Umthetho wangaphakathi wakha umgogodla wesinqumo sempikiswano yomuntu siqu ezimisweni zomthetho emhlabeni wonke. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi olungiselela ukuhlolwa, uthisha othuthukisa izifundo, noma uchwepheshe ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi izingxabano ezingokomthetho zilawulwa kanjani ngaphandle kwenkundla yobugebengu, uqonde izinqubo eziyinhloko nezinqubo zomthetho wesizwe. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolisiswa kwemithetho yomphakathi okunemininingwane ehleliwe, phela kusuka ezimisweni zayo zesisekelo kuya ezinyathelweni ezilandelanayo.

Umthetho wombango ulawula amalungelo nezibopho zabantu ngabanye nezinhlangano. Ihluke kakhulu kumthetho wobugebengu, lapho uhulumeni umangalela khona umphakathi. Kunalokho, umthetho wesizwe ugxila ekufuneni izisulu, ukumisa izivumelwano, nokuxazulula ukungavumelani ngezinto, izindaba zomkhaya, ibhizinisi, nokulimala komuntu siqu. Amazwe amaningi, ikakhulukazi lawo asezwekazini laseYurophu, e-Latin America, kanye nezingxenye ze-Afrika, asebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso somthetho wesizwe esisekelwe ngokuyinhloko emithethweni ebhalwe kahle kunemithetho esekelwe ekwahluleleni. Lesi sihloko sisusa izihloko eziyinhloko, izigaba, izigaba, nabadlali emthetho womphakathi, sinikeza isiqondiso esiphelele sanoma ubani ofuna ukucaciswa.

Uyini Umthetho Wangaphakathi?

Umthetho womphakathi, oyinhloko, uyindikimba yemithetho echaza futhi evikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi, inikeza amakhambi angokomthetho ezimpikiswano, futhi iveza izinqubo zokuqeda lezongxabano. Isuka kumthetho wamaRoma, ikakhulukazi ku- i-Corpus Juris Civilis[ eyahlanganiswa ngaphansi koMbusi Justinian, futhi kamuva yavela nge-Napoleon System kanye nezinye izimo ze-Europe. Imithombo eyinhloko yomthetho wesizwe ihlanganisa:

  • Imithetho eqinisekiswe: Imithetho ehlanganisa izindawo ezibanzi njengomthetho wesivumelwano, umthetho wempahla, umthetho we-tort, umthetho womkhaya, nefa. Lemithetho iklanyelwe ukuhleleka nokufinyelelwa.
  • Izimiso zomthetho:[ amalungelo ayisisekelo nemithetho yokwakha elawula inqubo yomphakathi namalungelo omphakathi angaphansi.
  • [ Izimiso zokulawula:[ Izimiso zokuphatha ezisusa amalungiselelo omthetho (umz., imithetho yokuvikela abathengi, amakhodi okwakha).
  • [ Izinqumo ze-Judicica (indima elinganiselwe): [izimiso zomthetho womphakathi azisiqapheli ngokomthetho isibonelo esibophayo (stare decisis) njengomthetho ovamile, izinqumo zenkantolo eziphakeme zivame ukuthwala isisindo esithonyayo, ikakhulukazi ekhombeni elicacisayo.

Ukuqonda isimiso somthetho wesizwe kudinga ukugcizelela kwaso umthetho obhaliwe phezu komthetho osunguliwe. Abahluleli ezikhundleni zomthetho womphakathi ngokuyinhloko basebenza njengabaphenyi nanjengabaphoqeleli bomthetho, hhayi njengabamisi-mthetho. Amaqembu − amacala kanye nommangalelwa − anecala lokunikeza ubufakazi, kuyilapho ijaji liqinisekisa ukuqhubekela phambili okulungile futhi lisebenzisa umthetho emaqinisweni.

