Isimiso somthetho e-United States kanye neminye imikhakha eminingi yemithetho evamile ihlukaniswa yaba izigaba ezimbili ezibanzi: umthetho womphakathi nomthetho wobugebengu. Nakuba kokubili kuhilela ukuqulwa kwecala nezimpikiswano zomthetho, kufeza izinjongo ezihlukene ngokuyisisekelo, kulandele izinqubo ezihlukene, futhi kuthwale imiphumela ehlukene. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumnini-bhizinisi, umnini-impatho, isisulu sengozi, noma othile obhekene neziphakamiso zobugebengu, ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa okungokomthetho kubalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo akho nasekuqhubekiseleni isimiso ngokuphumelelayo. Lesihloko sinikeza ukwehla okubanzi kokungavumelani okuyinhloko, izinyathelo ezihlukene, umthwalo wezindinganiso zobufakazi, kanye nezicingo eziwusizo zokuphikisana nezigebengo zobugebengu.

Ziyini Icala Langaphakathi?

Amacala angokomthetho aphakathi kwabantu ababodwa (impikiswano engokomthetho) mayelana neqembu elilimele, amabhizinisi, noma amahlelo kahulumeni — aphakamayo lapho kucatshangwa ukuthi elinye iqembu lilimaza elinye noma lihluleka ukufeza umsebenzi ongokomthetho. Ngokungafani namacala obugebengu, umgomo oyinhloko wokumangalela ungekhona ukujezisa kodwa isinqumo: inkantolo ifuna ukunikeza ikhambi lomkhakhakha wemali, ngokuvamile ngendlela yenkani yemali noma umthetho odinga isenzo esithile esiqondile (njengenza isivumelwano noma ukumisa umsebenzi oyingozi). Umthetho wombangowesizwe ubusa uhlu olubanzi lwezivumelwano zabantu, kusukela ekudilisweni kwezivumelwano zezimoto ukuya ezindaweni ezihlukeneyo ukuze kuxatshanwe nezindawo zempahla.

Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zamacala Angaphakathi

Umthetho wombango uhlanganisa izinhlangothi eziningi. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa:

  • [ izimpikiswano – Ukufinyelela kwesivumelwano esiphoqelelwa ngokomthetho, njengokubopha, ukuthengisa impahla, noma isivumelwano somsebenzi.
  • [ isho ukuthi [ - Amaphutha omphakathi abangela ukulimala noma ukulahlekelwa, kuhlanganise nokulimala komuntu siqu (kungaphucuzeki, ukungasebenza kahle kwezokwelapha), ukuhlambalaza, ukunganaki, namachashaza ahloselwe ngenhloso njengokuhlasela noma ukukhwabanisa.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Izimpikiswano ezishoyo - Izimpi mayelana nobunikazi bendlu, imigqa yomngcele, izimpikiswano ezidalekayo zomninindlu, noma izikhalo.
  • [ umthetho womkhaya [ – isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwezingane, ukusekela umntwana, ukusekelana komshado, ukutholwa, nokubelethisa.
  • [[[UMTL:0] izingxabano zefa nezindawo[[[QURT:1] - Izinselele zentando, ukwethemba, noma ukuphiwa kwempahla yomuntu ofile.

Endabeni yomphakathi, isigaba esimangalelana nenkantolo sibizwa ngokuthi u-paltiff, futhi iqembu eliquliswayo liyi- i-dendendient[. Icala kumelwe lifake isikhalo esingokomthetho enkantolo futhi lisisebenzisele ummangalelwa, onethuba lokuphendula. Amacala amaningi omphakathi axazululwa ngezingxoxo zecala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, kodwa uma icala lingabaleki, icala liqhubekela phambi komahluleli (ukuqulwa kwecala) noma ijaji. Ngenxa yezindlela eziningi ezisenkantolo, [Foct:] ku-Corlecter, [F] ku-Leactal Laws Institutes Institutement [FFFoct:]

Umthwalo Wobufakazi Emacaleni Asemphakathini

Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlukanisa phakathi komthetho wesizwe nowesigebengu umthwalo wobufakazi. Ezicaleni zomphakathi, ummangalelwa kumelwe afakazele icala lakhe ngokufakazelwa kobufakazi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ubufakazi kumelwe bubonise ukuthi [ cishe kungcono kakhulu kunokuthi ummangalelwa wabangela ukulimala noma ukwephula umsebenzi. Lokhu kuyindinganiso ephansi kunomthwalo wobugebengu, kubonisa iqiniso lokuthi isijeziso somphakathi singezezezezezentengo [ kunokuba kungabi khona (ngaphezu kuka-50%) ukuthi ummangalelwa wabangela ukulimala noma ukwephulwa komsebenzi.

