Ukuhlanganiswa Okukhulayo Phakathi Komthetho Wezizwe Zonke Nokulahlwa Kwamakhaya

Kulelikhulu leminyaka elidlule, ithonya lomthetho wezizwe ngemithetho yezivumelwano zomphakathi liye lasuka ekukhathaleleni konozakulwa liba isici esiyinhloko sezimiso zenkantolo zasekhaya. Njengoba ukuhwebelana ngemikhawulo enqamlezileyo, ukuthutha, nokuxhumana kwemitapo kushesha, izinkantolo zezizwe zibhekana nemibuzo engokomthetho edlula imikhawulo yazo. Lokhu kushintshe indlela eqinile yokuchaza ngayo imithetho, indlela abaqondisi abamangali abalawulayo abahlela ngayo izimpikiswano, nendlela izazi ezilawulayo eziqonda ngayo isimo sokwenza izahlulelo. Kusukela ekubeni indikimba ekude yemithetho ebekelwe ubuhlobo bezwe ukuya kwele, umthetho wezizwe zonke manje uthinta ngokuqondile izimpikiswano zansuku zonke zesivumelwano sokugcinwa kwezingane, kusukela ekulahlweni kwempahla efuna ukubekwa icala. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindlela zomthetho womphakathi ezihlelwa ngezindawo zezizwe zonke, izindawo eziningi ezihambisana nalezi zinselele ezihambisana nale saleli nkinga eziqhubekayo.

Ukuze siqonde ubukhulu baleli thonya, umuntu kumelwe kuqala aqonde izigaba eziyisisekelo zomthetho wezizwe zonke nezici ezicatshangelwayo ezinquma indlela izifundazwe ezithola ngayo lezimiso. Kungalapho singahlola izindlela eziqinile lapho izivumelwano, umthetho ongokwesiko, nezinqumo zokwahlulela zomhlaba wonke zingena khona ezimisweni zesizwe. Umphumela uyisimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi kodwa esivumelanayo esilwela ukuvumelana ngokuqhubekayo ukunqamula imibuso kuyilapho ngokuqondene nobukhosi bezizwe ngazinye.

Isisekelo Somthetho Wezizwe Zonke Nomphumela Wawo Wasekhaya

Imithombo Yomthetho Wezizwe Zonke

Umthetho wezizwe zonke uthatha emithonjeni emithathu eyinhloko: izivumelwano ezibhaliwe (izivumelwano phakathi kwezifundazwe), umthetho wezwe jikelele (izenzo ezithi zilandela ngokwesibopho esingokomthetho), kanye nezimiso zomthetho ezivamile eziqashelwa izizwe eziphucukileyo. Izivumelwano zivame ukuhlanganisa amasiko akhona noma zisungule imithetho emisha esukela emingceleni yasolwandle kuya empahleni engokwengqondo. Umthetho wesiko uqala kancane kancane ngokusebenzisa inqubo yombuso kanye ] no-opiniojuris[[FLT]] [16] inkolelo yokuthi umkhuba uyadingeka ngokomthetho.General, njengezimiso ezinhle nokwenqatshelwa kokuceba okungalungile, ugcwalisa imingcele lapho isivumelwano noma isiko sinikeza impendulo ecacile.

Le mithombo ayisebenzi ngokuzenzekelayo ezinkantolo zasekhaya. Isifundazwe ngasinye sinquma indlela yokuhlanganisa umthetho wezwe nesimiso saso somthetho. Le nqubo ilolongwa ngamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo, ukumiswa kwemithetho, nokuchazwa kokwahlulela. Ukuqonda lezi zimiso zokwamukela ithonya lomthetho wezizwe zonke lokuqamba izivumelwano zomphakathi.

