ISichibiyelo sesihlanu soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States sinjengesisekelo senqubo yobugebengu baseMelika, sinikeza isivikelo esibalulekile kubantu lapho bebhekene nomthetho olandelwayo. Sisekelwe esimisweni sokuthi akukho muntu okufanele aphoqelelwe ukuba abe ngufakazi omelene nawo, lokhu kulungisa izivikelo zokuvinjelwa ekuphenyweni kwemishwano futhi kuphoqelelwe ukuba azenze angazihluphi. Nakuba abaningi beqaphela amagama athi "ukuhola owesihlanu," ukusebenza okusebenzayo kwalamalungelo ezindaweni zamaphoyisa zangempela ezisezweni ngokuvamile kucaciswe futhi kungaqondwa kabi. Ukuqonda izinga nemingcele yamalungelo akho eSiphakamiso sesihlanu akusona nje isici esingokomthetho sokuvikela inkululeko yakho nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokulunga phakathi kwesimiso sobulungisa. Lesiqondiso sinikeza isiqinisekiso esinegunya, ekubukeni ngokukhubazeka okuphakathi kwesilinganiso esiphambili, ekuqondeni kwezindlela eziphambili ezihambelayo ezingeni eziqondiswe ngayo, futhi kumele kusetshenziswe izakhamuzi zonke izindlela zokwahlulela.

Ikhorali LeSichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Isivikelo Ekuziphindiseleleni

IsiHluzi sesihlanu sisho ngokucacile ukuthi akekho umuntu "ongaphoqelelwa kunoma iliphi icala lobugebengu ukuba abe ufakazi omelene naye." Lesi sisho, esaziwa njengelungelo lokumelana nokuziphikisa, asisona isihlangu esiphelele kodwa isivikelo esinamandla esisebenza emongweni ohlukahlukene. Sivumela abantu ukuba benqabe ukuphendula imibuzo noma ukunikeza ukwaziswa okungaholela ekumangalelweni ngecala. Ilungelo lilodwa (h] alikho ukubizwa ngenxa yomunye, futhi lisebenza kunoma yiliphi icala, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi elomlomo noma elilotshiwe, elingase lisetshenziswe ekusekeleni ukumangalelwa kwecala lobugebengu.

Ngokomlando, ilungelo lavela ekusabeleni emikhubeni yokuqulwa kwamacala ezihlubuki eNgilandi nasezindaweni zamakoloni aseMelika akuqala. Abaferensi boMthetho-sisekelo bazama ukuvimbela ukuphoqelelwa kokuvuma izono nokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthwalo wobufakazi uhlala kuhulumeni ngokunembile. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yabekwa ngokuphindaphindiwe, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sibonisa inhlonipho eyisisekelo ngesithunzi somuntu nenkululeko yokuzibusa, sinqabela uhulumeni ukuba anqume phakathi kokuthula nokuzifunela ngokwawo. Lesivikelo asigcini ngobufakazi obusenkantolo kuphela. /ilokhu kudlulela embuzweni yamaphoyisa, izingxoxo zokuqulwa kwecala, nanoma isiphi isimo lapho izinkulumo zomuntu zingasetshenziswa khona ngokumelene nazo.

Ukuze uqonde kahle umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo kanye nokuziphendukela kwawo, kubhekiselwe eMthethweni [[FL:0] we-FT [FT] njengoba ulondolozwe yi-Cornell Information .

Ukusebenzisa Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu Phakathi Nokuhlangana Kwamaphoyisa

Ukuhlangana kwamaphoyisa kuvela ngohlobo oluthile, kusukela ezitobhini ezivamile kuya ekuboshweni okungokomthetho. Ukusetshenziswa kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu kuxhomeke kakhulu ekuxhumaneni kwaso nokuthi umuntu usejele yini. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa kubalulekile ngokwazi ukuthi unelungelo lakho nini futhi kanjani.

Lapho Umiswa Emgwaqweni

Uma iphoyisa liza kuwe emgwaqweni womphakathi futhi libuza imibuzo, ngokuvamile akudingeki ukuba uphendule. Ngaphandle kokuba isikhulu sinokungabaza okunengqondo ukuthi uhilelekile emsebenzini wobugebengu, okuvumela ukuma okufushane ngaphansi . u-Ohio[_FLT]] unelungelo lokuhamba. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi i-Gawula lingakuvikeli ekuchazeni izinhlelo ezinjalo ezingagunyazi u-'umlawuli, awubophekile ukuphendula. Ungamane uthi "Ngisebenzisa ilungelo lami lokuthula," noma "Anginalutho lokusho," futhi uma ukhululekile ukwenza kanjalo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi i-Findmga ayikuvikeli ekuchazeni ukwaziswa uma i-iviced, kodwa ungavuma ukuphendula ngaphandle kokunikeza imvume enkulu.

