Isimiso somthetho waseMelika sisekelwe ekucindezelekeni okuyisisekelo: umsebenzi kahulumeni wokulondoloza ukuhleleka nelungelo lomuntu lokukhululeka kuhulumeni ngokuphaphanyiswa. Ukuhlangana kwamalungelo omphakathi nomthetho wobugebengu kulapho lokhu kucindezeleka kuzwakala khona kakhulu. Kuyinkundla enamandla, ngokuvamile ephikisanayo lapho isivikelo somthetho sisekelo sibhekana khona nemishini yamaphoyisa, ukushushisa, nesijeziso. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela ukuphishekela amalungelo omphakathi okuye kwaguqula ngayo izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho wobugebengu, kuhlola izimpi ezingokomlando ezifaka ithonya lezizibopho, futhi sihlaziya izinselele zanamuhla eziqhubeka zivivinya ukulinganisela ukulinganisela kobulungisa.

Umlando Wamalungelo Abantu Nomthetho Wesigebengu

Ukuziphendukela kwamalungelo omphakathi e-United States akunakunyakaziswa emlandweni womthetho wobugebengu. Emiphakathini encishisiwe, isimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu siye saba yithuluzi eliyinhloko lokucindezela. Ukuqonda lomongo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukungalungi okujulile okusaqhubeka namuhla.

Ifa Lobugqila NeSichibiyelo Se - 13

Ukuqedwa kobugqila ngeSichibiyelo sekhulu lekhulu lekhulu ngo-1865 kwakuyinyathelo elikhulu eliqhubekela phambili, kodwa umbhalo wayo wawunemiphumela enzima eyayiyoba nemiphumela enzima kumthetho wobugebengu. Ukulungisa uthi: "Abukho ubugqila noma ubugqila obubodwa, ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu[ lapho iqembu liyobekiwe khona..." lokhu kubangele ukuba isimiso somthetho wezomthetho womthetho wezimiso zobulungisa ukuze libe ithuluzi lokulawula izinhlanga. Emuva kweMpini ye-Cinst, i-Soumeters "Ides Codes" eyayes yenze igwegwegwegwegwe yesikhathi samuva ama-Afrika, esikhululweyo, engekho mhlanganeni, noma iqoqo lenhlangano elikhululekileyo. Izimiso zomthetho ezimele ukukhokhwakhwaza ezinsweni zesizwe zesizwe ze-Blasempini elingunyaka neso ngokomthetho womthetho owenziwe ngokuncithasasekugcwele: [F] [3] [3]

UJim Crow, Ukudideka, Nokuphanga Ukuphila Okumnyama

Ngemva kokuwa kwenkathi yokuvuselelwa kwesakhiwo, inkathi kaJim Crow yabona ukususwa okuhlelekile kwamalungelo omphakathi ngezindlela ezingokomthetho nezingaphezulu. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Pnevy v. Ferguson [1896] icala eliyingqopha - mlando elafaka ngokuqondile amalungelo omphakathi nomthetho wobugebengu: uHomer Plesby waboshwa ngenxa yokwephula umthetho we-Louisiana Car Act, futhi iNkantolo yasekela umthetho ngaphansi kwemfundiso "Society kodwa". Lecala libonisa indlela imithetho yobugebengu eyayisetshenziswa ngayo ekuqhubeni izikhundla zesigaba sobuhlanga.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimiso sokwahlulela komthetho sasiyithuluzi eliyinhloko ekuhlakaniphisweni kwezombangazwe. Imithetho yokuhlasela amacala amancane, njengezebiwa ezincane noma ukuvinjelwa, yayisetshenziselwa ukubangela ukuvinjelwa kovota okuhlala njalo. Lomkhuba, owenzelwe ukuhlukanisa amaBlackvota, wasekelwa izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni futhi wahlala usebenza ezizukulwaneni. Amaqembu alwayo anjenge-Ku Klux Klan asebenza ngokungenasijeziso, njengoba ukumangalelwa kwemithetho yelungelo lomphakathi kwakukhishwe ngecala elifana nelomthetho wesizwe, . United States v. Cruikshank [18], eyayithiwa ukuthi amalungelo emithetho enqandayo ye-14 kuphela avikele isimilo, hhayi ubudlova bobucala. Le ndawo engokomthetho yaseMelika yashiya isesimweni esiqinile sokunye sezakhamuzi, futhi enye yabamhlophe: izakhamuzi bamhlophe, enye i-Bladmist.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu: Inselele Ohlelweni Lwesigebengu

I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 no 1960, yayiyimpi eqondile nomthetho ongalungile. Abalweli bemithetho benza ngamabomu izenzo zokungalaleli kwesizwe ($sit-ins, inkululeko, ukuthatha uhambo), okwahlukaniswa njengamacala obugebengu (ukudlulisa, ukuphazamisa ukuthula, umhlangano ongekho emthethweni). Icebo laliwukugcwalisa amajele nokudalula ukuwohloka kokuziphatha kwemithetho yobuhlanga ezweni nasezweni.

