Umzabalazo wamalungelo omphakathi e-United States uye wahlanganisa izizukulwane, eziphawulwe ukunqoba okunzima nokuziphindisela okuqhubekayo. Nakuba umthetho wengqopha - mlando nezinqumo zenkantolo ziye zachitha izinhlobo eziningi eziwubala zobandlululo, izinselele zanamuhla ziyaqhubeka ziguqula − kusukela ekubekeni imingcele yamalungelo okumelwe atholwe i-algorithm. Kubantu ababhekene nokuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, bazi ukuthi bangaphendukelaphi ukuze bathole usizo futhi baqonde izimiso ezingokomthetho ezibavikelayo ezingosizo nje; ngokuvamile yikho okunqumayo ukuthi ukwahlulela kufeziwe yini. Lesi sihloko sinikeza isiqondiso esiwusizo emalini eyinhloko, isivikelo esingokomthetho, nezinyathelo ezifanele zitholakale kulezozindaba ezimayelana nokukhuthazwa kwezindawo zamanje.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Omphakathi Esikhathini Sanamuhla

Emnyombweni wabo, amalungelo omphakathi ayiziqinisekiso zokuphathwa ngokulinganayo nesivikelo ngaphansi komthetho. Bavikela abantu ekucwaseni okusekelwe ohlazweni, ebala, enkolweni, ebulilini (kuhlanganise nokukhulelwa, ubulili, nokuzichaza kwabesilisa), umsuka wesizwe, ubudala, ukukhubazeka, kanye ne-(ins) ezicikweni eziningi njengokulingana noma ukwaziswa okungokofuzo. Umqondo uhlanganisa ilungelo lokuhlanganyela ngokugcwele ekuphileni komphakathi, ukungena kwezindlu nomsebenzi ngaphandle kokucwasana, futhi uthola ubulungisa obulinganayo esimisweni somthetho.

Namuhla, izimpikiswano zamalungelo omphakathi zihlangene cishe nazo zonke izici zomphakathi: ikhodi lomuntu le-zip linganquma ukufinyelela kwakhe imfundo esezingeni eliphezulu, amanzi ahlanzekile, nendawo ephephile. Ubuchwepheshe buye basungula imingcele emisha, njenge-software yokuqaphela ubuso elula ngokungeyikho abantu abanemibala, namathuluzi okuqasha akhuthaza ukucwasana okungokomlando. Ukuqonda amalungelo omphakathi ekhulwini lama-21 kusho ukuqaphela ukuthi ubandlululo lungakhanyanisa futhi lungasetshenziswa ngendlela ehlukile, nokuthi isivikelo esingokomthetho kumelwe sivumelane nezindlela ezintsha zokungalingani.

Imithetho Eyinhloko Yokuvikela Amalungelo Omphakathi

Indikimba eqinile yomthetho kahulumeni yakha isisekelo sesivikelo samalungelo omphakathi. Lezi zimiso, kanye nezinguquko ezilandelayo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, zichaza izibopho zabaqashi, abanikazi, izikhungo zikahulumeni, namabhizinisi akhonza umphakathi.

Umthetho Ka - 1964 Wamalungelo Abantu

Lo mthetho obalulekile wenqabela ukucwasana ezindaweni eziningana eziyisihluthulelo. Isihloko II sivimbela ukuhlukanisa abantu ezindlini zomphakathi (izitolo zokudlela, izikole zemidlalo yaseshashalazini). Isihloko VI VII sivimbela ukucwaswa nganoma yiluphi uhlelo oluthola imali kahulumeni. Isihloko VII senqabela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma ubuzwe, futhi siye sanwetshwa ukuze sihlanganise ubulili bobulili obubodwa ngaphansi kokubusa kwe-2020CURC BHOCY v. Clayton County[[[FFLT:1]]. Isihloko se- VII sibuye senqabela ukuphindiselwa kobucala kunoma ubani okhononda ngokucwaswa ngoca. I-OMsebenzi (EOC) i-Comment Commist Comment (EC) i-Ont) i-octives Comment yalectives.

