumeni nakulowo nalowo nalowo komunye, zimisa leyo misebenzi ngezimiso zomthetho.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nesivumelwano Sezenhlalo

Ngobuhlakani, umqondo wesivumelwano senhlalo (ukusuka ku Hobbes, Locke, noRousseau) usekela ukuthi abantu bayavuma ukudela inkululeko ethile ukuze bavikeleke futhi bahleleke. Imithetho yanamuhla iveza lomqondo: imithetho efuna inkonzo yamajaji, ukubuthelwa empini, noma ukukhokhwa kwentela ifaneleke njengezibopho ezihambisanayo. INkantolo Ephakeme isekela inkonzo ephoqelelwe ngisho nalapho iphoqelela ubunzima, icabanga ukuthi isidingo sokuqulwa ngokungakhethi singaphezu kwezinkinga zomuntu ngamunye.

Ukuhlonipha Amalungelo Abanye Njengemingcele Yakho

Isimiso esidumile esithi “ilungelo lakho lokujikisa ingalo yakho ekugcineni lapho ikhala liqala khona” lifakwe kakhulu emthethweni we-tort nenothi yokhahlo. UJurisprance uveza ukuthi amalungelo awaphelele; kumelwe alinganiswe namalungelo okuncintisana. Inkululeko yokukhuluma ayiwavikeli ukuhlanjalazwa, ukuqhunyiswa, noma amazwi okulwa. Ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali lingaphansi komthetho olinganiselwe, njengoba kuboniswa ku- Divercity of Columbia v. Helder[FLY:1] (2008), eqinisekisa umuntu ngamunye ukuba agcine izibhamu zesandla zakhe kodwa avumele nemithetho evimbela ukuphatha izibhamu.

Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wendawo Ezungezile Nokuthenjwa Umphakathi

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela umsebenzi osanda kuvela wokuvikela indawo ezungezile ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Imfundiso yomphakathi, esekelwe emthethweni wamaRoma nasemthetho wesiNgisi, isekela ukuthi imithombo ethile engokwemvelo — njengamanzi avikelwayo, izingu, nezilwane zasendle (iyathenjwa uhulumeni womphakathi). Lemfundiso iye yasetshenziselwa ukubekela inselele izenzo zikahulumeni ezilimaza imvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, icala lendabuko .[FLT][FLT].[FLT][1]

Imithetho enqabela ukungcolisa, ukulawula igesi nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwezindawo ezizungezile isekelwe embonweni wokuthi izenzo zangasese zinemiphumela yomphakathi.

Ukubusa Ngobulungisa Njengendawo Yokubusa

Nakuba zingeyona isibopho esingokomthetho, izinkantolo eziningi nezazi ezingokomthetho ziye zaqaphela ukuthi izakhamuzi zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuziphatha wokumelela isimiso somthetho esilungile. Lomqondo uvame ukusetshenziswa ekuphikisaneni nemibono ekhuthaza inguquko yemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uMahluleli uThurfaill Marshall wayevame ukubhala ukuthi izinkantolo zingenza okukhulu kakhulu; ushintsho oluhlala njalo ludinga ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi. Umqondo “ukulingana nomthetho” ufuna ukuba labo abazuzayo esimisweni basebenzelempimpi.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ubuhlobo phakathi komthetho, amalungelo omphakathi, nemithwalo yemfanelo buhlale buhlolwa.

Ukusebenzisa Izinombolo Zomuntu Ongakusebenzisi Ukuxhumana Naye

Ukunyuka kwe-Internet ne-social media kuye kwafiphaza imingcele engokwesiko. Ingabe ukuseshwa kocingo kubhekwa njengokufunwa ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine? INkantolo Ephakeme yathi yebo Riley v. California [2014] [iqaphela ukuthi ukwaziswa kwezezinombolo kudinga isivikelo esikhethekile. Ngokufanayo, izinkantolo zingqubana nokuthi amasiteji ezenhlalo ayizikhungo zomphakathi yini ezidinga isivikelo senkululeko yokukhuluma, noma izinhlangano ezizimele ezingahlola imibandela enqubwebweni ngenkathi ethile.

