Kuyini Ukuqamba Amanga Ngombango?

Ukuqulwa kwamacala kuyindlela engokomthetho abantu, amabhizinisi, noma ezinye izikhungo okuxazulula ngayo izimpikiswano ngesimiso senkantolo. Ngokungafani namacala obugebengu, lapho uhulumeni emangalela khona umuntu ngokwephula umthetho wobugebengu, ukuqulwa komphakathi kuhilela amaqembu angawodwa afuna amakhambi anjengemali echibi, imisebenzi ethile, noma imiyalelo. Le nqubo ingasuka engxabanweni eqondile ephikisanayo necala lezemvelo eliyinkimbinkimbi noma imibandela eqinile. Ukuqonda izisekelo zokumangalelwa komthetho kudingekile kunoma ubani ongase abe yilungu leqembu leze icala lomthetho noma omane afune ukuqonda ukuthi isimiso somthetho sixazulula izingxabano zangasese.

Ukubekwa kwemithetho ye-procedia kulawulwa imithetho elandelwayo ehlukahluka ngokwemithetho, kodwa izimiso eziyisisekelo zivumelana eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe omthetho. Lemithetho iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ubulungisa, inqubo efanelekile, nesinqumo esiphumelelayo sengxabano. Ukungena jule kakhulu esimisweni sikahulumeni, Imithetho ye-Federal Procediture[[FLT] inikeza umgogodla wendlela yecala lomphakathi ophethwe ngayo e-U.S.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Kwamacala Omphakathi Nezobugebengu

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa ukumangalelwa kwecala lomphakathi enkantolo yobugebengu. Endabeni yobugebengu, uhulumeni umangalela umuntu ngesenzo esibonakala siyingozi emphakathini, futhi izijeziso ezingase zihlanganise ukuboshwa, amafa, ukukhokhwa embusweni, noma ukugwetshwa. Endaweni yomphakathi, ummangalelwa ozimele uvame ukuba umcimbi ofuna imbuyiselo noma umthetho wenkantolo wokulungisa isiphambeko. Lo mthwalo wobufakazi uphansi futhi emacaleni omphakathi — ubangela ukuchatshazelwa kobufakazi [[FLT: 1] (okungenzeka kakhulu) ubuzekwayo [[FLT:]] ukungabaza okunengqondo [[FLT:]] ezindabeni zobugebengu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nasendabeni uma icala lobugebengu lingaphumeleli, ukumangalelwa komphakathi kungaphumelela.

Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zokumangalelwa Kwabantu

Ukujwayelana nezigaba ezivamile kungakusiza ukuba ubone ukuthi yini ongase uyibone.

Izimpikiswano Ezihlangene

Izivumelwano ziyisisekelo semisebenzi eminingi yezentengiselwano neyomuntu siqu. Izingxabano ziphakama lapho omunye umsizi ehluleka ukwenza njengesithembiso (isivumelwano) noma lapho amaqembu engavumelani nokuchazwa kwamagama. Izibonelo zihlanganisa umakhi ongaqedi umsebenzi, umthengisi ohambisa izimpahla ezikhubazekile, noma umninindlu ohlulekayo ukugcina indawo yokuqasha.

Icala Lomuntu Siqu Elilimazayo

Uma othile elimele ngenxa yokunganaki komunye noma ukuziphatha kwakhe ngenhloso, bangafaka icala lomuntu siqu lokulimala. Izingozi zemoto, izenzakalo ezishibhile neziphazamiso, ukungasebenzi kahle kwezokwelapha, kanye necala lemikhiqizo kuvame kakhulu. Umgomo ukubuyisa isinxephezelo sezindleko zokwelapha, ukulahlekelwa iholo, ubuhlungu, nokuhlupheka, kanye neminye imiphumela elimazayo.

Ukungqubuzana Kwempahla

Izakhiwo nempahla ingabangela ukuphikisana kwemigqa, izingxabano, izingxabano zezindawo ezihlala khona, nezingxabano ngefa noma umonakalo wempahla yizibonelo ezivamile. Izenzo zokuthula zesihloko ziwuhlobo oluthile lwecala elisetshenziselwa ukuxazulula izikhala.

Izingxabano Zomsebenzi

Ukuqashwa kwemisebenzi kuhlanganisa ukusho ukuthi iphucwa ngokungeyikho, ukucwaswa (kusekelwe ohlwini, ebulilini, ebudalani, enkolweni, ekukhubazekeni), ukuhlukunyezwa, ukwephulwa kweholo nehora, nokuphulwa kwezivumelwano zemisebenzi. Imithetho ye-Federal ne-Ortive VII ye-Civil Rights Act ne-Fair Labor Standard Act inikeza isisekelo salokhu kukhulu.