Umthetho Ka - 1965 Wokulwela Amalungelo Abantu

Ifuna ukunqoba izithiyo ezingokomthetho kuhulumeni nasemazingeni endawo ezavimbela abantu baseMelika ukuba basebenzise ilungelo labo lokuvota, uMthetho unqabela ukucwasana ngokohlanga ekuvoteni. Ingxenye yawo eyinhloko, iSigaxa 5, idinga amagunya athile anomlando wokucwasa ukuze kutholakale imvume kahulumeni ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota. Ilungiselelo leNkantolo Ephakeme ka 2013 elincitshiswe yisinqumo Shelby County v. I-har . Ingxenye 2 iyaqhubeka iyithuluzi elinamandla lokubekela i-divrimination syst actricationssss trariotivery activesting provicestionstionstionstions.[FLT][FLT:]

Isinyathelo Sezindlu Esifanele Sango - 1968

Isihloko VIII se-Civil Rights Act, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi i-Fair House Act, sikwenza kube okungekho semthethweni ukucwasa ngokuthengisa, ukuqasha, noma ukuxhasa izindlu ezisekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, imvelaphi yobuzwe, inkolo, ubulili, ukuma kobulili, noma ukukhubazeka. Ibuye inqabe imikhuba yokukhokha elimazayo elimaza ngokungenakuqhathaniswa imiphakathi emincane. Umnyango we Hospital kunye ne-Urban Development (HUD) uphoqelela i-Act, futhi abantu bangakhononda ngokuqondile nge-HUD ye-Fair Homease and Avity Omiction. Izenzakalo zamuva nje ziye zakhuluma ngokucwa kwezindawo zokukhangisa izindlu nge-algamest, kubonisa ukusebenza kobuchwepheshe banamuhla.

AmaMelika Anesenzo Sokukhubazeka (ADA) Sango - 1990

I-ADA inqabela ukucwaswa kwabantu abakhubazekile emsebenzini (isiHloko I), izinkonzo zikahulumeni wendawo (isiHloko II), izindawo zomphakathi (Isihloko II), kanye nezokuxhumana (isiHloko se-IV). Kudinga izindawo zokulala ezifanele (ezinjengamahlelo ashintshiwe omsebenzi, abatoliki bolimi lwezandla, noma abakhubazekile besihlalo sabakhubazekile (_________zihluphi) bengenza ubunzima obungadingekile kuleyondawo. I-ADA ibingasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukutholakala kwezindawo zomphakathi, kodwa i-Dictivealism ihlala ingalingani. [[FLT: 0] I-Dibrability Relity Imfundo & INgxoxoxoxo yokhuselo[F:] [FLD:1]] inikeza imithombo engokomthetho kanye ne-odcomscistrust abantu ababhekene no-AS.

Izivikelo Zenkolo Ezengeziwe

Ezinye iziqondiso eziyinhloko zihlanganisa iAge Discivation in Observation Act (1967), evikela izisebenzi ezingu - 40 nangaphezulu; iSihlomo seZiphendulo zemfundo (1972), esivimbela ukucwaswa kwezocansi ezikhungweni zemfundo ezixhaswe uhulumeni; kanye ne - Respocration Services Slovation Act (USTERRA), evikela imisebenzi yamalungu enkonzo yezempi. Imithetho yoMbuso ivame ukunikeza ngisho nesivikelo esibanzi, imboze izici ezifana nesikhundla somshado, noma ukuphakama kwezombangazwe nobukhulu.

Izivikelo zamalungelo omphakathi zikaHulumeni

Ukuqonda ukuhlanganiswa komthetho kahulumeni nombuso kubucayi. Imithetho ye-Federal ibeka indawo ephansi .Isivikelo esincane esingalindelekile kunoma yimuphi umMelika. Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho yazo yamalungelo omphakathi edlula izindinganiso zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe zikwenqabela ngokuqondile ukucwasana okusekelwe ekwakhekeni kwezinwele nasendleleni yokulungisa izinwele (i-CRLWENT Act), kuyilapho ezinye zinesivikelo esiqinile se LGBTQ + abantu abahlala ezindlini nasezindaweni zomphakathi.