Ubundela Ngakolunye Nemisebenzi: Izibonelo Ezimbili Zokwamukela Abantu

Amazwe alandela indlela eyodwa kwezimbili zokuhlanganisa umthetho wezizwe zonke. Ezimisweni ze-monist . "ivamile" emazweni amaningi anjengeFrance, iNetherlands, ne Argentina"izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ziba yingxenye yomthetho wezwe ngokuzenzakalelayo uma kuthathwa ukudukiswa, ngokuvamile ngokulawula komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Umahluleli we-monist angasebenzisa ngokuqondile ilungiselelo lesivumelwano ecaleni lomphakathi ngaphandle kokulinda ukumiswa komthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-European Convention on Human Rights iye yasetshenziswa ngokuqondile yizinkantolo zaseFrance ezimpikiswaneni zezindaba zomuntu siqu nempahla.

Ezimisweni ezimbili ze-list ."i-fromss yamazwe afanayo njenge-United Kingdom, Australia, ne-Indiya" izivumelwano ezihlangene zidinga ukumiswa kwemithetho ukuze isebenze ekhaya. Isivumelwano ngokwaso singacelwa ngokuqondile yi-lithigigians, kodwa umthetho osebenzayo uwukuthi. Umthetho wezizwe zonke osemthethweni wesiko, nokho, ngokuvamile uphathwa ngendlela ehlukile: izinkantolo eziningi zomthetho ziwubheka njengengxenye yomthetho ovamile ngaphandle kokuba uphikiswa umthetho wemithetho. Inkantolo ephakeme yase-U.S. ngokwesibonelo, isho ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi umthetho wezizwe zonke oyisiko umthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho othile, njengoba kusho izinjongo ezithile ngaphansi kwe-Alien Tort egcon.

Lokhu kungafani okucatshangelwayo kuveza umehluko osebenzayo endleleni umthetho wezizwe zonke othonya ngayo ukufushaniswa kwemithetho yomphakathi. Emazweni e-monodist, umkhohlisi angase abhekisele ngokuqondile esivumelwaneni sokusekela isivumelwano. Emazweni amabili, isivumelwano esifanayo singamane sithonye ukuchazwa kwemithetho yasekhaya nge- i-principle yokuchaza okungaguquguquki [ [i-partumstyss] [iqeshane] isho ukuthi iPhalamende alihlosile ukuphula izibopho zezizwe zonke. Lenqubo engaqondile ingamane ithonya imiphumela, kodwa ngendlela yemfundiso ehlukile.

Umsuka Womlando Nokwanda Kwanamuhla

Ithonya lomthetho wezizwe zonke ngokumelene nemithetho yesizwe emakhaya alisona isenzakalo samuva. Ongqondongqondo banamuhla abanjengoHugo Grotius no-Emer de Vattel babhala kakhulu ngomthetho wamazwe athinta amalungelo abantu, ikakhulukazi entengiselwano nasemklomelweni wolwandle. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka, izivumelwano zezizwe ngezivumelwano zomgunyazo, impahla yezezimboni, kanye nokuthutha izinto ngemikhumbi kwaqala ukuvela. I-Berne Convention (1886) ne-Parango (1883) kwakuyizibonelo zakuqala zezivumelwano zezivumelwano zezezohwebo zamuva nomklo. Ezweni elihlukene ezazidinga ukuba kugcinwe izindinganiso ezithile ezilinganiselwe ezimpikiswaneni zangasese.

Ukudlondlobala komthetho wezizwe zonke ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II kwandisa lomkhuba. Ukusungulwa kweZizwe Ezihlangene, iNkantolo Yobulungisa, nezinhlangano eziningi ezikhethekile kwaholela ezivumelwaneni ezintsha ngamalungelo abantu, ezohwebo, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, nomthetho wezwe wangasese. I-Hague Conference on Private International Law, eyasungulwa ngo-1893 kodwa yavuselelwa ngemva kuka- 1945, yaveza imihlangano enethonya efeza inkonzo yenqubo, ithatha ubufakazi, ukuthumba izingane, nokukhetha i-orlum. Lamathuluzi aklanyelwa ngokukhethekile ukusiza izinkantolo zasekhaya ekusingatheni izindaba zomphakathi ezinqamlezi zindawo, ukuncintisana nokutheliswa kwezentengo nesahlulelo.