Isimiso Sokwakha Sezimiso Zomthetho Wombango

Izimiso zomthetho wangaphakathi zihlelwe njengezakhiwo zezikhulu ezinezindima ezicaciswa ngokucacile. Uhlelo oluvamile luhlanganisa isimiso senkantolo esinezingxenye ezintathu: izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala (ngokokuqala), izinkantolo zenkantolo, nenkantolo ephakeme (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi inkantolo yokuhlukanisa). Izinga ngalinye linemisebenzi ehlukile:

  • [[[QURT:0] Izinkantolo zomkhaya:[ Yizwa ubufakazi, yamukela izimpikiswano, futhi ikhipha isahlulelo esibophekile. Lezinkantolo zingahlukaniswa ngendaba (umz., izinkantolo zomkhaya, izinkantolo zezentengiselwano, izinkantolo zezisebenzi).
  • Izinkantolo:[ Bukeza irekhodi lokuqulwa kwecala lomthetho noma lenqubo. Bangase bagumbuqele noma baqinise isinqumo senkantolo engezansi, futhi kwezinye izimiso bangaphinde bazwe amaqiniso ngaphansi kwezimo ezimngcipheko.
  • [ Inkantolo ye-'Cassation':[ ihlola kuphela imibuzo yomthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuchazwa okufanayo kwezimiso. Ivame ukuzwa ubufakazi obusha.

Ngenxa yokuthi umthetho ulotshiwe, izakhamuzi zingaqiniseka ngamalungelo nezibopho zazo, kunciphise isidingo sokuchazwa okukhulu.

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zomthetho Wombango

  • Izifundiso nemithetho:[ Umthombo oyinhloko womthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i- Code yomphakathi yaseFrench (I-Copoléon) ilokhu iyisibonelo sezizwe eziningi.
  • [[[NT:0] Umthetho weSiphakamiso (Umthetho): Nakuba ungabophanga, izinqumo ezingaguquki ezivela ezinkantolo eziphakeme zinikeza isiqondiso futhi zigcwalise izikhala kumbhalo.
  • Imfundiso yeLegal (Imfundiso):[ ukuphendula kwezazi ezingokomthetho ezithinta ukuchazwa nokuguqulwa.
  • [[Umthetho:0] I-Calp kanye nokusetshenziswa: emthethweni wezentengiselwano nempahla, imikhuba yokuhweba ekhona isikhathi eside inganezela imithetho ebhaliwe.

Inqubo Yomthetho Wangaphakathi: Masihambe Ngenkani

Ukukhanyiswa kwemizwa kulandela indlela ehlelwe kahle eklanyelwe ukuvikela inqubo efanele futhi inikeze izinhlangothi zombili ithuba elihle lokuveza indaba yazo.

Ukuxosha Ikhambi (Inkambiso Yokuhola)

Umkhangisi uqala icala ngokufaka incwadi ebhalwe ngokusemthethweni ebizwa ngokuthi isikhalo noma isicelo enkantolo efanele. Ukukhononda kumelwe kusho ngokucacile isisekelo esingokomthetho salokho okushiwoyo (isizathu sesenzo), amaqiniso akusekelayo, futhi ukukhululeka okukhethekile kwafunwayo (ngokuvamile) izindleko zemali, ukukhululeka okungalawuleki, noma ukwenza okuthile okukhethekile. Imali yokukhokhisa inkantolo ngokuvamile iyadingeka, futhi ummangalelwa kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi inkantolo inegunya eliphethe kokubili (igunya phezu kohlobo lwecala) kanye negunya lomuntu siqu phezu kommangalelwa.

Inkonzo Yenqubo

Uma isikhalo sesiqalisiwe, ummangalelwa kumelwe atshelwe ngokomthetho. Lokhu kwaziwa njengenkonzo yenqubo. Ukunxusa nokukhononda kunikezwa ummangalelwa (noma ummeleli wawo ogunyaziwe) kusebenzisa izindlela ezimiswe umthetho − ukudluliswa komuntu siqu, iposi egunyaziwe, noma incwadi uma ummangalelwa engenakutholakala. Inkonzo efanele iyagxeka; uma inephutha, inkantolo ingase ingakwazi ukumelana nemithetho.

3. Ukusabela Kweqembu Eliyilwe

Ummangalelwa unesikhathi esilinganiselwe sokuphendula (futhi izinsuku ezingu-20-30). Ukusabela okuvamile kuhlanganisa:

  • Impendulo: ivuma noma inqaba impikiswano ngayinye futhi iphakamisa noma yiziphi izivikelo zokwenqaba.
  • Ukukhipha: Iphikisana ngokuthi ngisho noma wonke amaqiniso eyiqiniso, umkhangisi akanakusho okungokomthetho (ukwehluleka ukubeka isiqu) noma ukuthi inkantolo ayinagunya.
  • Ibalauclaim: Ummangalelwa ugomela ngokumelene nomphandu ovela ekuthengiseni noma esimweni esifanayo.

Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuphendula, bangase bahlulelwe.

