Isimiso somthetho simisa umgogodla wesinqumo sempikiswano enokuthula emiphakathini yentando yeningi. Sinikeza izinhlelo ezihleliwe kubantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni zokuxazulula izingxabano ngaphandle kokuzisiza noma ukuphendukela ebudloveni. Ukuqonda indlela lesi simiso esisebenza ngayo akuyona nje into ebalulekile kochwepheshe bezomthetho kuphela kodwa nakunoma ubani ongase ngelinye ilanga adinge ukuqinisa, ukuvikela, noma ukumane aqaphele indlela ukuhleleka komphakathi okugcinwa ngayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izakhi eziyisisekelo, izinqubo, nezici zesimiso sobulungisa, eziphuma ekukhaleleni kokuqala ngokunxusa kokugcina.

Siyini Isimiso Sobulungisa Bezakhamuzi?

Isimiso somthetho womthetho siyisimiso sezinkantolo, imithetho esemthethweni, nezimiso zomthetho ezisingatha izingxabano phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezizimele noma phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezizimele nohulumeni ezindabeni ezingezona ezobugebengu. Ngokungafani nomthetho wobugebengu, lapho uhulumeni umangalela khona abantu ngezenzo ezibhekwa njengeziyingozi emphakathini, umthetho wesizwe ugxila ekuxazululeni izingxabano nokunikeza amakhambi amakhambi ezono. Izehlakalo zomphakathi zihilela ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukulimala komuntu siqu (tort), ukuxabana kwempahla, umthetho womkhaya owehlukanisa isehlukaniso nelungelo lokugcina abantwana, izingxabano zemisebenzi, nokuthola amalungelo emisebenzi, kanye namalungelo abathengi.

Umehluko oyinhloko yinjongo yokuqhubeka. Amacala obugebengu ahlose ukujezisa nokunqanda, kuyilapho amacala omphakathi ezama ukubuyisela lowo olimele noma ukuwabuyisela esimweni ayekuso ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke umonakalo. Indinganiso yobufakazi iyahluka futhi: izigebengu zidinga ubufakazi obungangangatshazwayo, kanti izigebengu zidinga kuphela [ ukuphazanyiswa kobufakazi — okusho ukuthi, kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ummangalelwa uyafaneleka. Lolunqe oluphansi lubonisa izigxobo ezihlukahlukene ezihilelekile: izahlulelo zombango zihilela ukulahlwa noma ukulahlekelwa okungakhokhwa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yinkululeko. Ukuqhathanisa okuningi, [[FLT:] ukuqhathanisa okubanzi, [FLD] Creall Information Institutesmentmentment [FFFF3]]

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zesimiso Sobulungisa Somphakathi

Le nqubo isebenza ngeqembu labadlali nezinhlangano ezihlangene futhi ngayinye inendima ehlukile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi umthetho usebenza ngokulunga, ngokunenzuzo futhi unamathela ekwakheni umthetho.

Izinkantolo

Izinkantolo ziyizindawo lapho izingxabano ziphikiswana khona. Zihlelwa ngokulandelana: izinkantolo zamacala (ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi inkantolo ephakeme, inkantolo yesifunda, noma inkantolo yesifunda) zizwa amacala ekuqaleni futhi zenze okutholakele. izinkantolo zibukeza izinqumo zenkantolo zamacala ngenxa yamaphutha angokomthetho, kanye nekhothamo lokugcina imvume yecala lokugcina [[FLT] inkantolo ephakeme] inikeza incazelo yokugcina yomthetho. Izwe ngalinye lilondoloza isimiso salomthetho walo, futhi kunezinqubo zenkantolo ehlangene yezomthetho ehilela ukwahlukahlukahlukana kwemithetho, noma izakhamuzi ezithile.

Abahluleli

Abahluleli baqondisa amacawa, banqume ukuthi izinqubo ziyalandelwa, futhi banqume izigigaba lapho kungekho bahluleli. Ekuqulweni kwecala, umahluleli usebenza njengabo bobabili abakhokhi kanye nejaji lika-Versan. Ekuqulweni kwejaji, umahluleli uyayala abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo futhi ulawule ukunikezwa kobufakazi. Abahluleli kumelwe bahlale bengakhethi futhi baboshwe ngemithetho yokuziphatha kokwahlulela.