Muva nje, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwezezomnotho kuye kwaqhubekisela phambili ukuvumelana. INhlangano ye-UN ehlangene neContracts ye-International Sale of Goods (CISG) manje ibusa ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zazo zonke izimemezelo zokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Izivumelwano zeWorld Trade Organization zimisa izindinganiso zokugcinwa kwempahla emakhaya. Futhi indikimba ekhulayo yomthetho wokutshala imali emhlabeni wonke, ehlanganiswe ezinkulungwaneni zezivumelwano zokutshala izimali, iye yashukumisela izinkantolo zesizwe ukuba zibukeze izenzo zokulawula ezithinta abahwebi bangaphandle. Izivumelwano ngazinye zalezi zenza kube inqubo ethinta ngayo imikhosi yezizwe elawulayo futhi ithonya ukuhlelwa kwabahluleli bezizwe.

Izindlela Zokuthonya Eziningi

Ukusetshenziswa Ngokuqondile Kwezivumelwano Namasiko

Kuma-monist, ukusebenza ngokuqondile kwezivumelwano kuyindlela elula kakhulu. Inkantolo yomphakathi ingathembela elungiselelweni lesivumelwano njengomthetho obusayo lapho isivumelwano sizibulala khona, ngokusho ukuthi, sibhalwe ngendlela edala amalungelo noma izibopho eziphoqelelwe ngaphandle komthetho owengeziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iSiphakamiso 2 seCISG sinikeza imithetho yokuthembisa nokuvunyelwa kwentengiselwano yomhlaba wonke. Inkantolo yaseJalimane noma yase Switzerland ibhekene nempikiswano phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene ezifundazweni ze-CISG iyosebenzisa leyomithetho ngokuqondile, i-ompective 2 ye-CISG engenisa umthetho wezohwebo oguquguqukayo.

Umthetho wezizwe zonke ovamile ujabulela futhi umphumela oqondile ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho. Imfundiso yemithetho yezizwe emthetho wakuqala waseMelika ivumela izinkantolo ukuba zinqume izinkantolo ezisekelwe emithethweni evamile elawula ukubhakathiza, umklomelo, namalungelo amanxusa. Izibonelo zanamuhla zihlanganisa ukuqaphela ukuvikelwa kwesimiso sobuso kanye nesenzo semfundiso kahulumeni. EUnited Kingdom, iNd House of Lords [[FLT:] v. Bow Street Metropolitan Spendiary Magistrated metary, eyingxenye yePinochet[FLT] [1999]) ikholelwa ukuthi umthetho ovamile wokuhlushwa yizwe elivamile ungakhipha ukuvikelwa kwezemthetho wobugebengu. Nakuba icala elihlangeneyo lihilela ukugqekelelwa kwezembubhiso lomthetho wobugebengu, kungavuka ezikhulwini zakwamanye amazwe noma ezingosini zezezezezomthetho.

Isiqondiso Esihunyushwa Abantu Abavela Emhlabeni Wonke

Ngisho noma isivumelwano singasebenzi ngokuqondile, izinkantolo zasekhaya zivame ukubheka emthethweni wezizwe zonke njengosizo oluchazayo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngamathuluzi amaningana emfundiso. Iqoqo lezincwadi zezincwadi ze-Chrirming Betsy e-U.S. lihlanganisa imithetho eminingi eyala izinkantolo ukuba zichaze imithetho ngendlela engawuchazi umthetho wezizwe zonke, noma nini uma kungenzeka. Ngokufanayo, iNkantolo ye-Europe yeSishayamthetho i-EU isekela iziqondiso ngokuzibopho zezizwe zonke eziyiqembu. Futhi imithetho yesizwe ihlanganisa i-galelo elifuna ukuba amalungelo ayisisekelo achazwe ngokukhanyiselwe ngezinkonzo zezizwe zonke.