Ukushintsha Kwemithetho Nobulungisa Besigebengu

Ukufa okukhulu kwama-Black America ezandleni zamaphoyisa kuye kwabangela ukufunwa kwenguquko. Imfundiso ye-Jurisprudence ehlobene nokuvikeleka okufanelekayo .Imfundiso evikela ukugcinwa komthetho enkathazweni yomphakathi ngaphandle kokuba ithathelwe isokisi elicacile amalungelo amisiwe. Amanye amazwe aye ashukumiseleka ukuba anciphise noma awaqede. Impikiswano yokuthi isimiso somthetho sivikela izakhamuzi ngokufanele yini emandleni adlulele iwumbuzo owesazi kahle ngokulinganisela phakathi kokuhleleka nenkululeko.

Amalungelo Abantu Embulunga Yonke Nobukhosi Besizwe

Izinkantolo zomhlaba wonke, njengeNkantolo yeSigebengu seZizwe Zonke, zisebenzisa izimiso zomthetho ezinqamula imingcele yesizwe. ISimemezelo somhlaba Wonke samaLungelo Obuntu, izivumelwano ezinjengeSivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo omphakathi nawamaPhiliyoni, kanye nomthetho wezizwe zonke ovamile zonke zonke zonke zithonya izimiso zomthetho wasekhaya. Nokho, kuba khona izingxabano lapho imithetho yomhlaba wonke ingqubuzana nobukhosi besizwe, ngokwesibonelo, lapho izwe lingafuni ukuhlanganisa umuntu osolwayo nesigwebo sokufa. Ujurispra usiza ekuxazululeni lokhu kuphikisana ngezimfundiso ezinjengokuphelelisa nokuchaza kwesivumelwano.

Okwenza Ukuqonda Izindaba Ezibalulekile Zemfundo Nezakhamuzi

Kubafundisi, ukufundisa ngomthetho akuyona nje indlela yokuchaza imibono engekho ngqiqweni. Kusekuhlomeleni ukuhlomisa abafundi ngamathuluzi okuhlaziya izimpikiswano zomthetho, ukuqonda isisekelo sezinqumo zenkantolo, nokuhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi. Umfundi oqonda umehluko phakathi komthetho wemvelo nomthetho we-positivism angaqonda kangcono ukuthi kungani eminye imithetho ishintsha kuyilapho eminye ihlala imelana ngokulukhuni. Isakhamuzi esiyaziyo ukuthi ukucwaninga okugxekayo okungokomthetho kungasibangela kanjani isimo esinempumelelo kakhulu ekusekeleni inguquko.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ijurisprudency ikhuthaza ukucabanga okugxekayo. Uma umfundi ehlola ukucabangiswa [ku- Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo, bayabona ukuthi umthetho ungabufeza kanjani ubulungisa. Lapho befunda Dred Scott v. [1857], bayabona ukuthi umthetho ungaqhubeki kanjani nokungabi nabulungisa. Ngokuqhathanisa lezi zimo, abafundi bafunda ukuthi umthetho awuyona indlela emisiwe yamaqiniso amisiwe kodwa isimiso esiphilayo esibonisa izindinganiso ezingokwenani.] futhi banendima ekuwulungiseni.

Ekugcineni, impilo yentando yeningi ixhomeke esazini esiwaqondayo amalungelo aso kanye nemithwalo yaso. I-Jurisprader inikeza uhlelo olungokwemibono lwe-yokuqonda. Njengoba isazi sefilosofi engokomthetho uLon Fuller sake sabhala, “umthetho ungumgomo wokubeka ukuziphatha kwabantu ngaphansi kokuqondisa imithetho.” Impumelelo yalelo bhizinisi ixhomeke engxoxweni eqhubekayo phakathi kwezinkantolo, izishaya-mthetho, nabantu.

[[Umthetho:0] Ukufunda kanye nemithombo kuphindaphindene:[[[Umthetho:1]