Ababhali

Ama-ally amelela amaqembu. u-appentiff wommeli uhlela ukukhononda, ukusungula, futhi aphikisane necala. i-dendendintant[ ummeli ufaka impendulo, uphakamisa izikhuselo, futhi uphikisa ngobufakazi. Ezimweni eziningi zomphakathi, noma zombili zingazimelela ngokwazo ([[FLT: 4,]]pro[FLT:]]), kodwa ukumelela okungokomthetho kutuswa kakhulu ukuba kube nobunkimbini bemithetho ye-projectal nezindinganiso ezisobala.

Imikhosi

Amaqembu abantu ngabanye, izinkampani, noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezihilelekile. iqala ukumangalela okuzisholo ukuthi kulimala noma kuphukile, kanye ne-dendendint [ iyiqembu okufunwa kulo usizo. Kwezinye izimo kuhlanganiswa abamangalelwa noma abamangalelwa abaningi, njengasemisebenzini yekilasi noma ezindinganisweni ze-injini.

IJuries

Amajaji asetshenziswa ezindabeni ezimbalwa zomphakathi, ngokuvamile e-United States lapho iSichibiyelo seSeventh siqinisekisa khona ukuqulwa kwecala lejaji emacaleni omphakathi ahilela ama-2020. Nokho, izifundazwe eziningi zinikeza amajaji amajaji ekuqulweni kwecala lomphakathi. AmaJuries anquma imibuzo yeqiniso — empeleni lokho okwenzeka — kuyilapho uma ijaji linquma imibuzo yomthetho. Isinqumo sabahluleli kumelwe sivumelane ezindaweni eziningi ngaphandle kokuba amaqembu avumelane.

Izinga Lecala Lezakhamuzi

Indlela esukela empikiswaneni kuya ekwahluleleni kokugcina ihilela izigaba eziningana ezihlukene. isigaba ngasinye sinikeza amathuba okuxazulula ukuqulwa kwecala, kodwa futhi siphoqelela izimfuneko ezingokwesiko abantu okumelwe bazilandele ngokucophelela.

Ukukhishwa Kwesisu

Ngaphambi kokuqulisa icala, amaqembu ayadingeka noma akhuthazwa ukuba azame ukuzenzela isinqumo ngokwawo. Lengxenye ihlanganisa ukuhlanganisa phakathi kwamaqembu noma abameli bawo, ukuthumela uhlamvu olugunyaziwe [ oludinga ukudluliswa kwezincwadi, oluchaza iziphakamiso, kanye nekhambi eliceliwe, oluveza ubufakazi [[ njengezincwadi, izitatimende, nochwepheshe bemibiko. Izivumelwano eziningi zihlanganisa uhlamvu oludinga ukukhishwa kwemidiyamu noma ukumiswa phambi kwanoma yisiphi isigebeko, futhi ezinye izinkantolo zigunyaza ukuhlangana. Imizamo ephumelelayo ephambili yokwamukeleni.

Ukuqeda Isikhalo

Inqubo engokomthetho iqala lapho amaface aqala achaza ngenkantolo efanele. Ukukhononda kumelwe kuphawule amacala, kunikeze isisekelo esingokomthetho samazwi (impikiswano nendawo), kuchaza amaqiniso abangela ukuphikisana, futhi kucele usizo olukhethekile olunjengomonakalo wemali, ukukhululeka kwezentengiselwano, noma ukwahlulela okungathandeki. Ukukhononda kumelwe kusayinikwe ngaphansi kwesigwebo se-perjury (kwezinye izifunda) futhi kungaphansi kwesimiso esifanele sokunxusa — kumelwe kunikeze isaziso esilungile kummangalelwa wempi. Ukukhononda okungafanele kungalahlwa ekuthulweni ukuze kukhishwe ukuhluleka ukukhipha isinqumo.

