Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemithetho yomphakathi, amalungelo, nezindinganiso zomphakathi buyindawo eqinile yanoma yimuphi umphakathi wentando yeningi. Imithetho yomphakathi ayizona nje imithetho yezobuchwepheshe; isebenza ngendlela yokulinganisela phakathi kokuzimela komuntu siqu nenhlala - kahle ehlangene. Kubafundisi, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, nabafundi, ukuqonda lokhu kunamandla kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umphakathi ohlonipha kokubili isithunzi somuntu nesobungane. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela imithetho yomphakathi evikela ngayo inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuyilapho iveza futhi ilungisa ngayo izindinganiso ezihlangene ezichaza umphakathi.

Ukuqonda Imithetho Yangaphakathi

Imithetho yombango iyindikimba yemithetho nezimiso ezimiswe yizindikimba ezibusayo − kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zisezingeni eliwumbuso, isifundazwe, noma lendawo − ezilawula ukuziphatha kwabantu ngabanye nezinhlangano emphakathini. Ngokungafani nemithetho yobugebengu, egxile ekujeziseni izono ezimelene nombuso, imithetho yombango ngokuyinhloko isingatha izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu abantu futhi imise izindlela zokuthola amakhambi njengentengo noma ukusebenza okukhethekile. Umthetho wesizwe ubanzi, uhlanganisa izivumelwano, impahla, amabhokisi obugebengu, ifa, nentengo yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano.

Imithombo Nokuziphendukela Komthetho Wangaphakathi

Izimiso zomthetho zisuka emithonjeni eminingi, kuhlanganise nemithetho edluliswa yizishaya-mthetho, imithetho ekhishwa yizinhlangano zokuphatha, izandulela zokwahlulela eziqondisweni zomthetho ofanayo, nasemalungiselelweni omthetho-mthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, umthetho womphakathi umi ngemithetho yomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho (njenge-FUNIC Code commerce) kanye nesiko elivamile lomthetho owenziwe ngomahluleli. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imithetho yomphakathi ishintsha inqubo yokushintsha izimo zezenhlalo, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, kanye nokuziphatha okuguquguqukayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wezemfihlo, unyuswe ngokuphawulekayo ngenkathi ye-miculo-tedio-gement ukuxoxa ngezindaba ezinjengamaye-tectivession nokuhlolwa.

Izingxenye Ezinkulu Zomthetho Wangaphakathi

Ukuze siqonde ubukhulu bomthetho womphakathi, kuwusizo ukuhlola amagatsha awo ayinhloko:

  • [[Umthetho ogunyaziwe:0] Umthetho ogunyaza: ulawula izivumelwano phakathi kwamaqembu, ukuqinisekisa izithembiso kugcinwa futhi kunikeze amakhambi ephukayo.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Umthetho owenziwe ngetort: ukhuluma ngamaphutha omphakathi anjengokunganaki, ukuhlanjalazwa, nokubangela ukucindezeleka okungokomzwelo ngamabomu, uvumela abalimele ukuba bafune umonakalo.
  • [ Isho incazelo yomthetho: Ichaza amalungelo okuba ngumnini impahla engokoqobo neyomuntu siqu, kuhlanganise nokudluliswa, ukusetshenziswa, nefa.
  • [[Ikhaya:0] Umthetho:[[[QLT:1] ulawula umshado, isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukutholwa, ukuphathana kwasekhaya.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Ukulandelana nempumelelo: kulawula ukwabiwa kwezwe lomuntu lapho efa.

Ngaphandle kwalezi zici, abantu ngeke bathole ithuba lokuthola usizo lapho bephulwa amalungelo abo, futhi abantu bebengeke babe nezindinganiso eziqinisekile zokuxazulula izingxabano.

Injongo Yemithetho Yangaphakathi

Ukuqonda lezi zinjongo kusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi kungani imiphakathi itshala izimali ezinkulu ezimisweni zomthetho nokuthi kungani kulindeleke ukuba abantu bavumelane nemithetho.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Emnyombweni wayo, imithetho yangaphakathi iklanyelwe ukuvikela abantu ekulimaleni nasekuphazanyisweni abanye. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuvikela ngokomzimba ngomthetho oqinile, ukuvikela izithakazelo zezomnotho ngesivumelwano sesivumelwano nempahla, nokugcina isithunzi somuntu siqu ngemithetho eyimfihlo nangemithetho emelene nokuhlanjalazwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokukhululeka ekuhlanjalazweni livumela abantu ukuba bavikele idumela labo, kuyilapho imithetho yempahla iqinisekisa ukuthi ikhaya lomuntu nempahla yakhe ayinakuthathwa ngokungenzeki.