Ziyini Icala Lesigebengu?

Icala lobugebengu lihlanganisa ukuziphatha okubhekwa njengecala elimelene nombuso, umphakathi, noma umphakathi uwonke. Ohulumeni (_icala, umbuso, noma izinhlangano) funa ukushushisa abantu noma izinhlangano zendawo .Inhloso yomthetho wobugebengu ukujezisa ukona, ukuvimbela izenzo zobugebengu zesikhathi esizayo, ukubuyisa izigebengu, nokuvikela umphakathi. Ukukhohliswa kobugebengu kungaphumela ekuhlawulweni, ekususweni, ekuvinjelweni kwenkonzo yomphakathi, noma ekuboshweni.

Izingxenye Zobugebengu

Izenzo zobugebengu ziwuhlobo oluyinhloko lwezigaba ezintathu ezisekelwe ekuqineni:

  • [ Izenzo zobuphekula - amacala amakhulu ajeziswa ngokuboshwa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka (kaningi isikhathi eside) noma ukufa kwezinye izindawo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, ukuthumba, nokubulala.
  • I-Misdemers - Ubugebengu obungathi sína obuvame ukulahlwa unyaka owodwa ejele, ihlawulo, noma isigwebo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukweba okuncane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukushayela ngaphansi kwethonya (icala lokuqala), kanye nokuziphatha okungahlelekile.
  • Iziphambeko[---Mine uphuzo oluvame ukuphumela kuphela ekukhokhelweni nasekungangeni yisikhathi sejele. Amathikithi emoto nokungcolisa kuyizibonelo ezivamile.

Endabeni yobugebengu, uhulumeni umelelwa umshushisi (ummeli wesifunda, ummeli wezwe, noma ummeli jikelele wezwe), futhi ummangalelwa ummangalelwa. UMthetho-sisekelo uqinisekisa amalungelo athile kubamangalelwa, kuhlanganise nelungelo kummeli, ilungelo lokuthula, nelungelo lokuqulisa icala ngokushesha. Abashushisi banelungelo lokubhala amacala namacala okuwaletha, asekelwe ebufakazini nasemdlalweni womphakathi.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi Emacaleni Ezelelesi

Umshushisi kumelwe afakazele icala lommangalelwa ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Lokhu kuyindinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi esimisweni somthetho, ebonisa imiphumela emibi yecala lobugebengu nesimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi kungcono ukuvumela umuntu onecala akhululeke kunokumgweba umuntu ongenacala. Ukungabaza okunengqondo akusho ukuqiniseka okuphelele, kodwa kudinga ukuba amajaji noma umahluleli aqiniseke ngokuqinile ngecala lommangalelwa. Uma kunencazelo enengqondo, evumelana nobumsulwa, ummangalelwa kumelwe akhululwe. Funda kakhulu ngalendinganiso Kuyincazelo enengqondo yokungabaza okunengqondo [FCalct:]

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Kwamacala Omphakathi Nezobugebengu

Nakuba amacala ombango nawobugebengu equlwa enkantolo efanayo futhi ehlanganyela izakhi ezithile ezingokwesiko, ukungezwani okuningana okubalulekile kuwenza ahluke.