Inkonzo yenqubo

Ngemva kokubhala, ummangalelwa kumelwe asebenzise ummangalelwa ngokukhononda kanye ama-summons[. Umsebenzi wenqubo uyimfuneko yomthetho-sisekelo; ummangalelwa kumelwe athole isaziso esanele sokumangalela nokuthola ithuba lokuzwakala. Imithetho iyahlukahluka ngegunya kodwa ngokuvamile ivumela inkonzo yomuntu siqu (ukudluliswa kommangalelwa), esikhundleni senkonzo (kumuntu omdala onomthwalo wemfanelo endlini noma ebhizinisini), noma inkonzo ngeposi ngokuvuma. Uma ummangalelwa engekho, inkantolo ingase igunyaze inkonzo yokukhishwa kwephephandaba. Inkonzo yomuntu siqu ingaphumela ekuxoshweni icala noma ukwahlulela.

4. Ukusabela Komlweli: Impendulo Nezimemezelo Ezimelene Nempi

Uma eseyitholile, ummangalelwa unesikhathi esilinganiselwe (ngokwesilinganiso 21-30 enkantolo kahulumeni) sokuphendula . Impendulo iyavuma noma ikuphika ukumangalelwa ngakunye ekukhonondeni. Ukuphika kumelwe kwenziwe ngokholo oluqinile; ukuphika kungashaywa yinkantolo. Impendulo ingaphakamisa futhi [[FLT:] isivikelo [[] njengomthetho wemingcele, i-waverver, imvume nokwaneliseka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ummangalelwa angaveza [[FLT]] ama-aster ama-pal [[FLT], ngokuphumelela ngokuguqula wonke amathebula atheku.]

Ukutholwa. 5.

Ukuvubukulwa kuvame ukuba isikhathi esiningi esithatha isikhathi esingu-sakha futhi esibizayo secala lomphakathi. Yinqubo engokomthetho lapho bobabili bethola khona ukwaziswa nobufakazi komunye nomunye nakumaqembu amathathu. Imithetho ye-Federal ye-Civil Proceduture ne-odrom evumelanayo nohulumeni igunyaza amathuluzi amaningana okuthola:

  • Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo.
  • Izicelo zokuveza amabhukwana: Izicelo zama-imeyili, izivumelwano, amarekhodi emali, izithombe, nezinye izinto ezibonakalayo.
  • [ Izimemo zempi: izimemezelo okumelwe ukuthi umbangi uvume noma aphike, ezisetshenziselwa izimpikiswano eziwumngcingo.
  • [[INDABA: 0] Izilinganiso:[ Ukuhlolwa komlomo kofakazi namaqembu, okuye kwaqhutshwa ngaphansi kwesifungo futhi kwaqoshwa intatheli yasenkantolo. Izimvume zivumela abameli ukuba bahlole ukwethenjelwa nokutshixa ubufakazi.
  • [ I-Subpoenas:[ inkantolo iyala ukuba kuphoqelelwe abantu besithathu (njengamabhange noma abaqashi) ukuba bakhiqize amabhukwana noma bavele ku-fashoni.

Ukuthola kungahlanganisa futhi ofakazi abangochwepheshe, abalungiselela imibiko ebhaliwe futhi abakwazi ukuyifaka. Ububanzi bento yokuthola: noma iziphi izinto ezingavunyelwe ezisemqoka ezivumelana nokufuna noma ukuzivikela kweqembu ziyatholakala. Nokho, izinkantolo zingalinganisela ukutholwa uma kunqwabelana noma umthwalo onzima. [FLT] Féderal Resturences of Civil Procediture[ ibusa ukutholakala enkantolo kahulumeni futhi ngokuvamile kwamukelwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni.

6. Ukuhamba Kwangaphambi Komshado

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, abahilelekile bangase bathathe amaphutha ukuze baxazulule icala noma izindaba ezithile ngaphandle kovivinyo. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhipha: Ama-Ague ukuthi ngisho noma konke ukumangalela kuyiqiniso, ukukhononda kwehluleka ukusho okusemthethweni.
  • [[INTLOBO] i-Motion ye-Complete Justice Justice Justice Justice: ikhuthaza ukuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela kweqiniso lezinto ezibonakalayo nokuthi umthuthi unelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho. Ukusekela ama-affidavits, izifakela, nezincwadi kucatshangelwa.
  • Motion to Compel Discovery: icela umyalo wenkantolo ophoqelela olunye uhlangothi ukuba luphendule izicelo ezitholakele.
  • [[UMTL:0] Motion in Limine: ifuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obuthile ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.

