Umzabalazo wenkululeko yomphakathi nobulungisa bezenhlalo uye waba yisihloko esiyinhloko kuwo wonke umlando wesintu. Kusukela ekumemezelweni kwakuqala kwamalungelo kuya ezinhlanganweni zanamuhla eziguqula ukuqonda kwethu ukulingana, umlando uvumelana nobulungisa kuphela ngomzamo oqhubekayo, ohleliwe. Izinhlangano ezisekela amalungelo amaqembu ahluliwe aguqukele ngokwezinga eliphansi ziye zathonya izinhlangano futhi zathonya umthetho wezemvelo. Lesi sihloko sihlola imibono engokomlando engokobuntu kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinhlangano zomphakathi, sihlola izenzakalo zefilosofi, izenzakalo eziyisisekelo, kanye nemiphumela ehlala njalo eqhubeka ifundisa abantu ngezenzo zanamuhla.

Isisekelo Senkululeko Yombango

Ukuqonda inkululeko yomphakathi kudinga ukuhlola izisekelo zabo ezingokomlando. Lenkululeko − inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokuhlangana, inkolo, nelungelo lokusebenza ngokufanele ("ivame ukufakwa ezibhalweni zomthetho futhi ibalulekile ekusebenzeni komphakathi wentando yeningi." Umqondo wokuthi abantu banamalungelo efa uhulumeni angenakuwaphikisa ngokuthanda kwawo umqondo wanamuhla, owavela kancane kancane emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka wentuthuko yezombangazwe nefilosofi.

Izincwadi eziyinhloko eziyisisekelo zihlanganisa iMagna Carta (1915), eyamisa isimiso sokuthi wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise nenkosi, ungaphansi komthetho; uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States kanye neSipho sawo samaLungelo (1787-1791), eyamisa isivikelo esiqondile kuhulumeni ngokuqashelwa; kanye neSimemezelo Sendawo Yonke Samalungelo Abantu (1948), esamisa indinganiso yembulunga yonke yesithunzi sabantu. ISivumelo sezwe lonke simelela isinyathelo esiphawulekayo sokuqaphela amalungelo abantu nokubeka imingcele yamalungelo ohulumeni. IMagna Carta yasungula inqubo efanelekile engokomthetho ngesiqinisekiso somuntu, kuyilapho uBill welungelo lokuvikela inkulumo, uPhinde, umbiko, nenhlangano yaba yizekeli yokubusa emhlabeni wonke. ISivumelo Sesizwe ngasinye, samukela leMicisombululo yeMpi Yomhlaba wonke, isilinganiso sawo wonke, futhi sihlanganisa amalungelo abantu.

Izinhlangano Eziyinhloko Zokwahlulela Komphakathi

Izinhlangano zobulungisa bezenhlalo ziye zavela ngenxa yokusabela ekungalinganini kwezimiso ezibekwe emthethweni, ngokwesiko, nangokwezomnotho. Lezinhlangano ziye zafuna ukuxazulula izindaba ezinjengohlanga, ubulili, indlela yobulili, isigaba, nokukhubazeka. Ezinye zezinhlangano ezinethonya kakhulu zihlanganisa i-Abolition Movement, i-Women’s Suffgesange Movement, i-Civil Rights Movement, i-LGBTQ+Movement, kanye ne-Mpatal. Ngamunye walezi ngxabano ezakhelwa phezu kwempumelelo nezifundo zalabo abavela ngaphambili, zakha ukwanda komphakathi ogcweleyo.

Inhlangano Yenkululeko Yokuzivikela

Umzabalazo wokuqeda izikhali ekhulwini le-19 leminyaka uhloselwe ukuqeda ubugqila e-United States nakwamanye amazwe. Kwakungenye yezinhlangano ezinkulu zobulungisa bezenhlalo ukuba zisebenzise ukuhlelwa kwezixuku, imikhankaso yokunxusa, nokunxenxa kokuziphatha njengamathuluzi ezombangazwe. Izinombolo eziyinhloko zahlanganisa uFrederick Douglas, owayeyisigqila futhi owayeyisigqila futhi edalula ubugqila nemibhalo yakhe; uHarriet Tubman, owafaka ukuphila kwakhe engozini ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuze aqondise abanye inkululeko nge-Undernster Railroup; noWilliam Lloyd Garson, abaphephandaba lakhe [[FLLY:0] iLiberator [[FLT: 1] ekwayayifuna ngokushesha unyaniso lobugqi. Imizamo yenkani engoko zomnotho yayiyokwanelisa imvume engokomthetho engekho ngokomthetho yokuzingenisela phambili, futhi ingalinyazi ukuthi i-EplamPrance6) kanye nemvume ewuhlweni yezombangazwe (18656), eUnited States, i-Evignow.