  • [[FULT:0] Purpose:[ Amacala omphakathi ahloselwe ukuxazulula izingxabano nokubuyisela izisulu; amacala obugebengu ahloselwe ukujezisa izaphulamthetho nokuvikela umphakathi.
  • Izindawo:[ Ezindabeni zomphakathi, i-paltiff iyiqembu lomuntu siqu; emacaleni obugebengu, uhulumeni (umshushisi) uletha amacala kummangalelwa.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ibheji lobufakazi: Thupha: ukucabangisisa ngobufakazi (cishe kungenjalo). Isigebengu: ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo.
  • Esohlangothini lommeli: Ezindabeni zomphakathi, amaqembu ngokuvamile kumelwe akhokhele abameli bawo siqu (ngaphandle komthetho othile womkhaya noma ukuxoshwa kwezindaba ngosizo lomthetho). Emacaleni obugebengu, uhulumeni kumelwe anikeze abamangalelwa ababhekene nejele noma ijele.
  • Amalungelo omthetho: Abamangalelwa banelungelo lomthetho-mthetho lokuqulwa kwecala nganoma iliphi icala ngesigwebo esingathatha izinyanga eziyisithupha. Abamangalelwa bomphakathi bangacela ijaji ezimweni eziningi, kodwa aliqinisekisiwe ngazo zonke izinhlobo zokumangalela.
  • Imiphumela yomphakathi ihlanganisa ukulimala kwemali, imiyalo, ukwenza okuthile, noma izahlulelo zokukhipha icala. Imiphumela yezegebengu ihlanganisa ukukhokhwa, ukugcinwa, ukuboshwa, inkonzo yomphakathi, noma isigwebo sokufa.
  • Appals:[ Zombili izinhlangothi zingakhanga emacaleni omphakathi. Ezicaleni zobugebengu, umshushisi ngokuvamile akanakudlulisa imvume yokuvala icala (ngenxa yesivikelo esiphindwe kabili), kodwa ummangalelwa angadlulisa isiqinisekiso.

Ukudlondlobala Kwamacala Ezakhamuzi Nezobugebengu

Okunye ukuziphatha kungabangela kokubili icala lomthetho nobugebengu. Ngokwesibonelo, umshayeli odakiwe obangela ingozi ebulalayo angase abhekane namacala obugebengu ngokubulala ngemizwa (ubugebengu) futhi abekwe icala umkhaya waso ngenxa yokufa okungalungile (umphakathi). O.J. isigebengu sikaSimpson esilahliwe ngokubulala ngo 1995 asizange sivimbele ukuqulwa kwecala lakhe lomphakathi ngokufa okungafanele, lapho atholakala khona enecala elinecala futhi ayalwa ukuba akhokhe izindleko. Izimiso ezimbili zisebenza ngokuzimele, ngezindinganiso ezihlukene zobufakazi nemithetho ehlukene. Inkantolo enecala elilahliwe enkantolo ayizenzeli isahlulelo somphakathi, ngoba icala lomphakathi alisebenzisi ubufakazi obuphansi.

Izinqubo Ezingokomthetho Emacaleni Omphakathi Nawezigebengu

Nakuba ukugeleza kwempi kufana ne-(plaating), ukuthola, ukuqulwa, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukukhanga − izinyathelo eziqondile kanye nezinombolo zesikhathi kuyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamacala omphakathi nowecala. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kunganciphisa ukukhathazeka futhi kukusiza ukuba usebenze ngokuphumelelayo nommeli wakho.

Ukuqulwa Kwamacala Ezakhamuzi

  1. Imposiso:[ I-paltiff ikhipha isikhalo esisho amaqiniso nezikhangiso ezingokomthetho. Ummangalelwa uphendula, ngokunokwenzeka kuhlanganise nezithakazelo eziphikisanayo noma ushiyiwe ukuze alahle.
  2. Isicelo: Bobabili abachaphazelekayo bashintshana ngokwaziswa ngemibuzo ebhaliwe (imibuzo ebhaliwe), izicelo zezincwadi, nezicelo zokungeniswa. Lengxenye ingathatha izinyanga kuya ngaphezu konyaka.
  3. Imicimbi yamaza:[ Imicimbi ingathatha indiva ukuze ihlulele ngokufingqiwe, ukukhipha ubufakazi, noma ukuphoqa ukutholwa.
  4. Izingqungquthela ezicacile noma ukuphendulelwa: izinkantolo eziningi zifuna amaqembu ukuba azame ukuxazulula ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.
  5. :[ Izinkulumo zokuvula, ubufakazi (ubufakazi, amaphepha), nokuvala izimpikiswano. Umahluleli noma amajaji abese ekhipha isinqumo ngamabomu futhi akhiphe isinqumo.
  6. I-post transting nesicelo: Iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase licele umahluleli ukuba agumbuqele isinqumo noma anciphise umonakalo, futhi kamuva adlulise isikhalo enkantolo ephakeme.