Lo msebenzi wokuchaza uvame kakhulu ekufushanisweni kwemithetho yasekhaya engacacile noma ebhalwe nge-opencry. Ngokwesibonelo, inkantolo echaza umthetho wesivikelo wabathengi basekhaya ingacabangela i-UN Guidelines for Consumer Protection ukuze ithole incazelo "yokungalungisi." inkantolo yomkhaya enquma izithakazelo zomntwana ezingcono kakhulu ingase ibhekisele eMhlanganweni wamalungelo abantwana we-UN, ngisho noma izwe lingawusebenzisi ngokugcwele. Izikhombo ezinjalo zingathuthukisa ukucabanga kokwahlulela futhi zithuthukise ukungaguquguquki kwezindinganiso zembulunga yonke ngaphandle kokufuna ukuhlanganiswa kwemithetho.

Imizamo Yokuvumelana Yezinhlangano Zezizwe Zonke

Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zisebenza kanzima ukuvumelanisa imithetho yombango, ukunciphisa izingxabano nokubambisana. I-UN Commission on International Trade Law (UNCTRAL) iveza imithetho yesibonelo ekuhleleni, ekunciphekeni, ekuhwebeni nge-electronic, nasekwethuleni izikweleti ezinqamule imingcele. Le mithetho yesibonelo ivame ukuthathwa ngokulinganayo yizishaya-mthetho zesizwe, okuholela ekuncipheni ukulingana. Ngokufanayo, iNhlangano yezizwe zonke yeNhlangano yokuhlanganisa uMthetho we-OBhonse (UNIDROIT) ikha izimiso zezivumelwano zezentengiselwano zezizwe zonke ezithiwe ezikhonzwana ngokuqhubekayo ezikhonjwayo ngisho nangezivumelani.

I-Hague Conference on Private International Law iyaqhubeka isungula imihlangano ehlanganisa izinqubo ezivamile zokuhlanganisa imingcele. I-2005 Ukukhetha i-Convention yeNkantolo yeNkantolo neMiyalo yokwahlulela ka-2019 kuhlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izigaba zokukhetha nokukhipha izahlulelo ziqashelwa emingceleni. Njengoba amazwe amaningi esekela lamathuluzi, izinkantolo zasekhaya zizithola zisebenza phakathi kwemifelandawo ehlonzeni yokuzibopha okubangela ukugeleza kobulungisa.

Izinhlangano zezifunda zifeza nendima. I-European Union ivumelanise imingcele emikhulu yomthetho womuntu siqu ngemithetho nangeziqondiso − umthetho wezentengiselwano, umthwalo womkhiqizo, isivikelo sokwaziswa, nezinye. INkantolo ye-Justice of the European Union iqinisekisa ukuchazwa okufanayo, futhi izinkantolo zezwe kumelwe zilandele imithetho yazo. E-Afrika, iNkantolo ye-Afrika elwela amalungelo abantu nezakhamuzi's' nezinhlangano zezezomnotho ezinjenge-Economic Community of West African States (ECONCE) isungule ukuvismental engenisa imicimbi yamakhaya. Lezi zimiso zezifunda zamazwe zidala ukuhlanganiswa okusheshayo ngokuvamile okudlula imizamo yembulunga yonke.

Ithonya Eliqondile Ezindaweni Zokunqandwa Kombango

Isivumelwano Nomthetho Wezentengiselwano

Umthetho wokuthengisa wezizwe zonke uyisibonelo esivelele kakhulu sokulawula ngokuqondile ukufushaniswa komthetho wesizwe wasekhaya. ICISG, enamazwe angama-90 angamalungu, inikeza uhulumeni ofanayo wezivumelwano phakathi kwamaqembu ezentengiselwano emazweni ahlukene. Uma kuphakama impikiswano, inkantolo yasekhaya kumelwe inqume ukuthi i-CISG iyasebenza futhi isebenzise amalungiselelo ayo okwakhiwa, izibopho zayo, ukuphulwa, nokusetshenziswa kwemidanti. Lokhu kuvame ukudinga ukuba abahluleli balahle imiqondo ejwayelekile yasekhaya . Ngokucabangela noma umthetho webhokisi leposi (jelo) ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho yezentengiselwano yomhlaba wonke. Umphumela uyindikimba yecala ekhonjiwe ngokuqhubekayo, yenza umthetho ovamile wokuthengisa.