Ukumisa Izindinganiso Zomphakathi

Imithetho yombango ihlanganisa futhi izindinganiso ezihlanganyelwayo nezimiso zomphakathi. Ngokuchaza ukuthi yikuphi ukuziphatha okwamukelekayo, qha mayelana nezebhizinisi, ubudlelwane bomkhaya, noma ukusebenzelana komakhelwane − imithetho yakha isisekelo sokuziphatha komphakathi. Izindinganiso zomphakathi azimi ndawonye; ziqala ngokuziguqula njengoba imiphakathi ithuthuka kakhulu ngokwezesayensi, noma iveza ngokwezimiso. Imithetho enqabela ukucwasana kohlanga ezindlini, ngokwesibonelo, ibonisa indinganiso yomphakathi yokulingana eyayingekho ezikhathini zangaphambili.

Ukunikeza Izindlela Zokuxazulula Ingxabano

Enye yemisebenzi ewusizo kakhulu yomthetho wesizwe ukunikeza izinqubo ezihlelwe kahle zokuxazulula izingxabano. Izinkantolo, iziphakamiso zokulungisa, nezinkonzo zokulungisa inikeza izikhungo lapho amacala abo ebekwe khona futhi athole izinqumo ezibophayo noma ezigunyaza ukubopha. Lokhu kunciphisa amathuba obulungisa obuqaphile futhi kuthuthukise ukuthula. Ukutholakala kwezimiso eziphumelelayo zempikiswano kuyisibonakaliso sesimiso somthetho esivuthiwe.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukuhleleka Komphakathi Nokubikezelwa Kwawo

Imithetho yombango yakha isimo esiqinisekile lapho abantu namabhizinisi bengazihlela khona izindaba zabo. Uma abantu bazi ukuthi izivumelwano ziyophoqelelwa, amalungelo empahla ahlonishwe, futhi zikhokhelwe, bangahlanganyela emisebenzini engokomnotho nengokwenhlalo ngokuqiniseka. Lokhu kubikezela kukhuthaza ukwethembana, ukutshala imali, nokubambisana.

Amalungelo Abantu Ngamunye Ngaphansi Komthetho Wombango

Amalungelo omuntu ngamunye ayinkululeko, amalungelo, nesivikelo esivela kubo bonke abantu ngenxa yesintu sabo noma ngenxa yobuzwe. Lamalungelo ngokuvamile afakwa kumthetho-sisekelo, izindleko zamalungelo, nezimemezelo zomhlaba wonke, kodwa anikezwa amandla aqinile ngemithetho yomphakathi enikeza amakhambi lapho amalungelo ephulwa. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo nemithetho bubuye bubuye buhlukaniswe: imithetho echaza izinga lamalungelo, futhi amalungelo anqandelwe ukufinyelela imithetho.

Isisekelo Esiqinile Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Umqondo wanamuhla wamalungelo abantu usekelwe kakhulu kuyifilosofi yokukhanyiselwa. Izingqondo ezinjengoJohn Locke zaphikisa ngokuthi abantu banamalungelo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, enkululeko, nasempahleni (amalungelo okuthi uhulumeni wangaphambili futhi ohulumeni basungulwe ukuvikela. John Stuart Mill, encwadini yakhe yezincwadi ]] On Liberty[, yathuthukisa isimiso esilimazayo, esiphethe ukuthi inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ingavinjelwa kuphela ukuvimbela ukulimala kwabanye. Lemibono iye yathonya izinhlelo zomthetho emhlabeni wonke, i-'isivikelo se-aglocation's' njengomgomo oyinhloko womthetho womphakathi.

Isihluthulelo Samalungelo Umuntu Ngamunye Sivikelwe Umthetho Wombango

Nakuba amalungelo akhethekile aqashelwa ehlukahluka kwezinye izindawo, amalungelo athile avikelwe kabanzi emiphakathini yentando yeningi:

  • Ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo: I-Emploses zivikela ekungeneleni okungadingekile ekuphileni komuntu, kuhlanganise nemfihlo yemininingwane, ukuzibusa komzimba, nokufihla izingxoxo. Izenzakalo ezinjenge riswd v. Connecticut[[FL:3] (65) yaqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-mgaqo-mthethwe wezindaba zomuntu siqu ezindabeni zomshado, kanti i-General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) ku-Europeanst Union imelela indlela yesimanje ebanzi.
  • Ilungelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile: Ivumela abantu ukuba baveze imibono nemibono ngaphandle kokucusumbulwa kukahulumeni. Lelilungelo aliphelele; imithetho yomphakathi ivimbela inkulumo ewukuhlambalaza, ukubhebhethekisa ubudlova, noma ukuzonda. Ukucindezela phakathi kwenkulumo ekhululekile nezindinganiso zomphakathi kulokhu kulokhu kulokhu kulokhu kuqhubeka kuyisihloko senkulumo engokomthetho.
  • Ilungelo leNkathi Efaneleyo: iqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokufanele esimisweni sokwahlulela, kuhlanganise nesaziso samacala, ithuba lokuzwakala, nokufushaniswa ngokungakhethi. Inqubo elindelekile ivikela abantu ezinyathelweni zikahulumeni eziwubushiqela.
  • Ilungelo lempahla: Abantu bavumela ukuba bathole, basebenzise, futhi balahle impahla. Lelilungelo libalulekile ukuze kube nozimele kwezomnotho futhi livikelwa ekuphanjweni okungenangqondo uhulumeni ngemithetho enjengezinqubo eziphambili zombuso.
  • Ilungelo lokulingana phambi koMthetho: Isho ubandlululo olusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ubulili, inkolo, ukuthambekela kobulili, noma ezinye izici ezivikelwe. Imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi, njenge-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 e-United States, inikeza amandla kulesimiso.

Lapho umninindlu exosha umninindlu ngokungemthetho, inhlangano ephula umthetho wemininingwane yezindaba, noma umqashi ekhetha izinto ezisekelwe ebulilini, umthetho womphakathi unikeza indlela yokulungisa izigwegwe ngokungemthetho.

Izindinganiso Zomphakathi Nomthetho Womphakathi

Izindinganiso zomphakathi zibhekisela ezinkonzweni ezihlangene, amasiko, nezimiso ezichaza ukuziphatha okwamukelekayo emphakathini. Zithonywe amasiko angokwesiko, izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo, inkulumo yeningi, kanye nokuvumelana kwezimiso zezimiso. Imithetho yombango kokubili ibonakalisa lezindinganiso futhi, ithonya zona ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lobu buhlobo obufanayo bubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela izimiso zomthetho ezigcina ngayo ukwethembeka noshintsho lwezenhlalo.

Indlela Izindinganiso Zomphakathi Ezinakekelwa Ngayo

Izindinganiso zomphakathi zivela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene. Umbono womphakathi, njengoba uboniswa ngezindawo zokuhlola, ngokhetho, nangezinhlangano zomphakathi, ungashintsha lokho okubhekwa njengokuvumelekile. Imithombo yezindaba nemfundo kunendima ekulolongeni imibono yokulunga nobulungisa. Amasiko enkolo nokuziphatha ngokuvamile anikeza imibono ezindabeni ezinjengomshado, umkhaya, nomthwalo wemfanelo womuntu siqu. Emiphakathini ehlukene, izindinganiso zomphakathi zingahluka kakhulu emaqenjini ahlukene, kuholele ekuxakeni okuthi izindinganiso zakhe kufanele zichume emthethweni.

Indima Yezindinganiso Zomphakathi Ekushintsheni Imithetho

Izindinganiso zomphakathi zithonya umthetho kahulumeni ngezindlela eziningana eziqinile:

  • [ Imithetho emelene nokudakwa komphakathi, ukuphazamiseka komsindo, noma ihlazo ngokuvamile ibonisa izinqubo zomphakathi ngokuhleleka nesizotha. Okubhekwa "njengenhlamba," ngokwesibonelo, kuyahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nakuyo yonke indawo.
  • Izinqumo zomthetho ezisemthethweni: abenzi bomthetho basabela emzwelweni womphakathi lapho kumiswa umthetho. Ukumiswa ngokomthetho komshado ongokobulili obufanayo emazweni amaningi kwandulelwa ukushintshwa kwezindinganiso zomphakathi ngokwamukelwa nokulingana.
  • Incazelo yokwahlulela:[ Ngezinye izikhathi abahluleli bacabangela izindinganiso zomphakathi lapho besebenzisa izindinganiso zomthetho ezingacacile."Umuntu onengqondo" indinganiso yomthetho wokunganaki, ngokwesibonelo, ubuza ukuthi ilungu lomphakathi elivamile lalingenzani ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo.
  • Ukuguqula iSocietal: Njengoba izindinganiso zomphakathi ziguquka, imithetho iyalungiswa noma iphinde ilungiswe ukuze ihlale ibalulekile. Ukuguqula insangu ezifundazweni eziningi zase-U.S. kubonisa indlela ukushintsha isimo sengqondo somphakathi okungaholela ngayo ekuguqukeni okungokomthetho.