Ngokuvamile ukuqulwa kwamacala ezakhamuzi akuyona indaba engokomthetho njengokuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu, futhi ezinhlangothini eziningi amacala axazululwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ngezindlela ezingafanele noma ngokuxazululwa ngokungafanele.

Icala Lobugebengu

  1. Ukuthatha noma ukunxusa: umthetho uthatha umsolwa noma umangalela ukuba avele enkantolo.
  2. Ukwenziwa kwencwadi nokubonakala kokuqala: Ummangalelwa utshelwa ngamacala futhi welulekwa ngamalungelo. U-Bail umisiwe noma ummangalelwa udedelwa uma ethola futhi ukuqashelwa.
  3. ukuqulwa kwecala kohlu lwecala lokuqulwa kwamacala noma ukumangalelwa okukhulu: emacaleni amacala ahlasimulisayo, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise isizathu esingaba sesokuqhubeka. Ijaji elikhulu lingase likhiphe icala emacaleni kahulumeni noma kwezinye izifundazwe.
  4. Icala:[ Ummangalelwa ungena isicelo: enecala, hhayi enecala, noma engekho umncintiswano.
  5. Izenzo ezicashile nezingaphambi kokwahlulela: Umshushisi kumele aphendule ubufakazi bokudlulisa (izinto ezibhaliwe). Izinyathelo zingabekela inselele ubufakazi obuphelele noma zifune ukuvimbela ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho.
  6. Ukuthengiselana: Icala elikhulu lobugebengu (angaphezu kuka-90%) linqunywa ngesivumelwano sesicelo, lapho ummangalelwa evuma ukumangalela icala elinecala elincane noma athole isigwebo esincishisiwe.
  7. :[ Uma kungekho kunxusa okufinyelelwayo, icala liyaqulwa. Ukushushisa kuqala kunikeza ubufakazi, kulandelwe ukuzivikela. Ummangalelwa angakhetha ukufakaza noma ukuhlala athule. Ijaji (noma ijaji) kumelwe lifinyelele isinqumo esihlangeneyo sokuqiniseka ezimisweni eziningi.
  8. Isigwebo:[ Uma ummangalelwa eboshiwe, isigwebo esihlukile sinquma isijeziso. Abahluleli bathembela eziqondisweni zokwahlulela futhi bacabangele izici ezilula noma ezilula.
  9. [[QURT: 0] Appal:[ Ummangalelwa angadlulisa imvume noma isigwebo. Umshushisi akanakudlulisela isigwebo.

Izinqubo zobugebengu zilawulwa kakhulu isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo − iSichibiyelo sesine (sesefuna nokuthatheka), isiHlanzi sesihlanu (ukuziphikisa), iSichibiyelo seSisithupha (ilungelo leseluleko nesiyaluyalo), kanye neSichibiyelo se-Seth (isijeziso esingavamile). Lezizivikelo azisebenzi kubantu abaqashwayo ngendlela efanayo.

Izilinganiso Zokulinganiselwa

Kokubili amacala omphakathi nawezigebengu angaphansi kwemingcele enqunyiwe enqunyelwa isikhathi, okubizwa ngokuthi imithetho yokulinganiselwa. (emuva kwalokho okuvinjelwayo.) Ezindabeni zomphakathi, isikhathi sihluka kakhulu ngokohlobo lweziqu nangegunya. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulimala komuntu siqu kuvame ukuba nesilinganiso seminyaka engu 2/3, kanti ukuphulwa kwesivumelwano kungaba neminyaka engu-4/6. Imithetho yezephulamthetho yokulinganiselwa iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu: ubugebengu obungathi ukubulala ngokuvamile abunasikhathi, kanti amafeloni angaphansi kwe-indensi angaba neminyaka engu-3-6, kanti futhi abakhombanga kahle ngokuvamile iminyaka engu-1 /2. Kubalulekile ukuthinta ummeli ngokushesha ukuze ugweme ukulahlekelwa yile mithetho.