Lapho Izimoto Zima

Ukuma kwezimoto kunikeza isimo esiyingqayizivele ngoba, lapho uvalelwe okwesikhashana, ukuxhumana kuvame ukuthathwa njengokungamele izinjongo zesihlanu uma ungaboshwa ngokomthetho. Phakathi nokumiswa kwendlela, kuyadingeka ukuba unikeze ilayisense yomshayeli, ukubhalisa, nokuqinisekisa komshuwalense. Nokho, unelungelo lokuthula ngalé kwalawomaphepha. Uma isikhulu sibuza imibuzo efana "Uvelaphi?" noma "Uyazi ukuthi uhamba ngokushesha kangakanani?" awuphoqelelwanga ukuphendula. Ngokucacile nangokucacile "Ngicela ilungelo lami lokuthula," kuyanele. Uma ungafuni noma yiziphi izicelo zokuhlola imoto yakho ngokuthi, "Angivumelani ukuphendla," futhi unxusa uma uthanda ukugcotshwa. [UFUF] [0] [UL] Isiqondiso sakho esingcono]

Indlela Yokusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho Ngokuphumelelayo

Ukucela iSichibiyelo sesihlanu, kumelwe usho ngokucacile ukuthi usebenzisa ilungelo lakho lokuthula. Ukuthula nje kungase kwanele uma inkantolo kamuva inquma ukuthi ukuthula kwakho akucacile. Ukunxusa okucacile kuhilela inkulumo enjengokuthi "Ngithatha i-F5" noma "Yenqaba ukuphendula ngokusekelwe ekulungeni lami ngokumelene nokuzibeka umlomo." Kumelwe unxuse ilungelo lokuthula, futhi ucele ummeli ngokucacile nangokungafihli lutho. INkantolo Ephakeme Brignos v. Thompkins[[FLD:] (20) [20])] u-20) wayekholelwa ukuthi kumelwe asole ilungelo lokuthula, nokuthi ukuthula kweposi yodwa akuyishongobo.

Ilungelo lokuhlala uthule ngokuphikisana. Ilungelo Lokwelulekwa

Nakuba isiHluzi sesihlanu sivikela ngokuyinhloko ekuzixazululeni, sihlangene kakhulu neSichibiyelo sesithupha nelungelo lokunikeza iseluleko. Ekuphenyweni kwezingane, lomsebenzi wamalungelo e-tanidem. Miranda v. I-Arizona [196] igunyazwe ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba noma ikuphi ukuphenywa ngecala, umthetho kumelwe ukutshele ukuthi unelungelo lakho lokuhlala uthule futhi unelungelo lakho kummeli. Uma nje ucela ilungelo lakho, konke ukubuza kumelwe kuphele kuze kube khona noma uphendulele ngokuvuma.

Ukubaluleka Kokucela I - atorney

Ukusebenzisa ilungelo lakho kummeli kungenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokuvikela amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo sesihlanu. Ummeli angakululeka ngokuthi uthini nokuthi uthini, xoxani, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi noma iziphi izinkulumo ozenzayo zingenzeki ngokuzithandela futhi awuphoqelelwa. Ezimweni eziningi, ukucela ummeli kungayeka ukubuza ngokushesha futhi kuvimbele ukungathathi macala akho. Ungakhathazeki ngokubonakala unecala futhi ufune ummeli uyicebo elihlakaniphile elingokomthetho, hhayi ukuvuma ububi. [[FLT:] Nolo] Ukuhlaziya kwe-encyclopedia yemithetho ye-formation amalungelo eHluence kunikeza umniningwane kulo mongo.

Okwenzekayo Uma Ukhuluma Ngaphandle Kweseluleko

Uma ukhetha ukukhuluma namaphoyisa ngaphandle kommeli, uzifaka engozini yokusho amazwi angasetshenziswa kuwe enkantolo. Ngisho namazwi abonakala engenacala angasontwa noma athathwe ngaphandle komongo abashushisi. Izixwayiso zeMiranda ziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi noma imuphi owaphula amalungelo akho wazi futhi uzimisele. Uma uqala ukukhuluma, uwaphuce ngokuphumelelayo amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo sesihlanu kuze kube yilapho uwabuyisa futhi. Kungcono kakhulu ukuhlala uthule futhi ulinde i-message engokomthetho, ngisho noma ukholelwa ukuthi awunalutho ongalufihla.

Iziphetho Nemingcele Ezivinjelwe Ezinziweni Zesihlanu

Naphezu kobubanzi bayo, iSichibiyelo Sesihlanu sinezithiyo.Ukwazi lezizici ezingaqondakali kungavimbela ukungaqondani futhi kukusize ukuba ugweme imiphumela ongayihlosile.