Lapho Imithetho Nezindinganiso Zomphakathi Ziwohloka

Kukhona izikhathi lapho imithetho yesizwe ihluleka khona ukudlula ezindinganisweni zomphakathi noma, ngokuphambene, iphambili kwazo. Imithetho engahambisani nezindinganiso ezikhona inganganakwa kabanzi noma ibekelwe inselele enkantolo. Ngokuphambene, imithetho eqhubekayo ingasiza ekushintsheni izindinganiso zomphakathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. isinqumo seNkantolo e Brown v. Ibhodi yezemfundo [ [1954] yamemezela ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ngokwezezinhlanga kungenasihloko ngisho noma imiphakathi eminingi isasekela i-RCC /ne, umthetho wasiza ekushintsheni lezozindinganiso.

Ukuhlangana Phakathi Kwamalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa Nezindinganiso Zomphakathi

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nezindinganiso zomphakathi buyinto engokwemvelo futhi ngokuvamile iphikiswana. Imithetho yombango kumelwe ihloniphe ukuzibusa komuntu siqu futhi isekele izindinganiso ezihlangene. Lesisenzo sokulinganisela singesinye sezici eziyinselele kakhulu ekuklanyweni nasokuchazwa okungokomthetho.

Imibono Ephambene Ngokulinganisela

Amasiko amabili amakhulu efilosofi anikeza imibono ephikisanayo kulokulinganisela. Liberalist igcizelela ukuphakama kwamalungelo abantu futhi iphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni kufanele angathathi hlangothi phakathi kombono oncintisanayo wokuhle, aphazamisa kuphela ukuvimbela ukulimala kwabanye. [I-Commonicialistism , ngokuphambene, ugcizelela ukuthi amalungelo afakwa emongweni wezenhlalo futhi imiphakathi inesithakazelo esingokomthetho ekuthuthukiseni izindinganiso ezifanayo. Izimiso eziningi zanamuhla ezingokomthetho zihlanganisa izici ezihlanganisa izici zombili: zivikela amalungelo abantu kuyilapho futhi zimisa imithetho ebonisa ukuziphatha komphakathi, njengokuvinjelwa kokugembula, ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa, noma ukuzisiza ekuzibulaleni.

Izibonelo Zokungezwani Phakathi Kwamalungelo Nezindinganiso

Ukungezwani phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nezindinganiso zomphakathi kusobala ezimpikiswaneni eziningi ezingokomthetho zanamuhla:

  • Inkululeko yokukhuluma. Imithetho yokuzonda iNcoko: EUnited States, iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela izinhlobo eziningi zenkulumo, kuhlanganise nezinkulumo ezicasulayo nezinenzondo, ngaphandle kokuba zibangele ubudlova obusondelayo. Nokho, amazwe amaningi aseYurophu, abekela imingcele eqinile yokuzonda inkulumo ukuze avikele ukuzwana komphakathi namaqembu amancane. Lokhu kubonisa izinto eziza kuqala ngokuphathelene nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kanye nenkululeko yezenhlalo.
  • Ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo vs. Ukuphepha komphakathi kulinganiswa: Izinhlelo zokuhlola zikahulumeni, imithetho yemininingwane ebophekile yokugcinwa kwemithetho, nokuxhumana phakathi kobhadane konke kuhilela ukuthengiselana phakathi kwamalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu nokulondeka komphakathi. Ukulinganisela kuhlala kusetshenziswa njengoba ubuchwepheshe buguqula futhi kuvela izinsongo.
  • Inkululeko Engokwenkolo vs. Okumelene neMithetho e-Discrinication: abanikazi bamabhizinisi abenqaba izinkonzo zemibhangqwana ehlangene nobulili ezingokwenkolo, noma abaqashi abaphika ukunikeza ukuvimbela inzalo, ukuvimbela inkululeko engokwenkolo ngokumelene namalungelo alinganayo. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi isithakazelo somphakathi ekungahlukanisini sidlula ukuphikisa kwenkolo ngakunye.
  • Izwe lisebenzisa imithetho evimbela lokho abanikazi abangakwenza ngempahla yabo ukuze bavikele i-specist, ukuvikela, nokuvikela indawo ezungezile. Abanikazi bangaphikisa ngokuthi imingcele enjalo iwukuthatha impahla yabo ngokungekho emthethweni.