Indima Yezimfudu Ezisemacaleni Angaphakathi Nawezigebengu

Imisebenzi nezibopho zabameli ziyahluka kuye ngokuthi basingatha indaba yomphakathi noma ubugebengu. Emacaleni omphakathi, abameli bamelela amakhasimende ezingxoxweni, ukuthunyelelwa, ukuquliswa, nokuqulwa kwecala. Umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ukusekela izifiso zamakhasimende nokuthola umphumela ongcono kakhulu ongase ubekhona. Ukuthola imvume engcono kakhulu eqondene nokukhipha isinxephezelo noma ukululaza ummangalelwa. Emacaleni obugebengu, abameli banomthwalo wemfanelo ongokomthetho wokunikeza usizo oluphumelelayo lweseluleko, oluhlanganisa ukuvinjelwa okuyinselelekile, okuvikela amalungelo ommangalelwa, nokufuna isinxephelo esihle kakhulu. Abagwebi, ababophekile, ababoshelwenesibopho esikhethekile sokufuna ubulungisa, hhayi nje ukuwina izinkolelo ezibongweni; kumelwe baveze ubufakazi obuqinile nezimo ezingokomthetho. [Umthetho u-FF:]

Imibuzo Engokoqobo Neyokwenza Uma Kuhileleke

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ucabangela ukumangalelwa, uye wamangalelwa, noma ubhekene namacala obugebengu, isinyathelo sokuqala nesibaluleke kakhulu ukufuna ukumelelwa okungokomthetho okusemthethweni. Ezicaleni zomphakathi, ummeli angahlola inzuzo yecala lakho, anikeze iziqondiso ngenani lezemali, futhi asebenzise imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi. Ezindabeni zobugebengu, ummeli ugxeka kusukela ngesikhathi sokuboshwa; noma yini oyisho kubenzi bomthetho ingasetshenziswa kuwe. Ungazami ukukhuluma nabaphehlisi ngaphandle kommeli wakho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, gcina amarekhodi acophelelayo. Emacalani omphakathi, ukugcina izivumelwano, ama-imeyili, izithombe, izikweleti zokwelapha, kanye nobufakazi obunye. Ezicaleni zobugebengu, bhala imininingwane yanoma yikuphi ukusebenzelana namaphoyisa, kuhlanganise nezinsuku, izikhathi, nofakazi. Ukuqonda ukungafani komthetho wombango nowobugebengu kungakusiza futhi ukuba ulawule amathemba: ukumangalelwa komphakathi ngeke kuthumele othile ejele, futhi ukukhokhwa kwecala kungavele kukhokhele isisulu. Isimiso ngasinye sisebenza umsebenzi ohlukile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuyadingeka ukuba ufeze ubulungisa obuphelele.

Isiphetho

Umthetho uyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ukuhlukanisa okuyisisekelo phakathi komthetho wesizwe nowesigebengu kunikeza uhlelo olubalulekile lokuqonda cishe zonke izinhlobo zempikiswano engokomthetho. Amacala omphakathi ahilela ukungezwani kwangasese futhi ahlose ukwenza ukuba inxephezelo noma ukukhululeka okuthile. Izigebengu zihilela ukuphambuka komphakathi futhi zifune ukujezisa osoni lapho zivikela umphakathi. Umthwalo wobufakazi, amaqembu, amalungelo, izinqubo, nemiphumela engenzeka ihluke kakhulu phakathi kwalokhu kuphikisana. Ngokuqaphela lokhu kwamacala, ungasebenzisa izinselele ezingokomthetho, ungaxhumana ngokuphumelelayo nommeli wakho, futhi uvikele amalungelo akho. Ukuze uqhubeke ufunde, [[FLT:] unikeza izincazelo ezingokomthetho zomthetho [[FLT:], kanye nemiphumela ephakathi [FLT:]. [FL:]