Ubufakazi Obuphoqelelwe Enkantolo

Uma ubizwa njengofakazi eqenjini elikhulu labahluleli abathatha isinyathelo noma ecaleni, awunakwenqaba ukuvela. Nokho, ungacela iSichibiyelo sesihlanu ukuba senqabe ukuphendula imibuzo ethile engase ikubangele ukuba uphathwe kabi. Umbuso ungakunika ukuvikeleka ekumangalelweni ngezindaba ezixoxwe, okuyakushukumisela ukuba ufakazele − kodwa uma usuthole ukugonyelwa okungokomthetho. Ngaphandle kokuvikelwa, ukwenqaba kwakho kuyavikelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu asisebenzi ekukhulumeni okushiwo ngokuzithandela noma ezimisweni ezingezona eziphoqelelwe, futhi asikuvikeli ukuba ufakaze ngamanga.

Ubufakazi Obungokoqobo Nezenzo Ezingacabangeli

Ilungelo lokuzimela lisebenza kuphela ekunikezeni ubufakazi nezenzo zokuxoxa. Alikuvikeli ekunikezeni ubufakazi obungokoqobo obunjengeminwe, amasampula e-DNA, izimpawu zombhalo, noma amasampula egazi. Lokhu kubhekwa njengokungalinganisi ngokomthetho futhi kungaphoqelelwa ngaphansi kwegunya elingokomthetho elifanele, njengobufakazi obungokomthetho. Ngokufanayo, uhulumeni angafuna ukuba ume emgqeni noma ukhiphe amasampula ezwi, uma nje bengakuphoqeleli ukuba ukhulume ngamazwi akha phezulu. Lomehluko uyagxeka: nakuba ungenakuphoqelelwa ukuba uvume, ungaphoqelelwa ukuba unikeze ubufakazi obuphathekayo noma obungokoqobo obukuhlanganisa nobugebengu.

Ukunakekela Okufanelekile: Isikhathi Nendlela Yokubeka Amalungelo Akho Futhi Indlela

Abantu abaningi bayanqikaza ukuqinisa amalungelo abo eSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi ukwenza kanjalo kuyokwenza ubonakale unecala.Eqinisweni, ukusebenzisa amalungelo akho kuyisinqumo esingokomthetho nesihlakaniphile esikuvikela ekuphathweni abashushisi. Isinqumo sokukhuluma noma sokuthula kufanele siqhutshwe ngokucophelela, ngokuvamile ngesiqondiso sommeli.

Ukulinganisela Ukubambisana Nokuzivikela

Nokho, uma usoleka noma ungumuntu onesithakazelo, izingozi zokukhuluma ngaphandle kweseluleko zidlula kude izinzuzo ezingase zivele. Iseluleko esivamile sabameli abavikela ubugebengu silula: ungasho lutho ngaphandle kokwaziswa okuyisisekelo, futhi ngokushesha ucele ummeli. Lendlela ayikona ukusebenzisa amalungelo akho omthetho wemithetho.

Izingozi Zokwaba Amalungelo Akho

Ukuthola amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo sesihlanu akunakuguqulwa emongweni wendaba eminingi. Uma usuqalile ukukhuluma, ngeke kamuva uthi amazwi akho angaphambili aphoqelelwa ukuba abekwe ngokuzithandela ngemva kwezixwayiso zikaMiranda. Ukucindezela kokuphenywa, kuhlangene nesifiso sokuzichaza, ngokuvamile kuholela emasimini angenangqondo asho ukuthi ungayikhipha indlela yakho yokuphuma esimweni esithile. Ungacabangi ukuthi ungawukhipha umphandu wesimo, kunalokho, uthathela emuva omthetho.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile NgeSichibiyelo Sesihlanu

Ukungaqondi kahle ngeSichibiyelo Sesihlanu kugcwele, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuvezwa kwemithombo yezindaba namasiko athandwayo.

"Ukunxusa Owesihlanu" Anginacala Eligcwele

Kuyinkolelo evamile ukuthi ukucela iSichibiyelo sesihlanu kuwukuvuma icala. Lokhu akunembile ngokomthetho nayiqiniso. Ilungelo likhona ngenxa yokuthi abantu abangenacala bangase bazifake bona ngokwabo noma babambeke ezimisweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphawula ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sivikela abangenacala kanye nabanecala. Enkantolo, abashushisi abakwazi ukusho ngesinqumo sommangalelwa sokuthula, futhi abahluleli bayalwa ukuba bangagwemi noma isiphi isigqi esiqinile kuso. Emicimbini yansuku zonke, ukuveza amalungelo akho kumane kuyisilinganiso esivikelayo.

Umehluko Phakathi Kwesimiso Senkustodial Nesingesona ICustodial

Enye into edidayo ukuthi izixwayiso ze-Miranda zidingeka kunoma isiphi isiphi isigaba samaphoyisa. Kudingeka kuphela lapho umuntu esejele futhi ebuzwa imibuzo. Ukuma komgwaqo noma izingxoxo eziphoqelelwe azisikhuthazi uMiranda. Nokho, amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo sesihlanu asasebenza.