Ukuhamba Kwabesifazane Okungalawuleki

Inhlangano yabesifazane yafuna ukuvikela ilungelo lokuvotela abesifazane, ibekela inselele ejulile yemithetho engokomthetho nengokwenhlalo enqabela ingxenye yabantu ekuthatheni uhlangothi lwentando yeningi. Abaholi abanjengoSusan B. Anthony noElizabeth Cady Stanton badlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuhleleni imihlangano, ukunikeza izinkulumo, nokukhuthaza izishayamthetho. I-Seneca Falls Convention yango1848 ibhekwa kabanzi njengeqophelo lokuqala lenhlangano, lapho Stanton afaka khona uBufakazi be-Sentimentments, ukulinganisa ulimi lwawo eSivumelwaneni se-Humelelo, ukuqinisa ukuthi "anke amadoda nabesifazane badalwa ngokulinganayo." Umzabalazo wodwa wabhekana nokwehlukana okukhulu ngamaqhinga nangezinyele, kuhlanganise nezimpikiswano mayelana nokuqala ukuvota noma ukuthuthukisa amalungelo ezenhlalo. Ukuthatha iziphaka kwekhulu le-1919 kwe-1920, nakuba kwazuza kakhulu, abesifazane abamhlophe abamhlophe, nabase-America, bayaqhubeka emashumi eminyaka eMelika, ukubhekana nezinkan.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Ezakhamuzi

Inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi yama-1950 no-1960 ihlose ukuqeda ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga nobandlululo kuma-Afrika. Lena mhlawumbe inhlangano ebhalwe kabanzi futhi yahlolwa kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, ephawulwa ngokumelana okungokomthetho okungenabudlova, izinselele zomthetho, nokubuthwa kwabantu. Izenzakalo eziyinhloko, njengoMashi eWashington ngo1963/alapho uDkt. uMartin Luther King Jr. wanikeza "Inaloya" yakhe inkulumo ewumthetho" ($55566), kanye neMontgomey Bus Boncott, ezabangelwa ukumelana nomthetho wokubhalisa, ezabangelwa ukunqaba kukaRosakhe, ukusekela umkhosi wakhe, okuqokomisa ukuncintisana nokunaka kwesizwe. INkosi uJohn Lewis, u-Focer Laurern, no-Fomer House wasebenza ngokungalaleli, imvume yokungala, futhi wakhipha imithetho yokuvosa, futhi wakhipha imithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho ka-1964446, ewusekela ngisho neyohlupho, imvume enkulu, i-ogs, i-oglorle, iN.

I - LGBTQ+ Inhlangano Yamalungelo

I-LGBTQ+ umzabalazo wamalungelo ulwele amalungelo alinganayo nokuqashelwa kwabantu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bakuphi ukukhuliswa ngokobulili noma ubulili. Izenzakalo ze-Landmark, njenge-Stonewall Riots ngo-1969.Nxuzuthela lwemiboniso ezenzekelayo eyenzeka ngamalungu eLGBTQ + umphakathi ekuphenduleni ukuhlasela kwamaphoyisa eDolobeni laseNew York/Takhalyzzz esenzeka ngokuphambana kanye nokungasese okwaguqula ukunyakaza komza kwempi okuncane, ngokuvamile okungabonwayo kwaba amandla anamandla okuguqula ushintsho. Ukuhamba kweqembu kuye kwaphumelela okuphawulekayo, kuhlanganise nokubekwa kobungqingili enkantolo ePhakakhulu ye-2003, ukuvikela abantu abaningi. [Foctive], i-Foxpressuren.[2]

Umzabalazo Wezisebenzi

Inhlangano yezisebenzi, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi inganakiwe ezingxoxweni zenkululeko yomphakathi, iye yadingeka ekulondolozeni amalungelo ezomnotho asekela inkululeko yezombangazwe. Kusukela kuyi-Haymarket Affair ka-1886 kuya ekusungulweni kwe-American Federation of Labor and the Congress Congress of Intelligement, izisebenzi ezihlelelwe ukufuna iholo elifanele, izimo ezilondekile, isilinganiso sesikhathi sokusebenza, nelungelo lokuxoxa ngenkululeko yezezomnotho. Lenhlangano yezisebenzi yathola isivikelo sezwe nge-National Labortion Act ka-1935 (i-Wagner Act), i-Fair Labor Standardal Act ka 1938, eyamisa iholo elilinganiselwe nenkokhelo, kanye ne-Occoupational Secutence noMthetho wezempilo ka-19707073. Lokhu kwakungezona nje izikhundla; ziqinisekisa ukuthi izisebenzi zinezwi ezimweni zezisebenzi ezisebenzela nezokubusa emsebenzini.

