Isingeniso: Ukungezwani Phakathi Kwamandla Ezinto Nelungelo Lempahla

Impahla yomphakathi ephucwa umthetho inikeza izinhlangano eziqasha umthetho igunya lokuthatha imali, izimoto, izakhiwo, nezinye izinto ezisolwa ukuthi zihlangene nobugebengu. Ngokungafani nokulahlekelwa yicala, okwenzeka ngemva kwecala, umbango ugebe ugeleza impahla ngokwayo kunokuba umniniyo, uvumela uhulumeni ukuba athathe impahla ngisho noma umniniyo engasolwanga ngecala. Lenqubo ekhethekile yomthetho iphakamisa imibuzo engokomthetho ngemfuneko yemvume ngaphambi kokuba impahla ithathwe.

ISichibiyelo sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sivikela abantu ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni, okudinga ukuqiniswa komthetho ukuze bathole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka ngaphambi kokungena entweni yomuntu siqu. Nokho, imithetho yokulahlekelwa kwempahla iye yaveliswa ngezindlela eziye zadlula lezi zikhungo ezingokwesiko. Ukuqonda ukuthi izimfuneko zibizwa kanjani `noma kugwenywa kanjani (‘imithetho yokulahlekelwa impahla, odokotela abasemthethweni, nanoma ubani okhathalela ukulinganisela phakathi kokulwa kobugebengu nenqubo efanele.

Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuma komthetho kwezimfuneko zemali esemthethweni ezidinga ukulahlwa, ukuhlola amalungiselelo kahulumeni, ukushintsha kwezinga lombuso, izimpikiswano eziphawulekayo, nemizamo yokulungisa eqhubekayo. Ekugcineni, abafundi bayoba nombono ocacile wokuthi isiqinisekiso sidingeka nini, uma singekho, nokuthi kusho ukuthini ngalabo abangase baphathwe impahla.

Isizinda Esingokomlando Nomthetho - sisekelo

ISichibiyelo sesine sithi “ilungelo labantu lokuphepha kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela, ngokuphenywa okungacabangeli nokuquleka, ngeke liphulwe, futhi akukho Nhlangano wezomthetho ozovela, kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esilindelekile." Emthethoni wesiko wobugebengu, lokhu kusho ukuthi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga imvume yokuhlola ikhaya noma athathe ubufakazi. Kodwa ukulahlekelwa komphakathi kusebenza endaweni ehlukile engokomthetho. [ u-rem [ngesona sizathu esivamile] ngokomthetho, hhayi umuntu [[FLT:]]

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lomehluko akumelwe ususe isivikelo semvume. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iye yaqaphela ukuthi ukulahlekelwa kungaba “ukuthatheka” endalweni nokuthi abanikazi bempahla bafanelwe yizivikelo zemvelo. Nokho, iNkantolo futhi iye yathi imfuneko yokugunyaza iSichibiyelo sesine ayisebenzi ngokuzenzekelayo kukho konke ukuquleka kwempahla. Kunalokho, indinga enqunyiweyo ixhomeke ekutheni ukuthatheka kuthathwa ngokuthi “ukufuna” yini isiqinisekiso, noma“ ukufuna imfuno” yempahla kakade esobala noma ukuthi ifanelwe yisimo esicacile noma isikhulu.

Uma uqamba inqubo, imithetho eminingi yokuhlulwa ivumela ukuphambana ngenxa yesizathu esingenzeka sodwa, ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sokwahlulela esingaphambili. Khona - ke umniniyo uthwala umthwalo wokubekela inselele okulahlekileyo ngemva kweqiniso, inqubo engabande futhi ebize.

Izimfuneko Eziyimpi EMthethweni Womphakathi Wokuvuna

Ukulahlekelwa yindawo yezakhamuzi kulawulwa ngokuyinhloko uMthetho ka-Civil Asset Forfeiture Reformation (CAFRA) ka-18 U.S.C. . . . . . 981 kanye nemithetho ehlobene nayo. Ngaphansi kwe-CAFRA, uhulumeni angathatha impahla ngempatho uma inani lingaphansi kuka-R350 000 futhi kungekho muntu ofaka isaziso. Ukuquleka okungaphezu kwalowo mnyango noma lapho kubekwa icala, uhulumeni kumelwe athathe isinyathelo sokwahlulela somphakathi.