Ngaphandle kokuthengwa, izimiso zomhlaba wonke zokuphoqelela ukuqasha, ubunzima, nokholo oluhle ziye zathonya umthetho wasekhaya. I UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, nakuba ingabophi, zikhonjwa kaningi izinkantolo ze-arbitral futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zezwe. Ezicabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihilela izivumelwano eziningi ezihlukene ezikwemikhakhakha, amajaji angabhekisela kulezi zimiso zokuvala noma ukuxazulula iziphakamiso.

Umthetho Womkhaya Nomthetho Wamazwe Ngawo Wonke

Umthetho womkhaya uyindawo lapho umthetho wezizwe zonke uye wenza khona iminikelo ejulile. I-Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, eyamukelwa ngo-1980, ifuna ukuba izinkantolo zibuyisele ngokushesha izingane zikhishwe ezweni lazo ngokungafanele. Lomhlangano usungulwe yizifundazwe ezingaphezu kwekhulu, futhi ukusebenza kwawo kubangela ukuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo. Izinkantolo zezwe kumelwe zichaze futhi zisebenzise amalungiselelo omhlangano, ngokuvamile ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomzwelo phakathi kwabazali abavela emazweni ahlukene.

Ngokufanayo, iMihlangano yeHague ehlobana nokutholwa kwabantwana ngaphandle kwamacala, ukugcinwa kwemithetho, nokuvikelwa kwabantu abadala kuye kwathonya izinqubo zasekhaya. Izinkantolo ezisingatha lamacala zivame ukubhekisela emihlanganweni, ngisho nalapho isishayamthetho semithetho simise imithetho. Izimiso zomhlaba wonke ezimayelana nenzuzo engcono kakhulu yomntwana, ezithathwe eSivumelwaneni seUN samalungelo engane, manje zihlanganisa izinqumo zenkantolo yomkhaya emhlabeni wonke.

Umthetho Ongenamthetho Namalungelo Abantu

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke uye wanwetshwa ngezindlela eziningi. Izisulu zokuxhashazwa kwamalungelo abantu ngezinye izikhathi ziletha amasutu emazweni amathathu, zithembele ekulawuleni indawo yonke noma ezimisweni ezinjenge-U.S.Alien Tort Stot Sigte. Kulezi zimo, izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi umthetho wezizwe zonke unikeza imbangela yesenzo nokuthi uvumela amasuntrano kumaqembu abantu noma izikhulu. Imicimbi yezwe enjenge- KIObel v. i-Royal Dutch Petroleum (2013) kanye [FL:2] ne-j. iBank [FLT].[FLT] v.. [FLD]] .[FLT] .[FL:3] .208]) ibonisa indlela iNkahlulo oluphezulu lweNkathi ye-U.

Ngalé kwecala eliphakeme kanjalo, umthetho wamazwe uthonya izinqumo zasekhaya zomphakathi ngezindlela eziningi ezivamile. I European Court of Human Rights iye yanquma ukuthi izikhulu zezwe kumelwe zinikeze amakhambi aphumelelayo okulimala komuntu siqu abangelwa amanxusa kahulumeni noma amaqembu azimele ngokwezimo ezithile. Izinkantolo zezwe eMikhandlu yase-Europe eyilungu kumelwe zithathe izibopho lapho kunqunywa izinxephelo zomphakathi. Ezimweni zendawo ezungezile, imihlangano edlulisa ukungcola necala lemisebenzi eyingozi inikeza izindinganiso ezikhomba imingcele yesizwe ngokwandayo.