Umthetho Womkhaya Ubalulekile

Nakuba umthetho womkhaya ngokuvamile uhilela izinqubo zawo siqu, izingxabano eziningi zomkhaya zibekwa enkantolo yomphakathi. Isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukusekela izingane, ukusekela komshado, ukutholwa, nokubelethisa kuwela kulesisigaba. Ezinye izindaba zomkhaya zingahilela ukuxhumana noma umthetho obambisanayo ukuze kuncishiswe izingxabano.

Amabhizinisi Nezentengiselwano

Ngaphezu kwezivumelwano, amabhizinisi angase ahileleke ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nempahla engokwengqondo (iprojekthi, imvume yokugunyaza, ukugconwa kwemvume esemthethweni), amalungelo okuhlanganyela, ukuwohloka kwezivumelwano, ukukhwabanisa, ukuncintisana okungafanelekile, nokuphulwa kwemithetho emelene nokuthembeka.

Inqubo Yokuzinza Kwangaphakathi: Hamba Ngenkani

Nakuba wonke amacala ehlukile, ukumangalelwa kwecala kwamacala amaningi ezakhamuzi kulandela izigaba ezinqunyiwe.

1. IPhasi eliyiPretigation

Ngaphambi kokuba icala liqulwe, ngokuvamile amaqembu azama ukuxazulula impikiswano ngokwethukela. Lengxenye ingahlanganisa ukuthumela uhlamvu olubhalwe phansi — isicelo esibhalwe phansi sokuba umphikisi athathe isinyathelo esithile (njengokukhokha imali noma ukuyeka ukuziphatha okulimazayo). Izenzakalo eziningi zihlala kulendawo, zonga isikhathi nezindleko ezingokomthetho.

Ezinye izindlela zokunquma (ADR) zivamile futhi. I-Mediation ihilela ingxenye yesithathu engathathi hlangothi evumela ukuxoxisana kodwa engaphoqeleli isinqumo. Ukuhlanganisa[ kusemthethweni owengeziwe: umlungisi uzwa ubufakazi bese enikeza isinqumo esibophekayo noma esingabopheki. I-ADR ingadingeka ngesivumelwano noma ngemvume yenkantolo, futhi ngokuvamile isheshisa isinqumo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu kufanele aqaphele [ aqaphele ukulinganiselwa — isikhathi okumelwe abekwe kuso icala. Ukungahlangani lolu phawu lwesikhathi kungavimbela isiqinisekiso unomphela. Ama-shift ehluka ngokwendlela yokulawula nohlobo; ngokwesibonelo, izibalo zomuntu siqu ngokuvamile zinesilinganiso sesibili noma seminyaka emithathu, kuyilapho isivumelwano sivumela u-4 ukuya eminyakeni eyisithupha. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngezimiso zokulinganiselwa kwezwe, thintana nesiqondiso [FLT][FLT]][FLT:]

Ukukhononda

Uma imizamo yangaphambi kwenkathi ihluleka, ummangaleli (umkhandlu oletha icala) uqala icala ngokufaka uhlabe umlomo enkantolo efanele. Isikhalo sisho isisekelo esilawulayo, izimpikiswano eziyiqiniso, iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho, nosizo olufunwayo. Kumelwe ukuba kufingcwe kodwa kwanele ukunika ummangalelwa isaziso salokho okungempikiswano.

Kuhambisana nokukhononda, umkhohlisi angase afake futhi ummons, okuyincwadi eveza ummangalelwa wamacala kanye nonyaka wokuphendula. Imali yokubhalisa iyahlukahluka ngenkantolo futhi ngokuvamile ifakwa impoqo ephansi.

Inkonzo yenqubo

Uma isikhalo sesiqanjiwe, ummangalelwa kumelwe anikeze amakhophi kummangalelwa ngendlela emiswe umthetho — lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi i-ace yenqubo. Umgomo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa uthola isaziso sangempela futhi unethuba lokusabela. Izindlela zihlanganisa ukuthunyelwa komuntu siqu, iposi egunyaziwe, noma inkonzo nge-staji noma i-server eqeqeshiwe. Inkonzo engasehlisa icala noma ibangele ukuxoshwa.