Ngokuphawulekayo, i-CAFRA ayifuni ukugcinwa komthetho ngokuqondile ukuze ithole isiqinisekiso ngaphambi kokuthatha impahla. Kunalokho, umthetho uvumela ukuphangwa uma kungenzeka ukuthi kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi impahla incishwa. Imbangela engathandeki ingasekelwa ekuqapheleni, iziphakamiso, noma ubufakazi obuqoqwe phakathi nophenyo. Ezimweni eziningi, izikhulu zithatha izinto ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yikomiti yangaphambili, zithembele enqubeni yokulawulwa eqala ngemva kokuthatheka.

Nokho, isiHluzi sesine sisasebenza. Uma ukudungeka kuhilela ukungena ekhaya noma ukusesha, ngokuvamile kudingeka imvume.

U.S. uMnyango we-Asset Forfeiture Policy Manual unikeza isiqondiso, ukuphawula ukuthi ukuquleka kufanele kwenziwe “ngendlela evumelana neSichibiyelo Sesine.] Noma kunjalo, ukuntuleka kwemfuneko ecacile yokugunyaza kuye kwaholela ekugxekeni ukuthi impahla ingathathwa kalula kakhulu, ngokungaqondi kahle lapho ithathekile.

Ukungqubuzana Kwezinga Lokubusa: Umsebenzi Onzima We - eapes

Ngenxa yokuthi amazwe anemithetho yawo siqu elahlayo, izimfuneko zokugunyaza ziyahluka kakhulu kulo lonke izwe. Amanye amazwe aye amisa izivikelo eziqinile ezidinga imvume noma umyalo wenkantolo ngaphambi kokuthatheka. Eminye igcina imithetho yokuyekelela evumela ukuquleka kokuphatha ngenqubo encane yangaphambi kokuquleka.

Imibuso Enezimfuneko Eziqinile Ezingasihluphi

ICalifornia iphakathi kwesivikelo esikhulu. Ngaphansi komthetho we-California (Health & Safety Code 76 11469 et seq.), ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kumelwe kuthole isinqumo sokwahlulela ngembangela engenzeka ngaphambi kokuba uthathe impahla, ngaphandle kwezimo eziphuthumayo. Ngokufanayo, uNorth Carolina no New Mexico udlulise izinguquko ezidinga ukungenwa kwecala ngaphambi kokuba inqwaba yezisulu zilahlekelwe kungenzeka, ngokugcwalisa ukuquleka komphakathi okuningi okungagunyaziswe.

Nokho, la maqembu aqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho enqabela ukunqandwa kwemithetho evimbela ukushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa nobugebengu obuhleliwe, aphikisa ngokuthi ukunqandwa kwale mithetho kuvimbela imizamo yokuphazamisa ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa.

Izwe Elinezinto Ezincane Ezingalifinyeleli Ikusasa

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Texas neGeorgia ngokomlando ivumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kuthathe indawo ngaphandle kogunyazo, okusekelwe kuphela entweni okungenzeka yavela phakathi nophenyo. ETexas, umthetho weCriminal Procedure isahluko 59 uvumela ukuthunjwa kwemigede “ngaphandle kwemvume” uma isikhulu sikhona isizathu. Khona - ke abanikazi bangathola isaziso futhi bangabekela inselele ukulahlekelwa enkantolo, kodwa umthwalo ngokuvamile ubashintsha ukuze bafakazele ukuthi impahla ayizange isetshenziswe ebugebenguni.

IOhio inikeza esinye isibonelo. Ngaphansi kwe-Ohio Revised Code 2981.03, ukugcinwa komthetho kungathatha impahla “ngokuboniswa kwesizathu” ukuthi impahla incishwa. Nakuba kudingeka imvume yokuthatha impahla kumuntu noma isakhiwo uma imvume yokufuna ingadingeka, ukuquleka okuningi kungafana nemali ephuma ekumesweni kwezimoto.

Lo msebenzi oxutshwayo usho ukuthi amalungelo omnini - mpahla axhomeke ngokuyinhloko ekutheni ukuquleka kwenzeka kuphi.

Inkundla Yokuqondisa: Inqubo Engenalo Ikhambi

Izindawo eziningi zikahulumeni nombuso ziphathwa ngokusemthethweni. Ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, uma kungekho muntu ofaka amafacendi okuthiwa kungakenzeki ngemva kwesaziso, impahla ilahleka ngaphandle kwenqubo yokwahlulela. Akukho mahluleli oke abukeze ukunquma okungase kubangele. Lenqubo, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi “ukuzisola ngokwephutha,” iye yagxekwa kakhulu ngoba abanikazi bempahla bangase bangatholi isaziso esanele, futhi ukuntu kwengamele inqubo yokwahlulela kuphakamisa izinkathazo ezifanele.