4. Ukutholakala

Ukuvubukulwa kuyisimo sangaphambi kwenkantolo lapho zombili izinhlangothi zidlulisela khona ukwaziswa futhi ziqoqe ubufakazi. Ezimisweni zomthetho we-opulaneti, ukutholakala akuvamile ukuba kukhulu kunomthetho ovamile, kodwa kusadingeka kakhulu ekwakheni indaba. Amathuluzi avamile okuthola ahlanganisa:

  • Izizicelo zenyanga: ezifuna amakhophi amarekhodi ahlobene, ama-imeyili, izivumelwano, nezinye izinto ezibhaliwe.
  • Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukubekwa:[ Umbuzo wobufakazi noma amaqembu (ovamile kakhulu emthetho ovamile, kodwa osetshenziswa kwezinye izikhulu zomthetho wesizwe).
  • [ Icela ukudluliswa: icela olunye uhlangothi ukuvuma noma ukuphika amaqiniso athile ukuze kuncishiswe izindaba.

Injongo yokuthola izinto iwukuvimbela ukumangala lapho kuqulwa futhi ukhuthaze ukuxazululwa ngokucacisa amandla nobuthakathaka bendaba yohlangothi ngalunye.

5. Izindlela Nemihlangano Yangaphambi Kwenkathi

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa, abantu bangase bathathe amafayela ukuze baxazulule izindaba zokuqala. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • [[I-FLT:0] i-Motion ye-fusion Justice Justice Justice: iphikisana ngokuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela yiqiniso nokuthi umuntu othuthayo unelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho.
  • Motion to Compel Discovery: icela inkantolo ukuba iyale olunye uhlangothi ukuba luveze ubufakazi obugodliwe.
  • [ Motion in Limine: icela ukuba ubufakazi obuthile bukhishwe ekuqulweni kwecala.

Izinkantolo eziningi ziphinde zimise imihlangano yangaphambi kwenkantolo ukuze kumiswe isikhathi esimisiwe, kuxoxwe ngezindaba ezinqunywe ngokulandelana kwecala.

6. Ukuqulwa kwecala

Uma icala lingaxazululeki noma lingapheli, liqhubekela phambili ekuqulweni kwecala. Ezimisweni zomthetho we-opulani, ukuqulwa kwamacala akuyona nje okungagunyazi kakhulu futhi kuphenyi kakhulu kunomthetho ovamile. Izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ukwahlulela-Led Processings: Umahluleli uyabuza ofakazi, abukeze ubufakazi obuhleliwe, futhi angayala ukuphenya okwengeziwe.
  • Ukuqondeka okungaphezulu: Ubufakazi obuningi bufakwa ngokubhalwa phambi kokuzwa; impikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo ivame ukuba yeyesibini.
  • Nory (ngokuvamile): Ukuqulwa kwecala kungukuvinjelwa kwebhentshi, umahluleli enquma kokubili amaqiniso nomthetho. Amazwe ambalwa kuphela (umz., amanye amazwe ase-U.S. asebenzisa amajaji.
  • I-Procten yobufakazi: I-pasttiff kumele ifakazele lokho ekushoyo ngokucabangisisa ngobufakazi, okusho ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu ukudlula ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwezenzakalo zabo kuyiqiniso.

Esiphethweni, umahluleli uhumusha isahlulelo esinengqondo, anikeze imiphumela yeqiniso, ukuhlaziywa okungokomthetho, nekhambi elinikezwayo.

7. Ukwahlulela Nezindlela Zokwelapha

Uma umbhishobhi enqoba, inkantolo izonikeza ikhambi. Amakhambi omthetho wezwe avame ukuwela ezingxenyeni ezintathu:

  • [ Umonakalo ombaxambili:[ Ukukhokha ukulahlekelwa (umonakalo wokukhokha) noma, ezimweni ezingavamile, isijeziso sesijeziso sokujezisa ukuziphatha okuxekethile.
  • Specific Act:[ Isinqumo senkantolo esifuna ummangalelwa enze isivumelwano esingokomthetho (ivamile esabelweni sefa nezivumelwano zezimpahla ezikhethekile).
  • I-Injctions: Iziqondiso zokumisa isenzo esilimazayo (umz., iyeka ukusebenzisa izimfihlo zebhizinisi elebiwe) noma ukuphoqelela isenzo esithile.