Uma umthetho kahulumeni unikeza isivikelo esikhulu, ngokuvamile uthatha indawo yemithetho kahulumeni. Ngokuphambene, imithetho kahulumeni ayinakusikela isivikelo sikahulumeni. Kubantu ababhekene nobandlululo, kuvame ukuba ngcono ukuwabhala phansi kwemithetho kahulumeni nombuso. I-Actression enjenge EOC [[FLT] inezivumelwano zomsebenzi kanye nezinhlangano zemisebenzi ezilungile zikahulumeni, okusho ukuthi isikhalo esisodwa singabangela uphendlo oluphindiwe.

Ukusekelwa Kwemithombo Yamalungelo Omphakathi

Ukuvimbela izinselele zamalungelo omphakathi kungazizwa kungaphezu kwamandla, kodwa izinhlangano eziningi zinikeza usizo olungokomthetho, ukuphanga, nemfundo.

Izinhlangano Zesizwe Ezingokomthetho Nezezezimali

  • Isibonelelo somphakathi wase-America i-Libresion Union (ACLU): I-ACLU iphethe imiphumela ehlangene nezindaba zenkululeko yomphakathi eziningi, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yokukhuluma, amalungelo okuzala, amalungelo okuvota, nobulungisa bobuzwe. Izwe layo linikeza futhi ukusekela kwendawo. Iwebhusayithi ye-ACLU [[ i-ACLU] ifuna i-ingxenye enemininingwane ethi “Yazi iHlabelelo Lenu” elinezimo ezihlukahlukene.
  • [I-NACP] Esemthethweni Isivikelo neFOLD (LDF): isungulwe njengenhlangano ehlukile ethathwe kuyi-NAACP, LDF igxila ekufuneni, ekulawuleni, nasekufundiseni umphakathi okuhlobene nobulungisa bezinhlanga, kuhlanganise nemfundo yokuvota, amalungelo okwahlulela, kanye noshintsho lwezigebengu.
  • I-Equal Accounting Opportunity Commission (EOC): Inhlangano eyinhloko kahulumeni yokumisa imithetho yobandlululo emsebenzini. Abantu ngabanye kumelwe bafake icala nge-EEOC ngaphambi kokumangalela umqashi wabo. Isethi inikeza i-interline eshisayo engakhokhiwe (1-69-69-4000), kanye nemithombo yezilimi eziningi.
  • Inhlangano yesizwe yabesifazane (NOW): MANJE] Abasekeli bamalungelo abesifazane ngokuthatha izintambo zotshani, ukunxusa, nezenzo ezingokomthetho. Ukugxila kwabo kuhlanganisa ubulungisa bokuzala, ukulingana kwezomnotho, kanye nokuqeda ubudlova obusekelwe ebulilini.
  • I-Southern Pooty Law Center (SPLC): eyaziwa ngokulandela amaqembu obandlululo nangokuphikisa izinhlangano ezimhlophe ezifuna ukukhohliswa, i-SPLC futhi isebenza ekulungiseni izifiki, ukuguqula ubulungisa bentsha, kanye namalungelo okuvota.
  • I-Human Rights Campaign (HRC):[ Iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke le LGBTQ+ i-advocation e-U.S., i-HRC inikeza imithombo elinganayo emsebenzini, ukufinyelela kwempilo, kanye nesivikelo esingokomthetho se-LGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye.
  • IDissability Rights Education & Imali yokhuselo (DREDF):[ Isikhungo somthetho wezwe nenkambiso ezinikele ekuthuthukiseni amalungelo abantu abakhubazekile ngezinkonzo zomthetho, ukugunyaza, nokuqeqesha.