Impumelelo yenhlangano yaholela ezinguqulweni zemithetho yomthetho ezashintsha ngokuyisisekelo umthetho wobugebengu. Umthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1944 wenqabela ukucwaswa kwezindawo zomphakathi nemisebenzi. I-Voting Rights Act ka-1965 yalahla izithiyo zokuvota. Ngaphaya kwale mpumelelo yokulawula, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha uchungechunge lwemithetho eyandisa amalungelo abamangalelwa, esabela ngokuqondile ekuxhaphazeni okungalawulekiyo kwesimiso somthetho. [[FLT:] [FLT: 0] Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo [196] [1954] i-ikhambiza kakade imvume yokuthulisa amalungelo abo okusolwayo.[[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT]] [5]

Indima Yamalungelo Omphakathi Emthetho Wanamuhla Wesigebengu

I-Bill of Rights, ikakhulukazi yesine, yesihlanu, yeSihlanu, yesi-6th, ne-Hendh Isichibiyelo, inikeza ukufakwa kwemithetho yezephulamthetho yanamuhla. Lezisivikelo akuzona izinhloso ezingekho ezingokoqobo; ziyizimfundiso ezingokomthetho eziphoqelelwe ezilawula ukuziphatha kwamaphoyisa, ukuqulwa kwemithetho, nokuqondiswa. Umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi unikeza lendlela nqubo (ngokuvamile) kusukela ku-42,S.C. Ingxenye 1983-38 ukuze abantu bafune ukuvuselelwa uma lezisivikelo somthetho we-mthetho we-prigion.

Inqubo Efanele: Isisekelo Sokulunga

I-Gast Procession Clause yeSichibiyelo se-14 iqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu oyophucwa "ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho." lesi simiso siyisisekelo sokuqulwa komthetho olungile. INkantolo Ephakeme i-"ye yafaka" okuningi kwesivikelo se-Bill of Rights ukuba sisebenze kumazwe ngalesi sigqebhezana.

  • Ikhaya le-Exclussionary Argument — Mapp v.Ohio (1961): Ikhaya leDolllee Map' laphenywa ngokungemthetho amaphoyisa efuna ukuqhunyiswa kwebhomu elisolwayo. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi ubufakazi obuthola ukuvikelwa kweSiphendulo seSine sokuphendulwa kweSiphendulo sesine bungasetshenziswa enkantolo yesifundazwe. Lesinqumo sagunyaza abamangalelwa izigebengu ukuba basole ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa ngokuqondile.
  • Ufanele ukuya eMcelweni — Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Clarence Gideyoni wayeyindoda empofu emangalelwe ngokugqekeza eFlorida. Wanqatshelwa ummeli futhi waphoqelelwa ukuba azimelele. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ngazwi linye ukuthi iSimemezelo seSiphakamiso seSisithupha sokunikeza iseluleko siyilungelo elibalulekile elisetshenziswa ezizweni, idinga ukunikeza abameli abamangalelwa emacaleni ehlazweni e-langeni. Lokhu kwaguqula isimiso somphakathi sokuzivikela, nakuba isithembiso sayo sisafezeka ngokungafanele.
  • Ukuthatheka okungaguquguqukiyo — Terry v.Ohio (1968): Lelicala ladala "ukuyeka nokukhipha i-frasi", ukuvumela amaphoyisa ukuba abeke umuntu isikhashana ngenxa yokusola okunengqondo ngezenzo zobugebengu futhi ambekele phansi ukuze athole izikhali. Nakuba isikhulu siklanyelwe ukuphepha, lesi sinqumo siye sagxekwa kakhulu ngendima yaso ebala, njengoba imininingwane ibonisa ukuthi abantu abambalwa bangaphansi ngokungenakuqhathaniswa kwalezi zindawo.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nokulwa Nebias

ISichibiyelo se 14 seSiphendulo se-Unimetic Protection Claus sigunyaza ukuba abantu abasesimweni esifanayo baphathwe ngokulinganayo ngomthetho. Emthethoni wobugebengu, lesi simiso siye saba yisisekelo sokubekela inselele ubandlululo lwezimiso ezihleliwe kuzo zonke izinga lenqubo. Indinganiso yokuhlola izinhlanga yi-"ukuhlolwa okucubungulayo," izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuhlola kokwahlulela.