Uma kunikezwa ukuthatha isinyathelo sokwahlulela okufushane, icala liphela ngaphandle kovivinyo.

7. Ukuqulwa kwecala

Ecaleni, bobabili baveza amacala abo ngezitatiso zokuvula, ukuhlola okuqondile nokunqamula kofakazi, ukufakwa kwemiboniso, nokuphetha izimpikiswano. Iphuzu elibalulekile — kungaba ijaji (icala eliyinqaba) noma ijaji — bese bekhipha isinqumo ngamabomu. [ Umthwalo wobufakazi uhlala ngomsizi wofakazi, okumelwe afakazele isici ngasinye ngecala lobufakazi. Enkantolo yebhentshiwe. Ebhantshini, umahluleli uveza amaqiniso neziphetho zomthetho. Ecatshalweni, umahluleli uyayala ijaji ngomthetho, futhi ubuyisela isinqumo esivamile (ukuvumelana noma ukungahlangani) noma izinqumo ezikhethekile (enzelwayo imibuzo eqondile).

Ukunikezwa kobufakazi kulandela imithetho eqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuzwa kuvame ukuba akwenzekanga uma kungasebenzi. Ubufakazi obuyimfihlo kumelwe buhlangabezene nendinganiso ye- yokwethembeka. Umahluleli usebenza njengomgcini wesango, uqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi obubalulekile nobunokwethenjelwa bufinyelela abahluleli.

8. Ukuhamba Nokukhanga Kwangemva Kwesikole

Ngemva kwesinqumo, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase libeke unyawo olusha ngemva kwecala: ukusabela kokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho (ukunyakaza okuvuselelwe], liphikisa ngokuthi ubufakazi abungonele ngokomthetho; [ ukuhexa kwecala elisha [, ukuvumelana kwamaphutha noma ukungalungisi; noma [[FLT:] ukuguqula noma ukuqeda ukwahlulela . Uma liphiwe, iqembu lingadlulisela icala enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo zilinganiselwe ezingokomthetho ezimpikiswayo ngokubukeza ukuvinjelwa komthetho, ukungakhonzi okukhangayo. Iqembu kumelwe libonise ukuthi umphumela ongathi kuyenzeka futhi lingasebenza kahle. Kodwa futhi lisebenza ngokulunga.

Enye Impikiswano

Ngenxa yokuthi ukuphikisa kwesizwe kuyabiza futhi isikhathi sikhona, izimpikiswano eziningi zixazululwa ngaphandle kwenkantolo ngezwi inqumo ehlukile yesinqumo [. Izindlela ezivamile ze-ADR zihlanganisa:

  • [ I-mediation:[ Ingxenye yesithathu engathathi hlangothi isiza abahilelekile ukuba baxoxe ngesivumelwano esamukelekayo. Umlamuleli akanawo amandla okuphoqelela isinqumo.
  • I-Arbitution: Arbitritor (noma indawo elawulayo) izwa ubufakazi bese ikhipha isinqumo esibophayo noma esingabophayo 76]. Izivumelwano eziningi zidinga ukuvalwa.
  • Ukuqulwa kwecala lobuwula: Ukufinyezwa kwecala lobuwula phambi komsizi wangempela ukuze ahlole amathuba okuthola izikhawu.
  • Ukuhlolwa okungalawuleki okungaphambili: Uchwepheshe onenjongo uhlola icala futhi asikisele umehluko wesinqumo.

Izinkantolo zivame ukubhekisa amacala enkantolo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, futhi izikhulu eziningi zigunyaza i-ADR emkhayeni noma emacaleni amancane ashoyo. i-American Arbitration Association inikeza imithombo emikhulu yezinkonzo zokulawula nokulungisa.

Izingozi Nezindlela Zokwelapha

Umgomo wokuquliswa kwezindaba zomphakathi uwukunikeza ikhambi lomonakalo owenzekile.