Ukuxazulula Izingxabano Ngezimiso Ezingokomthetho

Izinkantolo nezishaya-mthetho zisebenzisa izimiso eziningana ukuze zilawule lemizwa. Isimiso sibuza ukuthi ukusebenzisa i-actum kubangela umonakalo wangempela yini kwabanye. iPropatiationity[ ifuna ukuba imingcele enqabela amalungelo ingabi yimfuneko kakhulu ekufezeni injongo engokomthetho yomphakathi. [ ihlola ukubaluleka kwelungelo lokumelana nenzalo yomphakathi. Akukho mthetho owodwa usebenze kuzo zonke izimo; izindaba zendaba zikhulu kakhulu. [[[FLT]

Ukuhlola Icala Lomthetho Wombango

Ukuhlola amacala aphawulekayo kusisiza ukuba sibone indlela imithetho yomphakathi ewakha ngayo amalungelo abantu nezindinganiso zomphakathi.

Isifundo Sendaba 1: Brown v. Board of Education

Ngo-1944, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. yavumelana ngokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwaphula i-Uncile Protection of the 14neth Refection. Isinqumo sayilahla le "Imfundiso ehlukene kodwa elinganayo" eyasungulwa Pnety v. Ferguson [1896] futhi sathi ukuhlukanisa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni kwakungalingani ngokwemvelo. Lesinqumo sasiyinkathi encishisiwe yamalungelo abantu ngabanye, siqinisekisa ukuthi abantwana baseAfrika babenelungelo lokufunda ngokufanayo. [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [ig] yasiza umphakathi ukuba uRectivepe sholo shologue. Nakuba isinqumo sawokumelene nokuphikisa okukhulu kwezinye izindawo, sanikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho somphakathi somphakathi ukuba sinikele kancane kancane kancane embalweni sokulingana nesohlangothini.

Ukutadisha Indaba 2: Roe v. Wade

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka 1973 siqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokukhipha isisu, ngokusekelwe elungelweni lokuba wedwa eliqondiswe eMhlanganweni ka-Centu Claus. Isinqumo sabangela impikiswano enkulu eqhubeka nanamuhla. Ngahlangothi olulodwa, abameleli bamalungelo abantu baphikisa ukuthi abesifazane kufanele bazimele ngokwabo nemizimba yabo nokukhetha ukuzala. Kwesinye isigaba, izindinganiso zomphakathi ezisekelwe ezinkolelweni ezingokwenkolo nezingokokuziphatha ezithi ukuphila okungaka kumelwe kuvikelwe. [[FLT:] [[FLT:] RF:] RO[3]] ayizange ilungise umbangono; esikhundleni sokuhlulwa kwemithetho, esikhundleni sokuncintisana amashumi eminyaka yempi, ukuphikisa, inseleleka, inselele nemibandela. [FLT] [fkt] Izinhlangano zezeMpi yezombangazwe ezinswongamele isilinganiso sezombangazwe [5] futhi i-Fodvom] i-" i-"evodvodromed produright:[3], i-ose.

Ukutadisha Indaba 3: Obergefell v. Hodges

Ngo-2015, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi i-Obergefell v. Hodges ukuthi imibhangqwana efanayo engoxhunyeni inelungelo elingokomthetho lokushada, futhi incike enqubweni efanele nezimiso ezilinganayo. Lesi sinqumo salandela ukushintshwa okukhulu ezindinganisweni zomphakathi: ukusekela komphakathi umshado ofanayo owengeziwe kwakhuphuka ngamaphesenti angamashumi amathathu ngo-200ya ngo-200 kuya kwamaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-60 ngo-2015. Inkantolo ibusa kokubili isibonisile futhi inguquko. Kusukela kumthetho OFLTberge wawela , ngokufanayo umshado owezelele eUnited States, nakuba izimpikiswano ezingokwenkolo ngokuphathelene nelungelo lomphakathi womphakathi we-LGTTTvo. Lendaba iveza ukuthi kunjani futhi umphakathi umphakathi uyakwazi ukusabela futhi ukwamukela izivumelwano lapho uhulumeni uveza ukuhlanganisa.

