Isingeniso: Ukuhlangana Kokutholwa Komphakathi Nezindaba Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ukutholakala kwe-electronic (e-reference disease) kuye kwaguqula indlela obuqoqwa ngayo ubufakazi ngokubekwa kwemininingwane yomphakathi. Kodwa uma lokho kutholwa kuhilela ukufinyelela omunye u-̱ amafayela emishini, ama-imeyili, noma indawo yokugcina amafu, lenqubo ingangqubuzana nezindlela zomthetho ezivikela ukuphenya nokuquleka okungaqondakali. Izimfuneko zempi zisebenza kanjani njengomgcinisango ongokomthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu awadubuli ngemininingwane yangasese ngaphandle kokuqondisa okufanelekile kokwahlulela. Ngokungafani nomo womthetho ovamile, i-e - revolutiony iphakamisa imibuzo ekhethekile: Yini ekufanele ukuba ihlolwe? Futhi kumele ukuba kutholakale kanjani isiqinisekiso? Futhi lezo zisebenza kanjani ngempela ukuba kube isibopho esikhishwa?

Lesi sihloko sihlola ukugcinwa kwezimfuneko zomthetho ezigunyazwayo ekutholeni imvume, sihlanganisa izinqubo zomthetho, izinselele ezivamile, amasu asebenzayo okuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhona, kanye nokuthambekela okuvelayo. Ngokuqonda lemithetho, amaqembu angokomthetho angathatha izinto ngokusemthethweni, avikele izindaba zomuntu siqu zabathengi, futhi agweme izijeziso ezibizayo.

Ukuqonda Izimfuneko Ezinhle Ezifundweni

Imvume inkantolo egunyaza ukuseshwa noma ukuphangwa kwempahla ethile. Uma kubekwa imvume, kuvela izivumelwano lapho iqembu lifuna ukungena e-ESI elingekho eqenjini, noma lapho ukutholakala kwalo ngokwako kuhlanganisa isithakazelo somuntu siqu esivikelwe yiSichibiyelo sesine. Isimiso esiyinhloko siwukuthi imvume kumelwe isekelwe cishe ngesizathu, ichaze ngokuchaza izinto ezithile ezizoseshwa, futhi ibulawe ngendlela enengqondo.

Izisekelo Zesine Zesichibiyelo

ISichibiyelo Sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sivikela abantu ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni. Nakuba ngokomlando kusetshenziswa ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni, izimiso zayo zivame ukuqondisa izinkantolo ezimpikiswaneni zokuthola umphakathi, ikakhulukazi lapho amaqembu azimele ezama ukuthola ukwaziswa nge-subpoenas noma iziyalo zenkantolo. United States v. Jones [202] [202], iNkakhulu leNkantolo ephethe ukuthi i-GPS emshinini emoto yakhankani, isho ukusesha i-ipha i-injini, okuqinisekisa isidingo semvume e-e-actalture e-almstions. Ku-andment &517; ukucabangela kusho ukuthi izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele isigaba sokucela i-&8217; ukuze kunikezwe ubufakazi obuvumelana ne-partmentaseqenjini.

Izimfuneko Eziwumthetho: Isinyathelo Sokukhulumisana Esigciniwe

I-Curve Communications Act (SCA), 18 U.S.C. 76 2701-2712, imisa izimfuneko eziqinile zokufinyelela izokuxhumana ngemishini ethile eqhutshwa yizisebenzi. Ngaphansi kwe-SCA, i-social Communications Act (inhlangano ye-SCA), i-Universations Act ukuze ithole imvume yokuphoqelela umnikezeli ukuba adale okuqukethwe ucingo noma ukuxhumana ngemishini okugcinwe izinsuku ezingu-80 noma ezimbalwa. Izingxoxo zakudala, ipena noma uhlelo lwenkantolo lungakwanele, kodwa izinkantolo eziningi ziye zandisa isivikelo kubo bonke abaqukethe iSichibiyelo sesine. Empempelezelo yomphakathi, ngokuvamile izigidi ezinkantolo zincike ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwezingasese, kodwa izinkantolo zingadinga ukuboniswa komthetho lapho izithakazelo zomthetho ziphezulu. Izazi zezemthetho zingasho iziqondiso ze-SAC noma iziqondiso ezisemthethweni zokuvikela iziqondiso ezisemthethweni.