Impahla Nokulandelana Kwayo

Umthetho wempahla, ongase ubonakale usekhaya, futhi uhlangene nomthetho wezizwe zonke. Izivumelwano zokutshala imali zamazwe ngamazwe zivikela abanikazi bamazwe ukuba bangahlwithwa ngaphandle kwembuyiselo, futhi ezinye izifundazwe zivumela abanikazi ukuba balethe izikhangiso ezingokomthetho ezisekelwe emalungiselelweni esivumelwano. Izinkantolo zezwe kumelwe zichaze incazelo yesivumelwano, incazelo yokutshala imali, nenani lokukhokha elifanele. I-UNIDROIT Principles ne-Cape Town Convention emishini yezindiza ziye zaveza izici ezithile zentengiselwano elondekile, ezithinta amalungelo empahla ezimpahla ezithuthwaneni zezindiza.

Umthetho wempumelelo uhlala ungowesizwe kakhulu, kodwa i-Frandsion Regation (650/2012) ye-EU inendawo elawulayo esebenzayo, umthetho osebenzayo, nokuqashelwa kwezahlulelo emazweni angamalungu. Izinkantolo emazweni e-EU manje zisebenzisa umthetho ofanayo wokunquma ukulandelana komthetho, ngokuvamile iyakulahla ukubeka imithetho yazo engokwesiko yasekhaya. Imihlangano yezizwe ngezizwe nayo ingenza kube lula ukuwela izifunda ezisemgqeni.

Ukubhekana Nezinselele Nokulinganiselwa

Ubukhosi Nezinkinga Zokufaneleka Kwabantu

Mhlawumbe inselele ephikelelayo ukungezwani phakathi komthetho wezizwe nobukhosi besizwe. Abanye abahluleli, izishaya-mthetho, nabameli babheka izimiso zomhlaba wonke njengokungenela ukulawulwa kwentando yeningi. Lokhu kukhathazeka kuvela ezimpikiswaneni zokuthi izinkantolo zasekhaya kufanele zisebenzise izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu zezizwe zonke ezingagunyazwanga umbuso, noma ukuthi kufanele yini ulwele izinkantolo zomhlaba wonke. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, abanye abahluleli bamazwe ahlukene bamelana nokuveza izenzakalo zangaphandle noma zezizwe ngezindaba zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, bethi ijaji eliphethe i-jaji elimele ukuthembela kuphela emithonjeni yaseMelika.

Ngisho nakuzo izimiso ze-monist, abahluleli banganqikaza ukusebenzisa umthetho wezwe lonke uma uphikisana nelungiselelo elicacile lasekhaya noma lomthetho-sisekelo. Isimiso sokuthi imithetho yamuva yemithetho elawula izivumelwano simiswe kahle e-United States nasemazweni amaningana asebenzela umphakathi. Uma umthetho wasekhaya ucacile futhi uphikisana nesibopho somhlaba wonke, inkantolo kumelwe iphoqe umthetho wasekhaya ukuba uthathe izindleko zokwephula umthetho wezizwe zonke. Lokhu kulinganisela ithonya lemithetho yezizwe zonke kunoma isiphi isimiso lapho izindlu zomthetho zigcina khona ukuphakama.