Izinhlangano Zokuphuthuma Nezimpi Zikahulumeni

  • ISivumelwano soMahlulelo (DOJ) Amalungelo Omphakathi Ukwehlulwa: nokunqatshelwa kwemithetho yelungelo lomphakathi, kuhlanganise nobugebengu benzondo, ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, kanye nokucwaswa ngezindlela zokulungisa. Izikhalo zingathunyelwa kuyi-inthanethi nge-CDE J'S.
  • Izindawo zezindlu nentuthuko yase Urban (HUD): isingatha ukukhononda kokucwaswa kwezindlu. I House Hotline (1-69-977) inikeza usizo ekukhipheni izikhalo.
  • I-Office for Civil Rights (OCR) ngaphakathi kwe-HHS: imithetho egunyaza ukucwaswa kwemithetho enqabela ubandlululo ezimisweni zobudokotela ezithola izimali zikahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izindaba ezihlobene nokukhubazeka kokutholakala kwamalungelo abantu, ukufinyelela ulimi, kanye nobandlululo lwenkolo ezinkonzweni zezempilo.

Isivikelo Esingokomthetho Ekucwaseni: Indlela Elandelanayo

Lapho kuvela ukwephulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, indlela yokulungisa ngokuvamile ihilela ukukhononda kwezisebenzi, ukumelelwa ngokomthetho, futhi (uma kudingeka). Ukwazi izinyathelo ezivamile kunganciphisa ukwesatshiswa futhi kwandise amathuba omphumela ophumelelayo.

1. Bhala Konke

Ngaphambi kokuba uthathe isinyathelo esingokomthetho, qoqa bonke ubufakazi obufanele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ama-imeyili, imiyalezo ye-meset, ama-amail, izithombe, izitatimende zobufakazi, namarekhodi ezikhathi, nezindawo zezenzakalo. Ukucwaswa emsebenzini, ukubukeza izenzo, izenzo zokujezisa, nanoma iziphi izinkulumo zabaphathi ezisikisela ubandlululo. Ukugcina iphephabhuku eliningiliziwe kungasiza ekumiseni indlela yokuziphatha.

2. I - blood Charset Engaphakathi

Abaqashi abaningi, izikole, nezikhungo zezindlu zinezinqubo zangaphakathi ezibonisa isikhalo. Landela lezi zikhalo zokuqala, uma kungenzeka, ukuze uqaphelise lenhlangano. Lesi sinyathelo ngokuvamile siyimfuneko ekufuneni izimemezelo ezingokomthetho kamuva, njengoba ibonisa ukuthi lenhlangano inethuba lokulungisa ukwephulwa. Gcina amakhophi azo zonke izingqwembe zangaphakathi nokusabela.

3. Ukukhomba Ihele Nge - Agency Efanele

Ukuze kuqashwe ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi, i-EEOC idinga ukumangalelwa ukuze kuqaliswe phakathi nezinsuku ezingu - 180 zesenzo sokugcina ubugebengu (ihloselwe izinsuku ezingu-300 ezisezweni ezinezinqubo zokusebenza ezilungile). Ukuze kuqashwe i-HUD, ihele elino-Hud phakathi nonyaka owodwa. Ukuze kutholakale amalungelo okuvota, thintana ne-DoJ’s Civil Rights Division. Izinhlangano eziningi zivumela i-intanethi, futhi awudingi ummeli ukuba asungule le nqubo (*) iseluleko somthetho singasiza ekuhleleni kahle ukuvuma.

Ithole incwadi yesokudla ukuya phezulu

Ngemva kokuphenya, i-EEOC inganikeza “isaziso sokuya kwesokudla ukuya ku-"isaziso, okudingeka ukuba sibhale icala lasese enkantolo kahulumeni ngaphansi kwemithetho yokucwasa ngomsebenzi. Lesisaziso sikuvumela ukuba uqhubeke ngisho noma i-authority ingatholi imbangela. Umthetho wokulinganiselwa kokubhala ufanelekela iposi ngokuvamile uyizinsuku ezingu-90 ukuthatha i-disc yencwadi.