Izindinganiso Ezingokomthetho Zokuphoqelela Ukuphoqelelwa

Lapho inkantolo ikhipha imvume egunyazwe ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi, amaphoyisa kumelwe avumelane nezindinganiso eziqinile ezingokomthetho nezingalawuleki.

  • Imbangela eqinisekile: Umceli kumelwe abonise inkolelo enengqondo yokuthi i-ESI iqukethe ubufakazi obuvumelana nokusho okuthile noma ukuzivikela.
  • Isigaba:[ Isivumelwano kumelwe sichaze ukwaziswa noma izisetshenziswa ezinemininingwane eqondile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphenya okuvamile, ukuhlola. Amagama anjenge-all emails ̵ ngokuvamile athathwa ngaphezu kwe-brand.
  • Ukuguqula: Ukuhlola kufanele kwenziwe ngendlela elinganisela ukungenela kwe-onge-propoce noma into eyigugu. Lokhu kungahilela ukusebenzisa izisefo eziyinhloko, uhlu lwezinsuku, noma imithetho elandelwayo ye-fonsic.
  • Ukubuya kwempahla: Ngemva kokusesha, umenzi wesenzo kumele abuye noma abhubhise ukwaziswa okungabalulekile kanye ne-akhawunti yakho konke ukuquleka.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nokunikezwa Isabelo

Izinkantolo zihlola ukugcinwa kwemithetho ngaphansi kwesimiso sokubekwa kwemithetho ngaphansi kwesimiso sokulinganisela esibekwe ku-Federal Procedire 26(b)(1). Ngisho noma imvume isebenza ngokwezobuchwepheshe, umthwalo eqenjini eliphendulayo akumelwe udlulele kunenzuzo engenzekayo yokutholwa. O’ Toolev. McTaggart[[FL:1] (Ayikho, 19-cv-030, N.D.C. 2020), inkantolo esusa i-topicpoena efuna i-&817; yonke isivikelo, iphethe ukuthi isicelo sasingalingani nesilinganiso sempikiswano. Uma kuhlelwa, i-progreementation i-cctal kufanele ichazwe futhi ingabalulekangadingekile.

Izinselele Ekudluliseleni Izimfuneko Ezinganqamuki

Ukugunyaza izimfuneko zenkathi yezibalo kugcwele izithiyo ezingokoqobo nezingokomthetho. Ngezansi kuvame kakhulu izinselele nendlela izinkantolo eziye zazisingatha ngayo.

Ukuchaza Ubungako Bemininingwane Yezinombolo

I-ESI yanamuhla iphila phakathi kwezisetshenziswa eziningi, ama-akhawunti amafu, iziteshi zezokuxhumana, kanye nezinhlelo zezokuxhumana. Isivumelwano esichaza i-#8220; okuqukethwe yi-Dealtant ̱ i-metal ’ i-metams footers ” ingalahlekelwa ukwaziswa okugcinwe kwizisebenzi ezikude noma izingodo zengxoxo ezifihliwe. Izinkantolo zivame ukudinga imininingwane ye-affidavits nokuhlela izakhiwo zemininingwane yemininingwane yemininingwane yemininingwane. Ku-Grand Jury Subbena [[[FLTLT:1], 2018], WL 3018.D.D.C.2018, inkantolo iqukethe i-octalbaccomss i-'expoirth-outs'irth-out, ngenxa yeqoqo elingokomthetho lokusebenza.