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhetha IJury — Batson v. Kentucky (1986): INkantolo yanquma ukuthi abashushisi abanakukwazi ukusebenzisa izinselele zokususa abajaji abasekelwe emhlabeni kuphela. Lendaba yesibonakaliso yaklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amajaji amelela isiqephu esilungile sengxenye yomphakathi. Nokho, umthwalo wokubonakalisa ukucwasa ngenhloso uhlala uphakeme, futhi ukuhlukanisa izinhlanga ekukhetheni kwejaji kuyaqhubeka.
  • Imibono eguquguqukayo: Isigaba sesivikelo esilinganayo siye sasetshenziselwa ukubekela inselele imithetho yokugweba ethinta ngokungenakulinganiswa amaqembu amancane. Ikhulu:1 ukuhlukana phakathi kwemisho yecrack ne-cocaine eyimpuquali kwakuyisibonelo esicacile somthetho onemiphumela yobuhlanga engalingani kakhulu, ekugcineni ekhulunywe nge-Fair Sevencing Act ka-2018 kanye ne-Qend of the Fir Act ka-201818.

Amalungelo Abamangalelwa: Isivikelo Ngokumelene Nombuso KaHulumeni

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha sinikeza ilungelo elikhethekile elihloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi icala liyoqulwa ngendlela elungile, lihlanganisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngokushesha nangomphakathi, ukuba libizwe ngamacala angenalundlu - ndlu, liyomangalelwa kofakazi, futhi lithole usizo lweseluleko.ISichibiyelo Sesi - 8 senqabela ukuqiniswa kwecala nokujeziswa ngonya nokungajwayelekile.

  • I-Prequumtrium Deoth and Bail: Ukucabanga ukuthi umuntu akanacala kuyisimiso esiyinhloko, kodwa amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu aboshwa emajele ngenxa nje yokuthi abakwazi ukuthenga ibheyili. Icala le- United States v. Salerno[ [1987]) lisekela ukuvalelwa komthetho ngokomthetho kweziboshwa eziyingozi, kodwa isimiso semali sanamuhla siye sagxekwa njengendlela yokucwasa ingcebo elahla ubumpofu phambi kwecala.
  • Isijeziso esingavamile: Isichibiyeli sesishiyagalombili sibusa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla nezimo zokuvalelwa. Amacala anjenge Furman v. Georgia[ [772] yamisa okwesikhashana isigwebo sokufa ngenxa yendlela yaso yokusebenza ezenzekelayo, kanye Gregbv. Georgia[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [6]] yayivumela futhi ngaphansi kweziqondiso eziqinile. Namuhla, iSiphendulo sesishiyagalombili sisegazini sokuyibeka phezu kwejele eligcwele, ukungazinziwa kwempilo, ukunakekelwa okunganele, nokusetshenziswa kokuvalwa kwejele.
  • Sekethiwe iFotre: Indaba Timbs v. Indiana [2010]) yasebenzisa iSichibiyelo seSijinganiso seNguqulo se-Eight's Servene Seconfre Claus ezweni. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke uthathe iZwe lomuntu elingu-R3 000 [R42 000] ngenxa yobugebengu bezidakamizwa, ithole ukuthi inzuzo yomphakathi idla inqubo efanelekile nempahla.

Ukulandisa Kwamaphoyisa Nokuqashelwa Kwabantu

Imoto engokomthetho eyinhloko yokugcina amaphoyisa nezinhlangano zikahulumeni zinecala lokwephulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi yi-42 Ingxenye ka-U.S.C.. Lomthetho kahulumeni uvumela abantu ukuba bamangalelwe isifundazwe nezikhulu zendawo ngokuzincisha amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, imfundiso ewukuzivikela okungakholekiyo [ ibangele isithiyo esikhulu ebulungisani.