4 Impendulo Neziqubulo Eziphikisayo

Ummangalelwa unesikhathi esilinganiselwe (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-21 kuya kwezingu-30 enkantolo kahulumeni) ukuze abhale impendulo. Empendulweni, ummangalelwa uyavuma noma uphika ukumangalelwa ngakunye ekukhonondeni futhi angaphakamisa isivikelo (umz., umthetho wokuvinjelwa, ukulinganiselwa, ukulinganiselwa kwengozi). Ummangalelwa angase futhi afake ihele i-counderlaims[ aphendule kahle ama-palff, aphendule kahle amathebeku futhi afune isinxephezelo noma impumuzo kumafebe.

Ukwehluleka ukuphendula ngesikhathi kungaphumela ekwahluleleni okungaqondile — i-paltiff izuza ngokuzenzekelayo ngoba ummangalelwa akavelanga. Ngakho-ke, ukuxoxa nommeli ngokushesha kuyagxeka lapho uthola isimemo nesikhalo.

Ukutholwa. 5.

Ukuthola kungezinye zezinga elithatha isikhathi kakhulu nebiza kakhulu lokunikeza ukwaziswa. Kuwukushintshisana okungokomthetho kokwaziswa phakathi kwamaqembu. Umgomo uwukuvumela uhlangothi ngalunye lulungiselele ukuqulwa komthetho ngokuthola ubufakazi ngomunye. Amathuluzi okuthola ukwaziswa ahlanganisa:

  • [[IMIFUNDO:0] Izinqumo[[[QUL:1]] — imibuzo ebhaliwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo.
  • Izimo[ — ubufakazi obuphilayo obunikezwa ngaphandle kwenkantolo, obuqoshiwe futhi obuvame ukufakwa ngevidiyo.
  • Izicelo zokukhiqizwa kwamaphepha [ — ukucela izivumelwano, ama-imeyili, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, izithombe, njll.
  • Icela ukungenwa [ — icela omunye ukuba avume noma aphike izitatimezo ezithile zeqiniso.
  • Subpoenas — iziyalo zenkantolo ezifuna umuntu wesithathu ukuba akhiqize imibhalo noma afakazele.

Le nqubo yokuthola izinto ilawulwa imithetho eqinile edinga ukuba abantu baveze ukwaziswa okubalulekile futhi ivumele neziqondiso zokuvikela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuxhashazwa.

6. Ukuhamba Kwangaphambi Nezindlebe

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, bobabili bangase bathathe ama-hide ukuze baxazulule izindaba ezithile ngaphandle kokulingwa okuphelele. Izenzo ezivamile zangaphambi kokwahlulela zihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukukhipha [ — iphikisa ngokuthi ngisho noma wonke amaqiniso ekukhonondeni eyiqiniso, i-pacttiff ayinawo umbono ongokomthetho.
  • Ukuthatha isahlulelo esifushanisiwe[ — kugomela ukuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela ngamaqiniso ezinto ezibonakalayo, ngakho inkantolo kufanele ibuse ngokuvuna iqembu elithuthayo njengendaba yomthetho.
  • Motion ukuphoqelela ukutholwa kwe- — icela inkantolo ukuba iyale omunye ukuba akhiqize ubufakazi obuceliwe noma izimpendulo.
  • [[UMTL:0] i-limine — ifuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obuthile emacaleni.

Uma kunikezwa ukwahlulela okufingqiwe, icala liphela ngaleso sikhathi, kungenjalo, icala liphokophele ekuqulweni kwecala.

7. Ukuqulwa kwecala

Uma inkantolo ingekho indawo yokukhokha noma yokuxoshwa, icala liqhubekela phambili ekuqulweni kwecala. Ukuqulwa kungaba yicala lebhentshi b ukuqulwa kwecala (phambi komahluleli kuphela) noma ukuqulwa kwecala [. Amaqembu anikeza ubufakazi bawo: ofakazi, imibhalo iyanikezwa, ochwepheshe banikeza imibono, futhi imibukiso iyaboniswa. Izingxenye ngazinye zingaveza izinkulumo zokuvula nokuphetha. Ijaji (noma ijaji) bese likhipha isinqumo samabomu.