I- Isikhonkwane sase-America esiphethe i-Liberties Union (ACLU) ifaka ubufakazi obubonisa ukuthi abantu balahlekelwa izinkulungwane zamaRandi ngenxa nje yokuthi abakwazi ukubekela inselele ukulahlekelwa noma ukungakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli. Ukungabikho kwemfuneko kukhathaza kakhulu kulezimo, njengoba indawo ithathwa ngaphandle komahluleli ohlola ubufakazi.

INkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma ngezinye zalezizinto ku-United States v. uJames Daniel Good Real Presation [1993], iphethe ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe anikeze isaziso nethuba lokuqulwa ngaphambi kokuba athathe impahla yangempela. Kodwa imali nezimoto, ukuqulwa kwamacala angaphambi kokuqala akuvamile. INkantolo ayikathanga kahle ukuthi imvume idingeka kukho konke ukuquleka kwezakhamuzi.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi Nomphumela Wawo Kubanikazi Bempahla

Ngisho noma imvume ingadingeki, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise imbangela yokuthatheka. Uma kuthathwa isigwebo, umthwalo ubhekisa kumninimnikazi wempahla ukuze afakazele ukuthi impahla ayihlobene nobugebengu. Lokhu kuwukwephulwa okukhulu kwesimiso somthetho wobugebengu esithi “awukho okungaze kutholakale ukuthi unecala”

Ngokwesibonelo, uma amaphoyisa ethatha uR1 000 kumshayeli phakathi nokuma kwezimoto ngoba esola ukuthi kuyimali ephucwa yizidakamizwa, umniniyo kumelwe aqale ukuzisholo futhi kamuva abonise ukuthi imali ivela emthonjeni ongokomthetho. Ngaphandle kwemvume, ukuthatheka kokuqala kungasekelwe ebufakazini obulinganiselwe, njengokuziphatha kobuhlanya, izindaba ezingaguquguquki, noma ukuba khona kwezixwayiso zenja ezisebenzisa izidakamizwa. Ukuhlolwa kuye kwabonisa ukuthi izixwayiso zenja zingathembeka, kodwa zingasekela imbangela.

I-Institute for Justice ibhale amacala amaningi abantu abangenacala abalahlekelwa yimali yabo yokuphila. State v. $43,574.00 [i-Arizona], owesifazane othile wathathwa imali yakhe ngemva kokuma kwezimoto, naphezu kokuba wayenemali ebonisa ukuthi wayeyikhiphe imali ebhange lakhe. Kwathatha izinyanga eziningi ukubuyisa izimali.

Icala Eliphawulekayo Nezinselele Ezingokomthetho

Amacala amaningana asenkantolo aye aguqula ukuthatheka kwezimfuneko zomthetho womthetho wokulahlekelwa. United States v. Cishe u-R14,000 e-U.S. Mali (ngonyaka wama-9 Cir. 2012), inkantolo yakwenqaba ukuthunjwa kukahulumeni ngoba amaphoyisa ayengenamvume futhi ukuthatheka kwaphula iSichibiyelo Sesine. Inkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi nakuba ukulahlekelwa kwezakhamuzi kungadingi imvume, ukuthatheka kukahulumeni kumelwe kube okunengqondo.

Elinye icala eliphawulekayo lingu-Leonard v. Texas (2017), lapho iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yenqaba ukuzwa inselele emithethweni yeTexas yokulahlekelwa, ishiya izindinganiso zikahulumeni ezibuthakathaka zemvume zingenazicimeka. Umahluleli uThomas waphikisa ngokuthi iNkantolo kufanele iphinde ihlole ukuthi i-Civil Aspeture Reformation Act ivikele amalungelo empahla ngokwaneleyo.

Mhlawumbe indaba edume kakhulu yi- Kelo v. City of New London (2005], eyayihilela indawo edumile kunokuba ilahlekelwe, kodwa yakhulisa ukuqashelwa komphakathi ngegunya likahulumeni phezu kwempahla yomuntu siqu. Ukulahlekelwa umbango sekuye kwaba yindaba evelele, ngezindaba eziphezulu zabanikazi bebhizinisi abangenacala abalahlekelwa yimisebenzi yabo.