I-cude Carpe neMdatha yokuhleleka kwesiphambano

Lapho i-ESI igcinwa kubasebenzisi abasendaweni ehlukene, ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuyashintshana ngemingcele yemithetho. Inkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. i-Riley v. California (2014] iqaphela ukuthi ulwazi lwezinombolo luhlukile kubufakazi obungokoqobo, futhi uMicroft Corp. v. United States[FLT]] [[FLT]] [206] icala eliqokomisa izingxabano phakathi kwe-U.S. lifaka imvume nemithetho yangasese yangaphandle. Amafu ngokuvamile adinga isiqinisekiso esisenkundleni esisebenza komuntu siqu phezu kwe-patro. Abakhi be-Proctive kufanele balindele ukushuba okusekelwe ezindaweni ze-data futhi balungiselwe ukufakwa ngaphansi kwe-SCACAGO OverseAct (UT).

Izithiyo Zokubhala KwamaBhayibheli Nezobuchwepheshe

Ukukopisha okungena ekupheleni kunganikeza isiqinisekiso ngokuphumelelayo ngoba ukwaziswa akunakufundwa ngisho noma kubanjiwe. Izinkantolo ziye zazama ukuzama ukuthi abantu bangaphoqelelwa yini ukuba bafake imishini yokufihla ikhowudi noma banikeze izingcabo. United States v. Apple[ (206], uhulumeni wafuna ukuphoqa ukuba udale umnyango we-iPhone, isicelo esisuswe ngemva kokukhishwa kwemishini yomphakathi. Emacala omphakathi, inkantolo ingayala ukuba kukhiqizwe amakhophi afinqiwe noma ikhiphe izivumelwano uma iqembu lenqaba ukubambisana. Nokho, iSimendezi sesihlanu &817; ukuvikela ekuzibekeni imingcele yokuzicindezela okunjalo. Kungcono ukucushela futhi kuhlanganisa ukukhishwa kwemvume yenkantolo noma ukufakwa enkantolo.

Ilungelo Nesivikelo Somsebenzi

Izindawo zokuhlola izibalo zifaka engozini ukuthatha amagqhinga-accompant progated promments oreant. Iqembu elikhiphayo kumelwe libe nezinqubo zokuhlola izinto eziyigugu (ngokwesibonelo, ngokusebenzisa izingodo zelungelo, amaqhinga, noma izivumelwano ze-clack. Izinkantolo ziye zathi ukuhluleka ukuthatha izinyathelo ezinengqondo zokuvikela ilungelo kungakuvimbela ukuvikelwa. [[FL:0]] Mack v. United States[FLL:1], 201 WL 12366 (N.C.C.2021), inkantolo yanquma ukuthi uhulumeni uqhube ukuphesha okubanzi kwenkampani yeze umthetho i-&̱ isiphakeli futhi yayala zonke izincwadi ngenxa yokuntula ilungelo lokubona. I-projectivession, idinga ukuhlelwa kwelungelo, ngenxa yalokho, i-ENFromessary, i-ES.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokufeza Izimfuneko Eziyimpi

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kugcinwa umthetho futhi kusebenza, ochwepheshe bezomthetho kufanele bamukele le mikhuba elandelayo.

Induna Yezinsimbi Nezisebenzi Ezincane

Sebenza ngochwepheshe be-fonsic kanye nenkantolo ukuchaza kahle ukuthi imiphi imininingwane efunwayo. Sebenzisa uhlu lwezinsuku, izinhlobo ezithile zamafayela, abagcini, kanye nama-gama amagama abalulekile. Gwema amagama athunyelwe-ovula njenge-#8220; wonke amarekhodi ahlobene ne-̵ ngaphandle kokulinganisela umongo. Isibonakaliso singachaza: ̴ Wonke ama-imeyili phakathi kuka-John Doe no Jane Smith kusukela ngo-January 1, 2023, kuya ku-December 31, 2023, ngokuphathelene nesivumelwano sangoFebruary 1, 2023.&8221; Lokhu kunciphisa ithuba lokuncishintshwa noma ukunyakaza.