Indima Yomthetho Ekukhululweni Kwabantu

Umthetho ufeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomphakathi ngokuguqula amalungelo angekho emthethweni abe yimithetho esemthethweni. Imithetho eyisisekelo ihlanganisa uMthetho we-Civil Rights (umthetho ogunyaziwe) ka-1949, owenqabela ubandlululo ezindlini zomphakathi, umsebenzi, nezinhlelo ezixhaswe uhulumeni; iVoting Rights Act ka-65, eyanqabela ukucwasana kwezinhlanga ekuvoteni futhi yadinga ukuqondisa kwemithetho yemithetho elawulayo ngokuncishwa kwemithetho yemithetho; futhi i-American ne-Act enqabela ukucwaswa kwabantu abakhubazekile ngo-19909, eyayenqabela ukucwaswa kwabantu ngezindawo zonke zokuphila zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi, izikole, nezindawo zomphakathi ezivulekileyokusetshenziswa emphakathini. Lemithetho yayiyisekela ukuncishiswa kwemithetho yezimiso nokuthuthukisa ukulingana, kodwa yayidinga ukugcinwa kwemithetho egciniwe. I-Octtion Act, ngokwesibonelo, izikhulu eziningi zeminyaka futhi i-offnerst Count.[3]

Omunye umthetho obalulekile uhlanganisa iFair Howard House Act ka-1968, eyayenqabela ukucwaswa kwezindlu; iSihlomo seSichibiyelo semfundo sango1971, esasivimbela ukucwaswa kwezimiso zemfundo ezisekelwe ebulilini ezithola imali kahulumeni; neMatthew Shepard noJames Byrd Jr. Veta Crimes Prevention Act ka-2009, eyandisa imithetho yenzondo kahulumeni ehlanganisa ubugebengu obubangelwa ubulili obungokoqobo noma obucatshangelwayo, ukubonakaliswa kwabobulili, ubulili, noma ukukhubazeka.

Izinkinga Zesikhathi Esizayo Ekwamukelweni Kwenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Namuhla, inkululeko yomphakathi iyaqhubeka ibekelwe inselele emongweni omusha nowokulungisa. Izindaba ezinjengobuqapheli bukahulumeni, inkululeko yokukhuluma ngenkathi yonyaka, amalungelo okufuduka, nokuvota ziphambili ezingxoxweni zamanje. Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe bokuhlola izinhlangano zikahulumeni kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngelungelo lokuthola imfihlo, inkululeko engaqashelwanga ngokuqondile eMthethweni wezomthetho-sisekelo kodwa eqashelwa izinkantolo isikhathi eside. Ukuphikisana ngenkululeko yokukhuluma ngenkululeko emapulatifomu ezokuxhumana, ukulinganisela, nokunwetshwa kwemingcele yezentelezi zincwadi ezihlukene, nokuvinjelwa kokungaqini kwemingcele yeSichimende sokuQonda. Imiphakathi eqinile i-Immigractive ibheke ukuvinjelwa, ukudingidwa kwemithetho eyisisekelo yenqubo nesithunzi kwabantu. Ukwahlulelwa kwemithetho eyisisekelo sokuvolwa kwezindawo zokuvolwa kweqembu eliphansi, nokuvala izinhlangano eziqinile ukuze ithole.

Izinhlangano nezinhlangano zisebenza ngokungakhathali ukusingatha lezinselele nokusekela ubulungisa. Amaqembu anjenge-American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU), iNaACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, iSikhungo sobuLungu somthetho, neSikhungo sobuLungu sobuHumani sisebenza ngokufaka i-litha, ukungenela imvume, ukusekela, nemfundo yomphakathi ukuze kulwele futhi kwandise inkululeko yangaphakathi. Ukwanda kwemisebenzi yobuchwepheshe yezimiso zobuchwepheshe nakho kuye kwadala amathuluzi amasha ama-electivedsss, nakuba iveza izinselele zokuqapha, ukuhlukunyezwa, nokunyuswa kwenkululeko, nokudukiswa. Ukulwisana kwenkululeko yomphakathi akusoze kuphelele; isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe siphinde siqinisekise futhi sivikele amalungelo akhona.

Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo Ekulungeni Kwezenhlalo

Imfundo inendima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ubulungisa bezenhlalo nasekusekeleni izinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi. Ngokufundisa umlando nokuqaphelisisa ngezimpi zokulingana, othisha banganika abafundi amandla okuqonda imbangela yokungalungi kwamanje futhi bafake izivumelwano zokusekela ushintsho. Amasu abalulekile ahlanganisa ukuhlanganisa izimo ezihlukahlukene ezifundweni zezifundo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho neqhaza lezinhlangano ezikwehla ngokwezikhundla akuphathwa njengemibhalo yesandla kodwa kuphakanyiswa njengengxenye enkulu yendaba yaseMelika; ukucabanga okugxekayo nengxoxo eyinkimbinkimbi ngezindaba zamandla, ilungelo, nokungalingani kwezimiso; nokukhuthaza ukubophela nokusebenza komphakathi ngokufunda imisebenzi yenkonzo, ukuvota, ukubhalisa, nokunikeza abafundi amathuba okuxhumana nabahleli nezimiso zomphakathi.

Imfundo ihilela futhi ukufundisa amakhono okuhlanganyela ngentando yeningi: indlela yokubhalela izikhulu ezikhethiwe, indlela yokuhlela umhlangano, yokukhuluma obala, indlela yokuhlaziya imithombo yokwaziswa ngokuhluzekile. Izikole namayunivesithi anesibopho hhayi sokudlulisela nje kuphela ulwazi kodwa sokuhlakulela imikhuba yenhliziyo nengqondo esekela ukubusa ngentando yeningi okunempilo. Lapho abafundi befunda ngesibindi sabashisekeli bamalungelo omphakathi, ukukhalipha okungokwesimiso somsebenzi, noma ukuphikelela kwabesifazane ababhalisayo, bazibona beyingxenye yendaba eqhubekayo yokulwa nokuthuthuka. Baqonda ukuthi ushintsho lwezenhlalo aluyona into eyenzeka kuphela emlandweni kodwa lungahlanganyela ekuthuthukiseni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfundo kumelwe ifinyeleleke kubo bonke. Ukulwela ukuxhasa ngemali yesikole ngokulinganayo, ukuphela kwepayipi lesikole ukuya emajele, kanye nokuvikelwa kwenkululeko yokukhuluma yabafundi namalungelo abo siqu yizindaba zomphakathi ngokwazo. Izinhlangano ezinjengokufundisa Ukuthatheka (manje kulungile) kanye iZinn Education Project inikeza abafundisi izimali ezifuna ukufundisa inguquko egcwele nethembekile ngokwengeziwe yomlando. Ngemfundo, izizukulwane ezizayo zingaqhubeka nokulwela inkululeko yomphakathi nobulungisa bezenhlalo ngolwazi ukuthi imizamo yabo iyingxenye yesiko elide.

Isiphetho

Imibono engokomlando ngenkululeko yomphakathi nezinhlangano zobulungisa bezenhlalo yembula umzabalazo oqhubekayo, ongakapheli wokulingana namalungelo abantu. Ukuqonda lomlando kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umphakathi onobulungisa lapho wonke umuntu engachuma khona. Indaba yenkululeko yomphakathi ayiwona uchungechunge olusuka ekucindezeleni kuya ekukhululekeni kodwa uchungechunge lwezimpi ezinzima, izithiyo, nokunqoba okudinga ukuqapha njalo ukuze kuvikelwe futhi kwandiswe. Umza ngamunye owakhiwe kokugcina, ukuboleka amasu, ukufunda ngamaphutha, nokusunduza imingcele yalokho umphakathi owawucabanga ukuthi kunokwenzeka.

Njengoba sibhekene nezinselele zamanje − izimo zokulawula emhlabeni wonke, ukuwohloka kwezindinganiso zentando yeningi, ukuphikelela kokungalingani kobuhlanga nokwezomnotho, kanye nezinsongo ezintsha ezibangelwa ezobuchwepheshe − sithola amandla nokuhlakanipha ezinhlanganweni ezafika phambi kwethu. Abaphehli besivumelwano, ababhalisa amalungelo abantu, izisebenzi zamalungelo omphakathi, iLGBTQ+ abashisekeli bentando yeningi, kanye nabahleli bezisebenzi basikhumbuza ukuthi abantu abavamile bangashintsha ngokungavamile lapho behlela, bephikelela, befuna ubulungisa. Ikusasa lenkululeko yomphakathi lixhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwethu ukufunda kulokhu kudala nokusebenza. Ingxenye yomlando ayivumelani ukwahlulela ngokulunga kwayo; idinga ukudonsa izandla.

Ukuze ifunde ngokuqhubekayo, izinqolobane zesizwe [ zinikeza ukufinyelela kwezincwadi zesisekelo zentando yeningi yaseMelika, kuyilapho i-United Nations Human Rights Office yeZizwe ezihlangene inikeza umbhalo ogcwele nomlando weSimemezelo Sesizwe Samalungelo Abantu. [[FLT:]] Libary of Council Rights History Project ivikela izigila zalabo abaphila ngenhlangano, iqinisekisa ukuthi izindaba zabo zisekhona ngezizukulwane ezizayo.