Ukulingwa kungathatha noma nini kusukela emahoreni ambalwa kuya ezinyangeni eziningi, kuye ngokuthi ukulimala okungokomzwelo nokungokwezimali kwecala kubaluleke kakhulu, okuyisizathu esenza ukuba iningi lamacala omphakathi lizinze ngaphambi kokuba lifike kuleliqophelo. Ngokocwaningo olungokomthetho, amacala ezakhamuzi angaphezu kuka - 95% e - United States axazululwa ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe icala ngokuzinziswa noma ngokunyakaziswa kwezenzo.

8. Ukuhamba Nokukhanga Kwangemva Kwempi

Ngemva kwesinqumo, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase lifake inqubo yangemva komthetho, njengecala elisha noma ukuzwana kokwahlulela naphezu kwesinqumo [. Uma lena inqatshiwe, umkhakha ungadlulisa isikhalo enkantolo ephakeme. Isicelo asiyona i-restumment; inkantolo ibukeza umlando ukuze ithole ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho ayenzeka yini ukuthi athinta umphumela ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo. Izikhalo zinganweba ukudluliswa ngezinyanga eziningi noma iminyaka eminingi.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kokwahlulela

Ngisho nangemva kokunqoba enkantolo, ummangalelwa kungase kudingeke athathe izinyathelo zokuqoqa imali noma ukuphoqelela umyalo wenkantolo. Lokhu kungahilela ukukhokhela iholo elibi, ukubeka izimpahla, noma ukufuna iziyalezo zenkantolo ukuze kuthathwe izinto ezithile. Ngezinye izikhathi abavikeli bafaka imvume yokuwiswa kwemali, okungamisa imizamo yokuqoqa iminikelo.

Lokho Okumelwe Kulindelwe Phakathi Nenqubo

Ukuqonda amaqiniso angokoqobo empikiswano yomphakathi kungasiza ekulawuleni amathemba futhi kunciphise ukukhathazeka.

Ukuzibophezela Ngesikhathi

Amacala angaphakathi awavamile ukuxazululwa ngokushesha. Ngisho nokumangalelwa okungagwegwesi kungathatha izinyanga eziyisithupha ngonyaka. Izenzakalo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihilela ukuvubukula okukhulu, izingxabano eziningi, noma izikhalo, zingathatha iminyaka eminingana. Ukubekezela nombono othatha isikhathi eside kubalulekile.

Izindleko Nezifebe

Ukukhokha intengo kubiza kakhulu. Izindleko zemali eshibhile zinkulu kakhulu, kodwa ezinye izindleko zihlanganisa izindleko zenkantolo zokukhokha, inqubo, amarekhodi, izimali zokufakaza, ukukopisha, nokuhamba. Abameli abaningi basebenza ngokuvumelana ezimweni ezilimazayo zomuntu siqu (bakhokha kuphela uma uwina), kodwa ezinye izinhlobo zemali edilijiwayo zidinga imali ethatha ihora, imali eyisicaba, noma i-acreator. Ngokwelungiselelo [[FLT: 0][FLT] Inhlangano ye-American Bar [[FLT]] , isilinganiso sehora se-odmmeliga ye-US. i-UR.S. ilingana ne-RG.[300]

Ukucindezeleka Ngokomzwelo

Izingxabano ezingokomthetho zibangelwa yimvelo futhi zingaphazamisa ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu nobebhizinisi. Ukungaqiniseki ngemiphumela, isikhathi esidingekayo, kanye nokucindezela kwemali konke kubangela ukucindezeleka. Izinkantolo eziningi zinezindlela zokuzisiza ngokwazo noma “zinezinga lokuzisiza, kodwa ukuba nommeli onokuhlangenwe nakho kunganciphisa kakhulu umthwalo ongokomzwelo.

Ubuhle Bokuhlala

Icala lomphakathi lixazululwa — ngokuvamile ezicini eziningi ezikhona, kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ezitebhisini zenkantolo. Ukuhlala konga isikhathi, imali, namandla angokomzwelo. Nokho, ukuxazulula imishado kudinga ukuvumelana, futhi amaqembu kumelwe ahlole ukuqiniseka kokuxazululwa kwezingozi nemivuzo yokuqulwa kwecala. Ukuqulwa kwecala kuyithuluzi elivamile lokusiza ukuxazulula noma isiphi isigaba, futhi izinkantolo eziningi zifuna ukuba kube khona okungenani esiqenjini esisodwa sezindaba ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukuthola I - Athoriney Efanele

Ngokulindelekile, ukunquma ukuthi umenzi wecala ungowasemthethweni kuyisinqumo esibaluleke kakhulu ekumangalelweni kwezindaba zomphakathi.