Ukusheshisa Imishini Yokuzivuselela Kusenesikhathi

Ochwepheshe be-Fennesic bangasiza ekuklameni inqubo yokuqoqa, ukumisa imithetho yokuhlola, nokubhala uchungechunge lokuwinwa kwezingane. Ukuba khona kwabo kubaluleke kakhulu lapho besebenzelana nendawo eyinkimbinkimbi enjengezinhlanganisela zenkampani noma ukuxhumana okuyimfihlo. Ngokwesibonelo, e- United States v. I-Compehensive Drug Summoting [ [9. 2010], inkantolo yagxeka uhulumeni ngenxa yokuhluleka ukusebenzisa amathuluzi okuhlola akhiwe nge-omfashoni futhi yayala ukuba ahlolwe ngemithetho eqinile. Amaqembu omphakathi ahlola i-computercial com nawo kufanele athembele kuchwepheshe abahlolele ukuqoqa izinhlelo.

Ukuthola Imvume Yenkantolo Yokufuna Imithetho

Kunokulinda impikiswano, funa imvume yasenkantolo yendlela yokufuna ngaphambi kokuphumeza imvume. Lokhu kungahlanganisa uhlu oluhlongozwayo, uhlelo lokususa uzungu, kanye nezinyathelo zamalungelo. Imvume yenkantolo idala itheku eliphephile futhi yenza kube nzima ngeqembu eliphikisayo ukuba kamuva liphikise ukuthi ukupheka akunangqondo. Ezinye izinkantolo manje zifuna ukuba amaqembu anikeze umthetho olandelwayo i-̴ ukuvikela i-protocolot ̵ kanye nesicelo somthetho.

Londoloza Amaphuzu Ahle

Inyathelo ngalinye lokugcinwa kwemithetho-mvume (kusukela ekutholeni imvume ukuya ekukhiqizweni kokugcina kwemininingwane(-) kufanele kubhalwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izingodo ezifinyelelwe umniningo, ukuthi yimaphi amathuluzi ayesetshenziswa, amakhophi akho konke amagama efayela ne-metameter, kanye nohlu lwezinto ezibanjiwe. I-odoli elungile isiza ekuvikeleni ukuvinjelwa kokukhishwa kwe-odoctive noma ukufinyelela okungafanele. Isiza nokuba lula ukuba kubonakale uma inkantolo kamuva ibukeze ukuvuma.

Sebenzisa Iziqondiso Zokuvikela Nezivumelwano Zokuhlehla

Ukuhleleka okuvikelayo ngaphansi koMthetho 26(c) kungalinganisela ukusetshenziswa kokwaziswa okudaluliwe ngaphandle kwe-ligiation. Isivumelwano se-calack ngaphansi komthetho 502(d) sivumela umkhiqizi ukuba asebenzise ilungelo ngisho nangemva kokuvula i-invertempoograph. Lamathuluzi abaluleke kakhulu uma isiqinisekiso sidinga ukuguqula inqwaba enkulu yemininingwane. Ukuwahlanganisa abe yinqubo efanelekile yokunciphisa ingozi yokuchayeka.

Indima YeNkosi Ekhethekile

Kulokho okutholakele okuyinkimbinkimbi, izinkantolo zimisa abaphathi abakhethekile ukuba bengamele ukugcinwa kwamandla ezisebenzi. Inkosi ekhethekile ingasebenza njengeqembu elingathathi hlangothi ekubukezeni ukwaziswa, ekuxazululeni izingxabano zamalungelo, futhi iqinisekise ukuvumelana ne-Sictus ̱ izinkulumo. Ngokwesibonelo, [ku- u-Exchange ̱] u-Explore; i-Warrant Compliance[[[FLL:1], inkosi ekhethekile yamiswa ukuba ibukeze amashumi ezinkulungwane zezincwadi ezihlolwe ngelungelo, inciphise umthwalo enkantolo. Izigaba kufanele zicabange ukuthi inkosi ekhethekile uma umqulu we-ES iphakeme noma uma kulindelwe izimpikiswano zobuchwepheshe.