  • [[INTLA:0] Imiphumela yokuhlahlela: Ihloselwe ukwenza ipethimethime liphelele — ukuvala izikweletu zezokwelapha, ukulahleka kweholo, ukulimala kwempahla, nobuhlungu nokuhlupheka.
  • Imiphumela ehlukanisayo: Akhtiwe uma kuvela ukuziphatha okuxekethile (ukuziphatha okungathandeki, unya, ukucindezela) ukuze kujeziswe ummangalelwa futhi kuvinjelwe ukuziphatha okubi kwesikhathi esizayo. Ezinye izigaba zikhipha isijeziso.
  • [ Impumuzo engathintiweyo:[ Isinqumo senkantolo esifuna ummangalelwa ukuba enze noma agweme ukwenza isenzo esithile — ngokwesibonelo, ukumisa isiphambeko noma ukumisa isivumelwano esiqinile.
  • Isahlulelo sokukhipha imvume: Isinqumo senkantolo samalungelo amaqembu ngaphandle kokuyala noma yisiphi isenzo, esivame ukusetshenziswa ezimpikiswaneni zomshuwalense noma zesivumelwano.
  • I-Restitution: ifuna ummangalelwa ukuba abuyisele impahla noma inzuzo etholakala ngobubi.

Ukukhathalela Okungokoqobo Kwabantu Abathile

Ukulawula isimiso somthetho-mthetho kungaba okusabisayo. Amaphuzu abalulekile awusizo ahlanganisa:

  • Ukuzingela kokulinganiselwa: Uhlobo ngalunye lwento olunesilinganiso esiqinile sesikhathi (umz., unyaka owodwa wokuhlanjalazwa, iminyaka engu 2-3 yokulimala komuntu siqu, iminyaka efinyelela kweyishumi ngenxa yokuphulwa kwesivumelwano kwezinye izindawo). Ukungafinyelelwa isikhathi okumisiweyo kungenamkhawulo phakade.
  • Imali ne-Piee:[[FT:1] Imali ebizayo — izindleko zokukhokha intela, intela yezikhulu, izindleko zochwepheshe, kanye nezikhokhiso zabameli zinganqwabelana ngokushesha. Abameli abaningi basebenza ngesisekelo esivumelanayo ezimweni ezilimazayo zomuntu siqu (ukuthatha isilinganiso sokululama), kodwa ezinye izimo zidinga izindleko ezithatha ihora noma izindleko ezicashile.
  • I-Project Selitigation: ukuzimelela ngokwakho kuyingozi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izinkantolo eziningi zinikeza izikhungo zosizo kodwa azikwazi ukunikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho.
  • [[IQUT:0] Isembozo somshuwalense: Umshuwalense wemali ungahlanganisa izindleko zomthetho nokwahlulela. Uma umangalelwe, yazisa i-insurensi yakho ngokushesha.
  • Imithetho eqinile. Icala: Amacala omphakathi angaphezu kwa 90% ahlala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Ukuhlala kunikeza ukuqiniseka futhi kugwema ukulimala okungokomzwelo kwecala, kodwa kungahilela ukuhlehla.

Kulabo abafuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngezinqubo ezithile zikahulumeni, i-website FindLAW inikeza iziqondisi zikahulumeni ngokuqala icala noma ukusabela kulelo.

Isiphetho

Isimiso sokwahlulela somphakathi siyindlela eyinkimbinkimbi yokuxazulula izingxabano kuyilapho sisekela umthetho. Kusukela encwadini yokuqala efunwayo ukuya ekudluliseleni izicelo zokugcina, isigaba ngasinye siklanyelwe ukulinganisela inqubo elungile nesinqumo esiphumelelayo. Nakuba lesi simiso singenawo amaphutha — izindleko, ukulibala, yinkimbinkimbi — kuseyimigoqo — kusebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni izivumelwano, ekuqinisekiseni izisulu, nasekulondolozeni ukuhleleka komphakathi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi womthetho, umnini-bhizinisi, noma isakhamuzi esizimele, ukuqonda izinqubo nezindlela zaso zokulawula izikhali zakho, ukukunikeza amandla okuvikela amalungelo akho nokulungisa izigwegwegwesi ngokuqiniseka.