Izinkinga Zokuphoqelelwa Nokuncintiswa Kwamandla

Ukucabanga ukuthi inkantolo yasekhaya isebenzisa umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ngokunembile, ukumisa isahlulelo sayo emingceleni kulokhu kuyisithiyo esikhulu. Ukungabikho kwenqubo yokuphoqelela kwembulunga yonke kusho ukuthi isahlulelo esikhishwa kwesinye isifundazwe singashaywa indiva noma siphinde sibekwe kwesinye. Ngisho naphakathi kweSivumelwano sokwahlulela saseHague, ukuqashelwa kungenziwa ngaphandle kwenqubo yomphakathi nenqubo efanele. Amazwe anezimiso zokwahlulela ezithuthukisiwe angase angabi namandla okuphoqelela ukubusa imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi yomhlaba wonke, futhi izingxabano zezombangazwe zingalulaza ukubambisana.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho womhlaba wonke unikeza izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe, ushiyela umehluko omkhulu emakhaya. INkantolo yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu inikeza imvume "yesikhongozelo" ekusebenziseni amalungelo omhlangano. ICISG ivumela amaqembu ukuba angayisebenzisi ngokuphelele inqubo yawo. Lokhu kuvumelana, nakuba kudingekile ekulondolozeni imvume ebanzi, kungaholela ekusebenziseni okungavumelani phakathi kwezindawo eziphethe izifunda.

Imingcele Yomthetho Wezizwe Zonke

Akuzona zonke izingxenye zokufushaniswa kwemithetho yesizwe. Umthetho wezempahla, umthetho wezempahla, wemithetho yezingozi zangaphakathi kuphela, umthetho womkhaya wemibhangqwana exubile (ngaphandle kweYurophu nezinye izindawo ezimbalwa), futhi izici eziningi zokulandelana zilokhu zingathintwa kakhulu yizindinganiso zomhlaba wonke. Umthetho wezizwe zonke okhona uvame ukuhlukanisa, ukusingatha izimo ezithile ezicatshangelwe ngokwezikhawu kodwa ushiye izikhala ezibanzi. Imizamo yokuchaphazeleka iqhubeka kancane kancane, njengoba amazwe evikela amasiko awo asemthethweni. Ngokwesibonelo, iprojekthi yemithetho yezentengiselwano yembulunga yonke iye yaxoxwa kakhulu amashumi eminyaka kodwa iye yenza intuthuko encane.

Ngisho nalapho umthetho wezizwe zonke usebenza khona, ithonya lawo elisebenzayo lixhomeke ekuqeqesheni nasekuzimiseleni kwabahluleli basekhaya. Abahluleli abaningi abajwayelene nemishini yomhlaba wonke futhi abanazo nemithombo yokuzihlola. Imingcele yolimi, izindleko zokuhumusha, kanye nomthamo wezivumelwano zingayekisa izinkantolo ukuba zingahlanganyeli emthethweni wezizwe zonke. Izimiso zemfundo engokomthetho ziye zahlanganisa umthetho wezizwe zonke kancane kancane, kodwa lenqubo ayilingani emazweni nasemazinhlwini ezinkantolo.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo Nemikhuba Eyanqwabelana

Ithonya lethonya lomthetho womhlaba wonke likhomba ekuhlanganiseni okujule kakhulu. Ukuhwebelana kwamanani, ukugeleza kokwaziswa, nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kubangela imibuzo emisha engokomthetho okungekho sifunda sodwa. Imithetho ye-EU 'General Data Protection Regial (GDPR) isiye yasebenza njengesibonelo semithetho yokuvikela ukwaziswa emazweni amaningi, futhi izinkantolo kulawomazwe zichaza imithetho yazo yasekhaya ngokucabangela amalungiselelo e-GDPR'. Izimiso ze-international arbit ziyaqhubeka ziphumelela, futhi izimiso zayo ze-procrate zithandwa kakhulu zezinkantolo zezentengiselwano enzima.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kumelela omunye umngcele. Abamangalelwa emazweni amaningana baye baphikisa ngokuthi ukuthatha isinyathelo esingafanele kukahulumeni kuphula izivumelwano zezindawo ezizungezile emhlabeni wonke noma izibopho zamalungelo abantu. Izinkantolo zomphakathi ziqale ukubhekisela ku-Paris Accountmental Agreement ne-Intergovernmental on Climate Change ekucabangeni kwabo, ngisho noma icala libekwe njengenselele yasekhaya noma elawulayo. Icala le-Dashi eliyingqokodwa [[FLD: 0] [Urgenda Foundation v. i-Netherlands[FLT:] [20] [209]) INkanto Ephakeme ye-Netherlands ithembele eSivumelwaneni saseYurophu se-Convention on Human Rights ukuze ihlele ukukhisa i-ompat, isinqumo esiye sathonya izimo ezifanayo eBelgium, eJalimane, naseUnited Kingdom.