Ku Horne v. Department of Agriculture (2015), iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi uhulumeni akanakuthatha impahla ngaphandle kokukhokha isinxephezelo. Nakuba lelocala likhuluma ngamagilebhisi afile, ukucabanga kwalo kuye kwavezwa ngezinselele zokuphikisa ukuthi abanikazi bempahla bafanelwe yisivikelo esingcono, kuhlanganise nemithetho egunyaza.

Imizamo Yenguquko Nokubangela Izinguquko

Ngenxa yokugxekwa okusakazekile, abakhi bemithetho ezingeni likahulumeni nombuso baye basungula izinguquko ezihloselwe ukuqinisa izimfuneko ezidingekayo nenqubo efanele. Izihlongozo ezinkulu zenguquko zihlanganisa:

Izinguquko Ezingokwesibalo: Umthetho WeFAIR

UMthetho wokulandisa nowobuqotho (FAIR) , owenziwe ngokuphindaphindiwe eKhongolo, ungadinga ukuqulwa kwecala ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni ulahleke. Lokho kungaqeda ngokuphumelelayo isidingo semithetho edinga izivumelwano zangaphambi kwecala lomphakathi, ngoba ukuthatheka kungenzeka kuphela ngemva kokuqiniseka. Nokho, isiphakamiso asidlulanga. Esinye isicelo, u-Asterect Perrital Act , kungadinga ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze kuthole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe ebufakazi obucacile nobugculisekile kunokungangoba nje.

Izinguquko Zezinguquko ZoMbuso

Izifundazwe eziningana kakade seziye zamisa izinguquko. Ngokwesibonelo, iNew Mexico yadlulisa u- “Fotrea Act” ngo- 2015, idinga ukubekwa kwecala ngaphambi kokuba impahla ilahlekelwe. Lokhu kuphoqelela ukugcinwa komthetho ngempumelelo ukuba kubekwe icala noma kubuyiselwe impahla, futhi kuqeda inqubo yokuthunjwa kokulawula engenasiqinisekiso. Imithetho efanayo iye yamiswa eNebraska, eMontana, nase California.

Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zakhetha ukuthatha izinyathelo zokubona ukuthi zikhona. Ngo-2020, iVirginia yakhipha umthetho oyala ukuba izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho zibike konke okulahlwayo futhi zithole umyalo wenkantolo ngaphambi kokuthatha impahla ebiza imali engaphezu kuka-R3,50.

Izenzo Zokwahlulela Nezokuqondisa

UMnyango Wezobulungisa wase-U.S. ukhiqize izinguquko zenqubo, njengango-2015 isithiya uhulumeni ukuba athathe izisulu zikahulumeni. Ngaphansi kwenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi “ukuthatha”, amaphoyisa endawo angayiyeka imithetho kahulumeni ngokuthatha impahla bese ahlanganyela imali ekhishweyo. Isimiso sonyaka ka-2015 salinganisela lo mkhuba, nakuba washintshwa ngokwengxenye ngo-2017. Isiqondiso samashumi amabili anamashumi amabili amashumi amabili aneziphene siqinisekisa ukubaluleka kokuvikelwa komthetho kodwa siyenqabela ukudiza isiqinisekiso sokuquleka konke.

Ukunakekela Okuwusizo Abanikazi Bempahla

Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi izimfuneko ezigunyaziwe ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ziguquguquka, abanikazi bempahla kufanele bathathe izinyathelo ezisheshayo ukuze bavikele impahla yabo. Uma umiswa yizisebenzi zomthetho futhi impahla yakho isengozini, khumbula lokhu okulandelayo:

  • Ungavumelani nophendlo [ lwemoto yakho noma impahla ngaphandle kokuba isikhulu sinophawu noma isizathu esingaba sobala. Ngaphandle kwemvume, imvume yakho inikeza lonke igunya elidingekayo lokuthatha impahla.
  • Buza uma ukhululekile ukushiya. Uma kungenjalo, lokhu kubangelwa ukuquleka, futhi unelungelo lokwazi isisekelo sako.
  • Ungaphathi izilinganiso ezinkulu zemali[ ngaphandle kwemvume. Uma kumelwe uhambe nemali, gcina amarekhodi ebhange, ama-risidi, noma amabhukwana ebhizinisi abonisa umsuka wemali.
  • Uma impahla ithathwa[, ngokushesha bhala izimo: amagama abaphathi, izinombolo zamabheji, inkampani, nanoma iyiphi impahla ethathwayo. Cela irisithi kanye nekhophi yesaziso sokuthuthwa.
  • Uhlangana nommeli owenakele izinto ezilahlekile. Imali eningi elahlekile ayisalahlwa ngoba abanikazi abazi ukuthi inkathi ifike nini. Ukungagunyazi kwe-Federal kunikeza izinsuku ezingu-30 kuphela ukuba kubhaliswe isaziso.
  • Ihele liyicala [ lokuphikisa ukulahlekelwa. Ezizweni eziningi, ukufaka isiqu esiqinile kuhulumeni ukuba aqale isenzo sokwahlulela, okungase kufuneke ukuba babonise imbangela engenzeka kumahluleli (__isizathu esishukumisa ukubukezwa kophawu.)