5. Funa umlayezo ongokomthetho

Amacala amalungelo omphakathi ayinkimbinkimbi futhi afaka iqiniso. Ukuxhumana nommeli onolwazi endaweni yakho ethile (imisebenzi, indlu, ukukhubazeka, njll.) kutuswa kakhulu. Abameli abaningi bamalungelo omphakathi basebenza ngesisekelo senkokhelo yenkokhelo noma ngezinhlangano ezingazuzisi. Izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho kanye nezinhlangano zebhange lokuqondisa zingasiza ekutholeni iseluleko esingafikeleleki. Uma ungenammeli, izinhlangano ezinjenge-ACLU noma i-LDF ngezinye izikhathi zithatha amacala aphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho.

6. Hlola Enye Impikiswano

Ezinye izinhlangano nezinkantolo zinikeza izikhululo noma izingqungquthela njengenye indlela yokuxazulula izingxabano ngokushesha futhi ngezindleko eziphansi, kodwa azifanelekile kuzo zonke izimo (ngokuvamile) uma kunendlela yokucwasa. Ummeli angaluleka ukuthi ukukhipha izinqumo kuyatuseka yini.

Ukuzimelela Njengohlobo Lokugcina

Imithetho ingaba ukunikeza isikhathi, ukubiza, nokukhathaza ngokomzwelo. Nokho, ihlala iyithuluzi elibucayi lokumisa amalungelo nokubeka inqubo engokomthetho. Ukumangalelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi okuphumelelayo kungaphumela ekukhokheleni nasekujezisweni, ekukhululekeni (iziqondiso zokunqanda ukucwaswa komthetho), kanye nenkokhelo yommeli. Ukumangalelwa kwekilasi kuphumelela kakhulu ekuxazululeni ukucwaswa okusakazekile.

Izinselele Ekwakhekeni Kwamalungelo Omphakathi

Ukuqaphela lezi zinselele kusiza abantu nabasekeli ukuba balwe ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukucwaswa Kwesimiso Sezinto Ezivamile Nezimbiza

Ubandlululo lwezinhlanga luye lwathathelwa indawo izindlela zobandlululo ezicashile okunzima ukuzibonakalisa. Ubandlululo oluphelele, ukukhubazeka kwezindawo, kanye nokungalingani kwezakhiwo − njengokuhlukani kwezindlu okusuka ekuhlukaniseni okungokomlando okungokomlando okuhlukanisayo kwengcebo, impilo, kanye nethuba. Ukuhlukanisa ithonya (izimiso ezilimaza ngokungenakuqhathaniswa) kudinga ubufakazi obungokwezibalo futhi ngokuvamile kubhekene nokuhlolwa okuqinile okungokomthetho.

Izithiyo Ezingokomthetho Nezingokwesiko

Ukudideka kwezinhlelo ezigciniwe, izinqubo zezinhlangano, nemithetho ehleliwe kungavimbela abantu ukuba bafune iziphakamiso. Abantu abaningi abaqapheli ngamafasitela amafushane okufaka izikhala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko zokuziphindisela nokwesaba ukuphindisela, ikakhulukazi izisebenzi ezifuna ukuphindisela zisho ukuthi “‘ izisulu zokuthula. Izehlakalo ze-EEOC zisho futhi izikhathi ezinde zokulinda ukuphenywa.

Ukungaqapheli Nemfundo

Ucwaningo lubonisa ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi iningi lamaMelika alizazi isivikelo salo esiphelele samalungelo omphakathi.

Ukuphindisela Nokungesabi

Ukwesaba ukuziphindiselela kungesinye sezizathu ezivame kakhulu ezenza abantu bangabandlululi abanye.

Usongo Olushintshayo Lwezobuchwepheshe

Amanani asetshenziswa ekuqasheni, ekuqasheni, ekufakeni izikweletu, nasekunakekeleni izikweletu, kungahlanganisa ubandlululo lobuhlanga nolwesilisa. Ukuntuleka kokubonakala kwalezimiso kwenza kube nzima ukubekela inselele ubandlululo. Imithetho yamanje yamalungelo abantu isathatha(izikhululi nezinkantolo ziqala ukusebenzisa izimiso ezilwa nobandlululo ebuhlakani bokuzenzela. Amaqembu amaqembu alwayo alwela ukuvikela okunamandla [[FLT:]] ukucwasana .