Ubuchwepheshe bubuye bushintshe indlela umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ofinyelela ngayo ezinkantolo zasekhaya. Izinhlelo ze-internet ezifana ne- United Treaty Cooct ne COMG] Isiseko sedata yezincwadi zezizwe ngezizwe [ yenza izinto ze-oday zitholakale kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Izimiso zomthetho, njenge-[FLT] Genobital Intelligence Network [[ nezifunda, zivumela abahluleli ukuba bahlanganyele okuhlangenwe nakho nemikhuba emihle. Lokhu kunqamleza kukhuthaza izinkantolo ukuba zibheke ngalé kwemingcele yasekhaya ngenxa yegunya lokuthonya, kancane kwakha i-julplument yembulunga yonke.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukwenqaba nokuziphindiselela kuqhubekeka. Izinhlangano zePopulist emazweni amaningana ziye zangabaza ukufaneleka komthetho wezizwe zonke, futhi ezinye izishaya-mthetho ziye zamisa imithetho elinganisela ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yangaphandle noma yezizwe ngezinkantolo zasekhaya. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokuthulula izigwegwe nokuzinquma kuzoqhubeka kuguqula, kuminyaniswe yizimo zezombangazwe ezifana nezikhona ezingokomthetho. Noma kunjalo, ukucindezela kokwakha kwezembulunga yonke . . , ukuhwebelana kwezomnotho, ukudlula komkhawulo wezwe lonke, ukuhlangana kwezimiso zobuchwepheshe, ukuhlanganisa nokulinganisa izibalo, [1] yenza ukuhlenga okuphelele komthetho wezizwe zonke we-robotton.

Kudokotela nakuzazi ezingokomthetho, ukuqonda lokhu kubalulekile. Abameli abangachaza amathuluzi abalulekile ezwe lonke futhi baphikise ngokuwasebenzisa bayosiza abathengi babo kangcono ezweni elihlangene. Abahluleli abajwayelene nomthetho wezizwe zonke bangaveza izinqumo ezivumelanayo nezilungile ezicaleni ezinqamulene. Futhi abafundi abafunda ukuhlangana kwemithetho yomhlaba wonke neyasekhaya bazilungiselela umsebenzi lapho imingcele isendaweni, kodwa okungaphansi kwalokho abake bakwenza.

Isiphetho

Umthetho wezizwe zonke unethonya elinamandla nelikhulayo emithethweni yokuthungathana kwesizwe ezinkantolo zasekhaya. Ngokusebenzisa izivumelwano ngokuqondile, ukuqondisa, nokuhlela izinhlangano ezinjenge-UNCITRAL, i-UNIDROIT, ne-Hague Conference, izimiso zomhlaba jikelele ziye zashintsha umthetho wesivumelwano, umthetho wemikhaya, i-tort, kanye nomthetho wempahla. Nakuba izinselele ezihlobene nobukhosi, ukugcinwa kwemithetho, nokubekwa kwemithetho, kanye nesilinganiso esilinganiselwe zisekhona, izimpawu ezivamile zokuhlangana kakhulu. Ikusasa liyobona ukuhlanganiswa okujule kakhulu komthetho wezwe lonke njengendawo ezungezile, izibalo zezimiso, nezindaba zamalungelo abantu ziphoqelela izinkantolo ukuba zibheke ngaphakathi kwesizwe. Ngoba noma ubani ohileleke enkantolo, oqonda ukuhlobana nalena kwale thonya akuyona indlela yemfundo yemfundo esemthethweni yomhlaba wonke.