Isimiso sokuvikela esifanelekayo sivikela izikhulu zikahulumeni eziboshweni ngaphandle kokuba zephule "ngokusobala" amalungelo omthetho-mthetho noma umthetho-sisekelo umuntu onengqondo aye waziwa. Lendinganiso iye yachazwa ngokuqine kakhulu izinkantolo kangangokuba ivimbela amacala ukuba angaze aqulwe, ngisho noma kwenzeka ukuziphatha okubi okungafanele. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukusebenza kwanamuhla kokuzivikela okufanelekayo [ kuye kwachezuka kakhulu enjongweni yayo yokuqala, kuvikela izikhulu ekuthuthukiseni inqubo yomthetho womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo futhi kuvimbela ukuthuthukisa inguquko noma ukunqanda ukuvinjelwa okufanelekile. Impikiswano ngenguquko noma ukuvinjelwa okufanelekile ingenye yezimpikiswano ezivelele kakhulu zomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Ezibhekene Nokungezwani

Namuhla, ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nomthetho wobugebengu buyaqhubeka bushintsha ngokushesha.

Ukuthuthwa Kwabantu Njengenkinga Yamalungelo Omphakathi

I-United States inezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuboshwa emhlabeni. Abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu - 1,9 emajele nasejele, izinga lesimiso likhulisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngamalungelo omphakathi. Ithonya alikho hlangothi: Abantu abaNsundu baboshwa cishe ngokuphindwe kahlanu inani labamhlophe baseMelika. i-Latinos iboshelwa izikhathi ezingu - 1,3.

Lesimiso sikhulisa umjikelezo wobumpofu nokungavumelani. Izinkolelo ezingase ziholele ekuvinjelweni okuhlala njalo kokuvota, izindlu zomphakathi, amalayisense ochwepheshe, nosizo lwabafundi lwezezimali. "Naphezu kwezimiso" zomthetho wonyaka ka-1980 no 1990, kuhlanganise nemithetho emithathu yemithetho elinganiselwe nemithetho elinganiselwe ebophekile, kwakha isimo esiqashelwa kabanzi njengomshayeli wendlela yokungalingani komphakathi. Brennan Center yeJaji linikeza ukucwaninga okukhulu [ ekunciphiseni ukugcinwa kwemidanti esemthethweni, ekuthuthukiseni ukuphepha komphakathi lapho kubuyiselwa amalungelo omphakathi.

Inguquko Yezidakamizwa Nefa Lempi Elwiwa Nezidakamizwa

IMpi yokulwisana nezidakamizwa iye yaba injini eyinhloko yokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi futhi yaba umthombo oqondile wokwehluka kohlanga. Nakuba amazinga okusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa efana namaqembu ezinhlanga, abantu abamnyama nabaLatino baye baboshwa, baboshwa, bagwetshwa ngecala lezidakamizwa ngamazinga aphakeme kakhulu. Ikhulu:1 ukuhlukana phakathi kwemigwebo yecrack necocaine eyimpuqululu yayiwuphawu olucacile lwalokhu kungabi nabulungisa.

I-Fourst Step Act ka-2018 yayiyinguquko ephawulekayo, nakuba ingaphelele, kahulumeni eyanciphisa isilinganiso esidingekile somthetho othile wezidakamizwa futhi yenza i-Fair Sentensing Act yaphinde yasebenza. Ngokwezinga lombuso, ukuqhubekela ukululaza noma ukugunyaza insangu kukhula imfutho, kodwa futhi iphakamisa imibuzo emisha yamalungelo omphakathi. Izinkolelo zangaphambili zezenzo ezisemthethweni manje kumelwe zinqandwe ukuvimbela imiphumela eqinisekile yerekhodi lobugebengu ekuphikeleni lamacala.

Ukwehluka Kobuhlanga Esimisweni Sobulungisa

Ukwehlukana kukhona kuzo zonke izigaba zenqubo yobugebengu, kusukela kupholishi kuya kugwebo. Ucwaningo lubonisa njalo ukuthi abamangalelwa abamnyama nababhishobhi base-Hispanic basengozini kakhulu yokuvalelwa ngaphambi kwezenkantolo, bathole imigwebo emide, futhi babekwe icala elingathi sína kunabamangalelwa abamhlophe abamangalelwa ngobugebengu obufanayo. i-Sevencing Project ilandela le geqelela le geqe phakathi kwezinhlanga. futhi isekela imithetho echaza izimbangela zabo.