Indima Yezixwayiso Zemirnda

Isixwayiso seMiranda siyindlela esebenzayo iSichibiyelo sesihlanu esiphoqelelwa ngayo phakathi nokuphenywa kwelungelo lokunakekela umntwana. Baqinisekisa ukuthi abasolwayo bayawaqaphela amalungelo abo futhi bangawahlupha umuntu owaziyo. Izixwayiso ezivamile zihlanganisa: unelungelo lokuthula; noma yini othi ingasetshenziswa kuwe enkantolo; unelungelo lokuthola ummeli; futhi uma ungenammeli, uyomiswa omunye.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho Lapho Usejele

Uma uboshwa noma uboshwa, kufanele ucele ngokushesha ilungelo lakho lokuthula nelungelo lakho kummeli. Ungalindi ukuba izikhulu zikufundele amalungelo akho .Akunganga ngokushesha, futhi izimemezelo zokuzithandela ezenziwa phambi kwe-Mirndanda zingenzeki ngaphandle kokuba kube umkhiqizo wokuphoqelelwa. Uma usucele, amaphoyisa kumelwe ayeke ukubuza. Uma eqhubeka, amazwi akho angavinjelwa enkantolo. Nokho, qaphela ukuthi izikhulu zika-"isikhala sokuphepha" zivumela izikhulu ukuba zibuze imibuzo elinganiselwe ngaphandle kobuzobuzo obuthi Mirnda uma zikhona usongo olusheshayo, njengokubuza ngendawo yezikhali.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuvikela Amalungelo Akho ESichibiyelo Sesihlanu

Ukwazi amalungelo akho kuyingxenye yempi kuphela; ukuwasebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo phakathi nokucindezeleka kokuhlangana namaphoyisa kudinga ukulungiselela nokuba khona kwengqondo.

Okumelwe Ukusho Nokwenza Phakathi Nokuhlangana

Okokuqala, hlala uzolile futhi uthobile. Ungaphikisi, ungaphikisi, ungaphiki, noma usabe. Uma uvalelwe, vumelana neziqondiso ezingokomthetho, njengokunikeza imvume yokukuhlola phakathi nendawo yomgwaqo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbhalo wakho kufanele ube lula: "Ngisebenzisa ilungelo lami lokuthula." Ngifuna ukukhuluma nommeli wami." phindaphinda lamazwi uma kudingekile. Ungadonselwa engxoxweni noma engxoxweni. Uma isikhulu sicela imvume yokukuphenya noma impahla yakho, sho ngokucacile, "Angivumi ukuphenya." Lokhu kuphika umbuso ukuba ube nethuba elilula lokuhlanganisa ubufakazi. Khuluma ngokushesha ngokubhala igama lesikhulu, ibheji, nanoma imuphi ofakazi abakhona.

Ummemezelo kanye nokulandelela okusemthethweni

Ngemva kokuhlangana, thintana nommeli wolwembulwa lwezigebengu uma uvalelwe, uboshwa, noma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho aphulwe. Ummeli angakululeka ezinyathelweni ezilandelayo, kuhlanganise noma ubhale isikhalo noma ufuna ukucindezelwa kobufakazi. Gcina noma iziphi izinhlelo zevidiyo, njenge-clashcam noma i-mafoni, futhi uqoqe ukwaziswa kofakazi. Isinyathelo esingokomthetho esisheshayo singenza umehluko omkhulu emphumeleni wecala lakho. Incazelo ebanzi yezemthetho, [ i-American Bar's Association ye-Consolation emicimbini yesihlanu emacala obugebengu ingumbhalo omuhle.

Isiphetho

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu esimelene nokuzichasa singesinye sezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuvikela emacaleni aseMelika. Sinika abantu amandla okuthula lapho bebhekene negunya lombuso futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni akanakwakha icala ngokuphoqa ukuvuma izono. Phakathi nokuhlangana kwamaphoyisa, isivikelo sakho esingcono kakhulu siwukuqonda amalungelo akho nokuwasebenzisa ngokungaguquguquki. Ukuhlala uthule nokucela ummeli akulona uphawu lomthwalo wecala futhi kuwuphawu lokuhlakanipha. Ngokufaka izimiso ezichazwe lapha, ungahamba phambili ngokuqinisekisana nomthetho ngokuqiniseka futhi uvikele izithakazelo zakho ezingokomthetho ngomzuzu wokuhlangana nokuqala. Khumbula njalo: Ubufakazi buhlala nohulumeni, futhi awudingenzeki neze ukuba usize ukuba kuhlangane nomthwalo ozikwehliweyo.