Iqembu elikhona lingase lifanelekele ukukhokha izindleko zenkantolo futhi kwamanye amazwe omthetho wezwe, intela yabameli (imali ekhokhwayo).

8.

Amaqembu anganeliseki angadlulisela isahlulelo enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo zomthetho wezwe ngokuvamile zilinganiselwe emaphutha omthetho noma amaphutha amakhulu. Inkantolo edlulisa iziphakamiso ingathi:

  • Siqinise isinqumo senkantolo ephansi.
  • Liphendule liphelele noma liyingxenye.
  • Uphinde ufune ukuqulwa kwecala elisha noma ezinye izenzakalo.

Izimiso eziningi zomthetho wangaphakathi zivumela ukudluliswa kanye kuphela (enkantolo ephakathi), nokudluliswa kwecala enkantolo ephakeme kuphela ngenxa yezindaba ezibucayi zomthetho. Iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase futhi lidingeke ukuba lifake isibopho noma likhokhe izindleko zolunye uhlangothi ukuze liqhubeke ngokudlulisa isikhalo.

9. Enye Impikiswano Yesinqumo (ADR)

Akuzona zonke izingxabano zombango okumelwe ziyoqulwa. Izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano ezingezinye izindlela zisetshenziswa kakhulu ukonga isikhathi nezindleko. Izindlela ezivamile ze-ADR zihlanganisa:

  • [ I-mediation:[ Umlamuleli ongathathi hlangothi usiza ukuxoxisana phakathi kwamaqembu ukuba afinyelele endaweni yokuzithandela.
  • Arbitration:[ Arbiter (noma indawo elawulayo) izwa ubufakazi futhi yenza isinqumo esibophayo. I-Arbitration isetshenziswa kabanzi ezivumelwaneni zezentengiselwano.
  • [ Ukuhlanganisa: okufana nokulungisa kodwa isihlanganisi singasikisela amagama okuhlalisana.

Amazwe amaningi omthetho wezwe ahlanganisa i-ADR nezimiso zawo zasenkantolo (umz., ukugunyazwa kwemithetho ezicini ezincane eFrance). International Chamber of Commerce inikeza imithetho ehlonishwayo yokulawula.

Izinhlobo Zomthetho Wezakhamuzi Zijule

Imithetho yombango ihlanganisa izingxabano eziningi.

Izimpikiswano Ezihlangene

Lokhu kuvela lapho omunye ehluleka ukugcwalisa izithembiso ezenziwe esivumelwaneni esigunyazwa ngokomthetho. Izindaba ezivamile zihlanganisa ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukuchazwa kwamagama adidayo, nokungafezeki. Izindlela zigxila ekuhlanganiseni iqembu elingalifuni ngezinzuzo ezilahlekile.

Izinkinga Eziyingozi

Amathoyi ayizinto ezimbi zomphakathi ezibangela ukulimala noma ukulahlekelwa. Ingozi yemoto (umzk., ukuhlanjalazwa kwemoto), ukuhlaziswa, ukufakwa kwecala lomkhiqizo, nokuhlukunyezwa ngenhloso kwemizwelo kuthotshiwe ngaphansi komthetho we-start. I-platiff ifuna umonakalo ngokulimala okungokomzimba, ukulimala kwempahla, noma ukulimala okudumile. Kwezinye izimiso, ukulahlekelwa okungokomnotho kungabuye kulula.

Ukungqubuzana Kwempahla

Lezi zihlanganisa ubunikazi, imingcele, ukudambisa, nelungelo lokusebenzisa noma ukudlulisela impahla yangempela noma engokwesintu. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izimpi ezithatha indawo yakhona, ukukhokha kabi, nezingxabano ngefa. Imithetho yempahla yomphakathi ivame ukuba nemininingwane futhi iqine, inciphise ukungaqondani.

Icala Lemithetho Yomkhaya

Izindaba zomkhaya njengesehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukusekelwa kwabantwana, ukutholwa, nobudlova basekhaya zisingathwa ngaphansi komthetho womphakathi. Izinkantolo zemikhaya ngokuvamile zisebenzisa inqubo engeyona engokomthetho futhi zibeka phambili izithakazelo ezingcono kakhulu zezingane.

Izingxabano Zomsebenzi

Izinkantolo zezisebenzi noma izinkantolo ezikhethekile zisingatha ukunqanyulwa ngokungafanele, ukucwaswa emsebenzini, ukwephulwa kweholo namahora, nokuvinjelwa kwezivumelwano zemisebenzi.