Ukuhlanjululwa Kokungaphikisi Noma Ukuxhashazwa Ngokweqile

Ukwehluleka ukugunyaza umthetho ngokufanelekile kungaphumela emvuzweni onzima. Uma umkhandlu udlula ubukhulu bemvume noma uhluleka ukuvikela izinto eziyigugu, inkantolo ingacindezela ubufakazi, intela, noma ibeke izijeziso zemali. Lilly & Co. v. Arch Consurectory. (S.D. 2021), inkantolo ivuma umbhikishi wokwenza uphendlo olungenasiqinisekiso lwe-mScrist ̱ i-ex - ne-ex - programet, iyala ukubuya kwayo yonke imininingwane kanye nokukhokha izintela zommeli. Ngokuphambene, uma iqembu lenqaba ukuvumelana nophawu olusemthethweni, ukukhiqiniswa kwenkantolo kungaqhube izigidiyo nendelelo. Isihluthulelo sisebenza ngokunemba olukhanyayo futhi ngokulinganayo phakathi nenqubo.

Imikhuba Yesikhathi Esizayo Nokucatshangelwa Okuwusizo

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha, kuyokwenza ukuba kuqikelelwe ukuba kuqashelwe.

  • Ukuhlakanipha okuzenzekelayo nokubukeza okuzenzekelayo: amathuluzi e-AI angasiza ekunciphiseni ukuqoqwa ngokuhlela imininingwane ebalulekile ngaphambi kokuthatheka. Izinkantolo ziqala ukwamukela ukubukezwa kwe-AI okuhlanganiswe nayo njengendlela enengqondo, uma nje amanani e-algorithtime ekhanyayo futhi eqinisiwe.
  • Imithetho engokomthetho yezemfihlo: Imithetho kaHulumeni enjenge-California Consumer Accy Act (CPA) nemithetho yomhlaba wonke enjenge GDPR ibeka imingcele eyengeziwe ekutholeni ukwaziswa. Imvume kumelwe ihambisane nezilungiselelo ze-othonist nomthetho.
  • [ Izinhlelo zokuxhumana eziyimfihlo: Iziboniso ezinjengesigqebhezana, i-Telegram, ne-Whats App nemiyalezo enyamalalayo zidinga imvume yokukhishwa ngokushesha, ngokuvamile phakathi namahora. Amaqembu angokomthetho kumelwe asungule imithetho esheshayo ukuze agcine imininingwane enjalo.
  • Ingxenye-partipoenas ne-SCA: Umngcele phakathi kwezimfuneko zomthetho nomthetho womthetho ungafiphaza njengoba izinkantolo zisebenzisa i-SCA izivikela kumpophona ezingezona eziyingxenye. Abakhiqizi kufanele babheke lapho i-stactive ifuna ukuboniswa “isizathu” esilingana nesiqinisekiso.

Ngokuhlala bezazile lezi zenzakalo, izingqapheli zingashintsha imikhuba yazo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usebenza kahle futhi usemthethweni.

Isiphetho

Izimfuneko eziqinile zokuthola imvume yomphakathi ezigwegwegweni akuzona nje izivumelwano zobuchwepheshe; ziyizivikelo zomthetho ezivikela imfihlo kuyilapho zisiza ukuphishekela ubulungisa ngokulunga. Kusukela eSichibiyelweni sesine neSivumelwano Esigciniwe kuya ekwahluleleni uMthetho wokwahlulela, ukuhlelwa nokubulawa kwezindawo ezingokomthetho kudinga ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela. Ngokuqonda izindinganiso, ukulindela izinselele, nokusebenzisa imikhuba engcono kakhulu − ukuthatha isibopho sokwenza ifomu, ukuhileleka kolwazi, imithetho evunyelwe yinkantolo, kanye nemibhalo eqinile ye-Qelopowe ingenza ibophe isibopho ngendlela ethinta amalungelo, ukugwema ukukhokhwasa, futhi umelana nokucusumbuzwa.

Ukuze uthole esinye isiqondiso, hlola i-Federal Judication Center ’ i-e-e-eficcey imithombo yezembuyiselo, Imithetho ye-Procedial procediture[, kanye ne-[FLT]'sssss sekela i- Justice ̱ isiqondiso se-SA. Lezi ziphathimandla zinikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuhambisa imibandela ye-activerition enkathini yokulinganisa.