Ubandlululo oluphelele lunendima ebalulekile. Imithetho-mithetho esetshenziswa ekuhloleni izingozi nakumaphoyisa abikezelayo ingaqhubekisela phambili ubandlululo olungokomlando uma lungaklanywa futhi luhlolwe ngokucophelela. Umza wokuthola ukwaziswa nokuziphendulela komthetho kuyimpi ekhulayo yokulwela ukuvikelwa okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.

Izinguquko Nobulungisa Bamanduleli

Kumazwe amaningi, abantu baboshwa ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe icala ngenxa nje yokuthi bampofu.

Izinguquko ezisezifundazweni ezinjenge-New Jersey ne-New York ziye zaqhubekela ekuhloleni okusekelweni engozini kunokuba zifake ibheyili yemali. Nokho, lolushintsho lugcwele ubunzima. Ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi okuhlola izingozi kuye kwagxekwa ngenxa yokungabi sobala futhi ngokunokwenzeka ukungalingani kohlanga. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuqinisekisa iqhinga langaphambi kokwahlulela ukuqeda ngokuphelele ukukhokhela nokufaka imali ekuqondiseni nokusekela komphakathi.

Ukushintsha Kwamaphoyisa Nesidingo Sokulandisa

Ukubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd, Breonna Taylor, nabanye abaningi bavusa umzabalazo omkhulu kunayo yonke emlandweni waseMelika, ifuna ukuba amaphoyisa aphinde ahlolwe. Isidingo sokulandisa singaphezu kwemithetho yesikhulu ngasinye ukuze sihlanganise izinguquko zesimiso somsebenzi.

  • Imithetho evunyelwe: UMnyango Wamalungelo Obulungisa ungahlola iminyango yamaphoyisa "ngesibonelo noma ngokusebenza" yokwephulwa komthetho-sisekelo. DOJ noma uphenyo lokusebenza [ iye yaholela ekuvumeni izinqumo ezidala izinguquko ezikhungathekisayo emadolobheni anjenge-Proguson, Baltimote, neMinneapolis. Lezivumelwano ezingokomthetho zingamathuluzi anamandla okufaka i-proglotho-mthetho-mthetho, kodwa zidinga intando eqinile yezombangazwe nezimali ukuze ziphumelele.
  • Body-Worn Camera: Nakuba isetshenziswa kabanzi njengesilinganiso sokukhanya, amakhamera awayona ipanacea. Impikiswano ezungeze ukukhululwa kwezinyawo, indawo yokugcina ukwaziswa, nalapho amakhamera evulwa kusele umncintiswano. Ubuchwepheshe kumele buhlanganiswe nezimiso eziqinile ukuze buphumelele.
  • Umthetho kaGeorge Floyd ePolicing Act: Lomthetho kahulumeni obanzi, odlulise indlu kodwa owenziwe eNdlu yeSigele, ohloselwe ukuvala izibambi, ukuqeda ukuvinjelwa okufanelekayo, ukudala ukubhalisa kwamaphoyisa okungafanele, nokushintsha umthetho wecala wezwe ngenxa yokungalungi kwamaphoyisa. Ukuhluleka kwawo ukudlulisa izigaba zezombangazwe ezinkulu eziphakathi kwegunya lomthetho namalungelo omphakathi.

Isiphetho

Ukulinganisela phakathi kwamalungelo omphakathi nomthetho wobugebengu akumi ndawonye; kuwumngcele oncintisana njalo ochaza ukwakheka kwentando yeningi yaseMelika. Iqophelo elingokomlando libonisa ukuthi intuthuko ingenzeka, kodwa kunzima ukudlula ezinkingeni ezingokomthetho, i-acroots activism, nesenzo somthetho. Abakhi bezimemezelo zeSimemezelo se-Reconstanton bangenakucabanga ukuthi inkimbinkindla yezwe lanamuhla le-carceral, kodwa umbono wabo wesivikelo nenqubo efanelekile uhlala uyinkanyezi eqondisayo.

Njengoba siqhubekela phambili, inselele iwukuqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu sigcwalisa isithembiso saso sokuphepha nokulandisa ngaphandle kokuba injini yokucindezelwa. Lokhu kudinga isibopho sokususa ubuhlanga bokwakha, inqubo yokuguqula izinhlangano, nokutshala imali emiphakathini. Ukuphishekela isimiso esilinganiselwe ngokuphelele kuhlala njalo, kudinga ukuhlolwa njalo, ukuqashwa kwezentengiselwano, nenhlonipho ejulile ngamalungelo omphakathi akha isisekelo somphakathi onobulungisa.