Okuhlangenwe Nakho Endaweni Yomthetho Ewusizo

Umthetho ungowobuchwepheshe kakhulu. Ummeli osingatha amacala esehlukaniso angase angabi ukukhetha okungcono kakhulu ekumangalelweni kwecala lomkhiqizo. Funa ummeli ogxila ohlotsheni oluthile lwempikiswano onayo. Izinkampani eziningi zesifundazwe zinikeza amashela ezindawo zokukhomba ngokuzijwayeza.

Ukubukeza Nekhasimende

Izibalo eziselayinini, igama-mouth, nezikhombo zobuchwepheshe zinganikeza ukuqonda ngekhono nangendlela ummeli aziphatha ngayo. Hlola amapulatifomu anjenge-Avvo, i-Martindale-Hubbell, noma amarekhodi kahulumeni wakho okuyala. Unganciki kuphela engosini yommeli.

Ukukhulumisana Nokutholakala

Ummeli onokuhlangenwe nakho angase anikeze abaqeqeshi noma abangane abasencane imisebenzi ethile — okuyinto evamile — kodwa kufanele uqhubeke uthola ummeli oholayo ngokuqondile ezinqumweni ezinkulu.

Ukuma Kwesikhumba Nokubona Ingaphandle

Thola isivumelwano semali esibhaliwe. Qonda ukuthi ukhokhelwa ngehora, ngemali eyithafuthi, noma ngokuphambana. Buza ngezindleko ezengeziwe (izindleko zochwepheshe, izindleko zokufaka imali, uhambo). Gwema abameli abathembisa imiphumela engekho ngqiqweni noma abafuna ukuba abagcini bempahla abakhulu bakhokhelwe ngaphandle kokuzithethelela okucacile.

“ Ummeli oshibhile kakhulu akayena ongcono kakhulu ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi obiza kakhulu akasebenzi kakhulu. Bheka inani: impumelelo, ukukhulumisana, nelungiselelo lemali ehlelekile.” — iseluleko esiwusizo kuma-litator anolwazi.

Ezinye Izinto Ezingaholela Ekuqambeni Izindaba Ezingezona

Ukuxabana akuyona indlela yokuphela yokuxazulula ingxabano. Ezimweni eziningi, ezinye izindlela zishesha, zibiza kancane, futhi ziyimfihlo kakhulu. Cabangela lokhu okulandelayo:

  • Ukuxoxisana [ — ngokuvamile indlela elula nengenamthetho.
  • [ I-mediation — I-pacietifi engathathi hlangothi isiza abahilelekile ukuba bathole ikhambi elamukelekayo.
  • Arbitution — Isinqumo esibophayo somphathi wasese, ngokuvamile esishesha kakhulu kunenkantolo.
  • Umthetho ochazayo — zombili izinhlangothi zivumelana ukunquma ngaphandle kokubekwa indiva futhi zisayine isivumelwano sokuhlanganyela; ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa emthethweni womkhaya.
  • Icala lokwahlulela — Ukuboniswa komkhohlisi wangempela ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi icala lingadlala kanjani.

Ngisho noma usunemibono ehlukahlukene kakade, akuvamile ukuba kwephuze kakhulu ukuba kuhlolwe noma kuhlolwe i - ADR. izinkantolo ngokuvamile zikhuthaza noma zifune ukuhlanganyela ezimisweni ze - ADR ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.

Isiphetho

Ukuveza impikiswano yomphakathi kuyinqubo ehlelwe kahle kodwa eyinselele edinga ukulungiselela, imithombo, nesiqondiso esilungile sobuchwepheshe. Kusukela empikiswaneni yokuqala kuya ekudluliseleni kokugcina, isinyathelo ngasinye sinezici ezihlelekile nezingokwezimali. Ngokuqonda izigaba — ukuncenga kwangaphambi kwe-ligiledi, ukuzwa, ukuthatha uhambo, ukuqulwa, nokuqulwa kwangemva kwenqubo — ungasondela enqubeni ngemayela namathemba angokoqobo futhi ugweme izingozi ezivamile. Ukuba ungummangalelwa ofuna ubulungisa noma ummangalelwa ovikela amalungelo akho, ulwazi luyimpahla yakho enkulu kakhulu. Ngaso sonke isikhathi kuthintana nommeli onekhono onganikeza iseluleko esiqondile sesimo sakho. Ukuqhubeka ufunda ngenqubo yomphakathi, [[FOLD:] [F] [FF] [0] [FOR.]