Ukuxhumana nezikhulu zikahulumeni ukuze zisekele izimfuneko zokulahlekelwa yisifo sokuwa kuyindlela eqinisekile yokuthonya umthetho.

Ikusasa Lezimfuneko Ezinhle Ezisangulukisayo

Ukungezwani phakathi kokulwa okuphumelelayo kobugebengu namalungelo empahla aphezulu akukaphenduli. INkantolo Ephakeme ayikanqumeli ngokuqondile ukuthi imvume idingeka njalo ukuze ulwe ne-odoli. Izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zafinyelela iziphetho eziphikisanayo. Njengoba umphakathi uqaphela kakhulu ukuxhashazwa kobugebengu, kunokucindezelwa okukhulayo kokuvumelanisa ukulahlekelwa kwezimiso zomphakathi neSichibiyelo Sesine.

Ubuchwepheshe budlala indima. Amakhamera omzimba nama-sclam anikeza ukulandisa okwengeziwe ezigijimeni zokuquleka, kodwa angethatheli indawo ukubukeza komahluleli ngaphambi kokuba athathe isinyathelo. Abanye abasekeli benguquko basikisela ukuthi konke ukuquleka ngaphezu kwemali ethile yedola kufanele kudinge isiqinisekiso, esifana nokufuna imvume yokusesha. Abanye basikisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi imbangela kufanele ibukezwe imantshi engathathi hlangothi phakathi namahora angu-48 okudumba, ukuvumelana nomthetho wokuboshwa okungagunyaziswe kubekwe i-livey of Riverside v. McLaughlin

Ekugcineni, indaba yezimfuneko ezigunyaziwe emithethweni yempahla yomphakathi encishisiwe iphathelene namandla nokulunga. Njengoba iNhlangano yeJaji iphawula, “Imithetho evumela ukuba impahla ithathwe ngaphandle kwemvume noma ukumangalelwa kwecala lobugebengu ngokuyisisekelo ayilungile.” Izinguquko eziqinisa ukuqondisa kokwahlulela ngaphambi kokuba impahla ithathwe zinikeze indlela ecacile yokuvikela amalungelo abanikazi bempahla abangenacala kuyilapho zisavumela ukugcinwa komthetho.

Isiphetho

Izimfuneko eziqinile zemithetho yempahla yomphakathi ezincintiswano ziseyindawo ephikiswayo yemithetho ye-getment. Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesine simisa isisekelo sokumelana nokuquleka okungacabangeli, ukusebenzisa leso silinganiso esisemongweni wokulahlekelwa kuyahluka kakhulu. Esigabeni sikahulumeni, akukho mfuneko ecacile engokomthetho ekhona; ngokunokwenzeka ingeyodwa ingathethelela ukuthatheka, ngokuhlola kwangemva kokukhipha isigwebo ngokuvamile kulinganiselwe. Imithetho kahulumeni isukela ekugunyazeni okuqinile kokuthatha ibhada.

Kubaphathi bezindawo, ukungabikho kwemfuneko egunyaziwe kungaguqula umthwalo onzima: isidingo sokulwa enkantolo ukuze kuthathwe impahla ethathwe ngaphandle komahluleli osayinwe. Imizamo yokuguqula iyaqhubeka iqhubezela phambili izimfuneko zokukholisa, ukuqulwa kwecala kwangaphambi kokuvunyelwa, noma izimvume ezibophekile, kodwa intuthuko ayilingani.

Ukuqonda ukuthi izimfuneko zemvume zibhekiswe kanjani ku-(-nase-asethi zilahlekile) kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuvikela impahla yakho nokukhuthaza isimiso esilinganiselayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngoshintsho lwezishaya-mthetho noma ngokuqapha komuntu ngamunye, umgomo uhlala ufana: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla okuwabamba awafinyeleli ilungelo lokuthola.