Izenzo Zesigaba Nokumangalelwa Kwama - quarter

Uma abantu abaningi bebhekene nokulimala okufanayo (umz., imikhiqizo ekhubazekile, ukukhwabanisa kweziqinisekiso), izimiso zomthetho zingavumela izenzo zommeleli noma izigaba. Inqubo iyahlukahluka kakhulu `France, ngokwesibonelo, iqala umbuso wesigaba wezenzo ezilinganiselwe ngo-2014. iNhlangano yeMelika Bar inikeza imithombo ezinqubweni zezifundo zesigaba eU.S., ngokuvamile esebenza njengekhomba ezimpikiswaneni zomhlaba wonke.

Indima Yabameli Emthethoni Wangaphakathi

Izisebenzi ezingokomthetho zinendima eyinhloko ekuqondiseni amakhasimende ngokuwamangalela.

  • [[I-FLT:0] Iseluleko somthetho novavanyo lwe-Case: abayali bahlola inzuzo yokusho noma ukuzivikela futhi baluleka ngenkambo engcono kakhulu, ngokuvamile kuhlanganise nethuba lempumelelo nezindleko.
  • [ Amabhukwana okuncishiswa nokufakwa: izikhalo, iziphetho, imishini, izicelo zokuthola, izivumelwano, izivumelwano zidinga ulimi oluqondile nokunamathela emithethweni engokwendawo. Abalawuli baqinisekisa ukuthi kuyavumelana namafomethi enkantolo nezinsuku.
  • [ Izaziso zomthetho nohlelo lobufakazi:[ abayali bayasiza ekuqoqeni, ukuhlela, futhi namanje ubufakazi(imibiko ekhokhelwayo, izitatimende zokufakaza, nokuhlaziywa kobufakazi.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Ukuqubuka noMakheli: Icala lomphakathi lixazululwa ngaphambi kokuthethwa kwecala ngokuxoxisana. AbaLawy basebenza njengabasekeli bezithakazelo zekhasimende labo, besebenzisa i-awitroged ne-carement olwazi olungokomthetho ukuze bavikele izimo ezifanele.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Uphawu oluyi-menu yecala noludluliselo: Enkantolo, abameli baveza izimpikiswano zomlomo, bahlola ofakazi, futhi baphikise ngokomthetho. Uma bedlulisa icala, babhala iziphakamiso ezimfushane zokulungisa okungokomthetho.

Ezimisweni zomthetho wesizwe, abameli ngokuvamile basebenza kakhulu ezindaweni ezithile (umz., avocat eFrance, Rechtwawalt[]) eJalimane. Imisebenzi yabo yezimiso zihlanganisa ukufihla imfihlo, ukwethembeka, nokungagwegwesi enkantolo. Amalungiselelo ayahluka: amazinga athile akhokhelwayo, kuyilapho abanye besebenza ngokuvumelana (inani elimisiwe lokubuya) noma izindleko ezimisiwe zezindaba.

Okwenza Ukuqonda Umthetho Wangaphakathi Kubaluleke

Umthetho wangaphakathi uthinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke: ukuthenga indlu, ukusayina isivumelwano semisebenzi, ukusingatha ingozi yemoto, noma ukuxazulula ifa lomkhaya. Ukwazi izinqubo eziyisisekelo kunika abantu amandla okuvikela amalungelo abo, ukugwema ukukhangisa okungadingekile, futhi wenze izinqumo ezibonisa ulwazi. Kubafundisi, ukuqonda okujulile kwenqubo yomphakathi nento ethile kwenza abafundi bakwazi ukufundisa ngokuphumelela ngokwengeziwe ngemiqondo engokomthetho. Kunoma ubani ohilelekile ebhizinisini, isivumelwano somthetho nesibopho somthetho womphakathi akunakwenzeka. Ngokususa umthetho womphakathi, lesi sihloko sinikeza imephu elisebenzayo lokuhamba ngesimiso somgwaqo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlela ukuhlalisa, ukuhlalisa, noma ukuqonda nje indawo yakho engokomthetho.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, hlola imithombo enegunya njenge Cornell Legal Information ye-'FLT' ne- imithombo ye- ye-OECD emapulanini ezimiso[ ngokuvamile ebhekisela ezimisweni zomthetho we-pultive. Ukuqonda ukufakwa phakathi kwemithetho nenqubo kuyisihluthulelo sokwazi lesisekelo somthetho.