Ukuhlolwa Kwendaba 4: Kelo v. City of New London

Icala lika-2005 v. iDolobha laseNew London lavivinya imingcele yamandla kahulumeni okuthatha impahla yezentengiselwano ngaphansi kwendawo edumile. INkantolo Ephakeme yaphetha ngokuthi idolobha lingathatha amakhaya abantu ukuze lithole umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa ngoba iprojekthi ingaveza izinzuzo zomphakathi njengemisebenzi nentela. Isinqumo sasingathandeki kakhulu futhi sibangele ukuphambana okukhulu komphakathi. Amazwe amaningi abeka imithetho elinganisela indawo ephakeme yezentengiselwano yezomnotho. Klo] ibonisa indlela incazelo yomthetho yelungelo lokulwela amalungelo empahla engaphikisana ngayo nalokho okulindelwe emphakathini kanye nomthetho.

Izizathu Zemfundo Nezokuhlanganyela Emsebenzini

Ukuqonda ithonya lemithetho yomphakathi emalungelo abantu nasezindinganisweni zomphakathi akuyona nje indlela yokufunda; kubalulekile ekulungiseleleni abafundi ukuba babe izakhamuzi ezinolwazi nokukhuthala.

Ukufundisa Ukulinganisela Ekilasini

Othisha bangasebenzisa izifundo zokuhlolwa kwezezimali, izimpikiswano, kanye nezilinganiso ukuze bafake abafundi abanezinkinga ezingokomthetho ezingokoqobo. Abafundi abaxoxa ngezindaba ezinjenge Brown[, Roe[, futhi [[FLT]] [[FLT]] Obergefel [[] basiza abafundi ukubona ukuthi umthetho awuthathi ngokomthetho kodwa uveza imibono eminingi", ofundisa ukuthi umuntu ngamunye uthi unelungelo, umphakathi wenza indinganiso, futhi umahluleli noma uzama ukuzilinganisela.

Ukwakha Isisekelo Sokuhlanganyela Ngokwentando Yeningi

Abafundi abaqonda ukuhlanganiswa kwamalungelo nezindinganiso bahlonyiselwe kangcono ukuba bahlanganyele ezinqubweni zentando yeningi. Bangasekela izinguquko ezingokomthetho abazikholelwayo, bahloniphe imingcele engokomthetho yokuziphatha kwabo, futhi babeke abameleli babo icala.

Imithombo Yemfundo Eqhubekayo

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokuqhubeka behlola lezi zindaba, imithombo eminingana yengcebo inikeza ukuqonda okutholakalayo ngomthetho wezakhamuzi nethonya lawo emphakathini:

  • I-Iproject inikeza iziphakamiso zezezwi nezifushaniso zecala leNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S., yenza izinqumo zomthetho ezinzima ziqondakale kubafundi nakubafundisi.
  • IFederal Judication Center inikeza izinto zokufundisa esimisweni senkantolo yezwe namacala aphawulayo.
  • I-Rottledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy ihlanganisa izingeniso zefilosofi engokomthetho, amalungelo emvelo, kanye ne-communitunist yemiqondo ejulile.
  • Igumbi lokufundela i-Annenberg inikeza imithombo ehambisanayo emalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi.

Isiphetho

Imithetho yombango ingaphezulu kakhulu kunesethi yemithetho; iyisikwele sokuvala lapho kokubili amalungelo omphakathi nezindinganiso zomphakathi zikhona. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwalezinsika ezimbili bunamandla, ngokuvamile buphikisana, futhi buhlale bukhona. Ukuvikela inkululeko ngayinye kudinga ukuqapha ukufinyelela igunya, kuyilapho ukusekela izindinganiso zomphakathi kudinga ukuzwelana kwezindinganiso ezihlanganyelweyo nezokuhlalisana. Izehlakalo BrowN[FLY][FL:1], ] [iziciko], , [FLT:], [FLT]berg]

Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuhlolwa komthetho kahulumeni kunikeza ifasitela lemibuzo eyisisekelo kakhulu yokuphila kwezombangazwe nomphakathi: Siyilinganisela kanjani inkululeko nokuhleleka? Kunini lapho amalungelo abantu kufanele avumelane nenzuzo efanayo? Imithetho ishintsha khona njengoba imiphakathi ihlukana futhi ihlangana? Ngokuhileleka kulemibuzo, abafundi abathuthuki nje kuphela ulwazi olungokomthetho kodwa futhi nokuhlakanipha kwezakhamuzi okudingekayo ukuze bahlanganyele ngokunenjongo emiphakathini yabo. Edemokrati, izakhamuzi ezifundile ziyisivikelo esiphelele samalungelo nezindinganiso zomphakathi.