Ukuba Yingcweti Nemfundo: Ukuqhubekela Phambili Kwendawo Edinga Ukudla

Ngaphandle kokucela usizo ngokomthetho ngamanye, ukubambisana kwezenzo nemfundo kubalulekile ekushintsheni isikhathi eside. Imiphakathi eqonda amalungelo ayo futhi ekwaziyo ukuhlela ingabangela ukucindezela okunamandla ezinhlanganweni.

Izikhungo Zomsebenzi Zomphakathi Neziqeqeshelo Zakho Zokwazi

Izinhlangano ze-rasroot zivame ukuphatha amashabhu amahhala ezikoleni, emasontweni, nasezikhungweni zomphakathi. Lezi zikhathi zihlanganisa izihloko ezifana nendlela yokusebenzelana namaphoyisa, indlela yokubhala ukucwasa, nendlela yokubhala izikhalo ezigciniwe. Izahluko zendawo ze-ACLU, i-NAACP, ne-SPLC zivame ukunikeza abaqeqeshi. Ngisho neshabhu elilodwa linganika abantu amandla okuqinisa amalungelo abo.

Ukuthuthela Amalungelo Omphakathi Esikoleni Sokuphoqelela Isikole

Ukufundisa umlando wamalungelo omphakathi nesivikelo samanje ezikoleni ze K-12 kwakha ukuqapha okuyisisekelo. Izihloko kufanele zihlanganise i-Civil Rights Movement, uhlelo lomthetho, nezindaba zamanje njengamalungelo okuvota ne-inthanethi. Izifundo zokungenela ungenelelo, ukuqulwa kwecala lokuhlekwa, kanye nezikhulumi zezivakashi ezivela ezinhlanganweni zamalungelo omphakathi zenza lendaba ibe yindaba.

Ukudla Okuyi - computer Nemithombo Yezindaba

Ama-computer ezezindaba akhulisa amazwi asemaceleni futhi angaguqula ukungabi nabulungisa kwendawo kube yizindaba zendawo. Izinxulumanisi, izicelo, nobufakazi bamavidiyo kuye kwabangela izinguquko zenqubo kanye nokulandisa kwezenkampani. Nokho, abameleli kumelwe basebenzise nobandlululo lwezezikhundla. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Expronic Foundation[ zinikeza imithombo engokwamalungelo ezimiso kanye nokukhuluma ngokukhululekile kuyi-inthanethiwe.

Ukuqapha Kwemithetho Nokuhlanganyela Esontweni

Ukushintsha imithetho ngokuvamile kudinga ukufakwa izicelo eziqhubekayo emazingeni endawo, ezweni, nakuhulumeni. Izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi zivame ukuqapha ngokuma kwemithetho esele, ukuhlela imikhankaso yokubhala izincwadi, nokuhlela ubufakazi ekuququzelweni kwezindaba. Abantu banganikela ngokuthintana nezikhulu zabo ezikhethiwe, ukuba khona emahholo edolobha, nokuvota kunoma iluphi ukhetho (hhh. h h h h h h h h html, ireaprime, i-reaffrears, ne-messagement.

Isiphetho

Ukumisa izinselele zamalungelo omphakathi kudinga ulwazi nesenzo. Ngokuqonda isivikelo esingokomthetho esibekwe emithethweni kahulumeni nombuso, ukusebenzisa inxanxathela yezokuphatha izigebengu nezinhlangano zomthetho, nokulandela izinyathelo ezihleliwe zokusingatha ukucwaswa, abantu bangalwa ngokuphumelelayo. Okubaluleke ngokufanayo umsebenzi ohlangene wemfundo nokwenqabela ukuqeda izimpande zezimiso zokungalingani. Amalungelo omphakathi awadingi ukuvikelwa njalo nokuvuselelwa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubhekene nokwephulwa ngokwesici noma umi ngobunye nabanye, imithombo namathuluzi achazwe lapha kunikeza isisekelo sokufuna ubulungisa nokwakha ikusasa elingcono.