Isimiso somthetho sisebenza ezindleleni ezimbili ezihlukene: amacala omphakathi nawezigebengu. Nakuba kokubili kuhilela izimpikiswano nezinkantolo, kufeza izinjongo ezihlukene, kulandela imithetho ehlukene, futhi kuholele emiphumeleni ehlukene. Kubafundi bomthetho, ukwahlulela kobugebengu, noma abantu, ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kuyisisekelo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucaciswa okubanzi kwamacala omphakathi nawobugebengu, ukuhlanganisa inqubo, nokuhlukanisa okuyinhloko, nezibonelo eziwusizo zokubonisa umqondo ngamunye.

Amacala Angaphakathi Ngemininingwane

Amacala angaphakathi aphakama lapho omunye ekholelwa ukuthi omunye uwephule amalungelo akhe noma uhlulekile ukufeza isibopho esingokomthetho. Lezi izingxabano zangasese phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, noma ezinye izinhlangano. Iqembu eliletha icala yile echazayo[[, futhi iqembu eliye lamangalelwayo liyi- i-dendendintant [. Umgomo wokwenza ummangalelwa aphinde afune imbuyiselo, impoqo (umyalo wenkantolo yokumisa noma ukudinga isenzo), noma elinye ikhambi.

Izinhlobo Zamacala Angaphakathi

Nakuba isihloko sokuqala sibala izigaba ezivamile, nakhu ukuwohloka okuningiliziwe:

  • Izimpikiswano ezididayo: Uma omunye umkhandlu ehluleka ukuhlangabezana nezivumelwano ezibophayo ngokomthetho, njengesivumelwano sokubopha, ukuthengisa, noma isivumelwano somsebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, umakhi ohluleka ukuqeda iprojekthi yokulungisa angase agwetshwe izivumelwano.
  • isho ukuthi: Lezizinto zihilela amaphutha omphakathi abangela ukulimala noma ukulahlekelwa. Uhlobo oluvamile yingozi yomuntu siqu, njengengozi yemoto lapho umlindi efuna izindleko zokwelapha nobuhlungu nokuhlupheka. Ezinye izingxenyana zihlanganisa ukunyundela, ukukhwabanisa, nokunganaki.
  • [ Izimpikiswano ezingokwesisho:[ izingxabano ngesakha sezwe, njengemigqa yomngcele, izimpikiswano ezibambe umninindawo, noma izicelo zokuba nayo ngemva kokuthola imvume.
  • Izindaba zomthetho womkhaya:[ isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukusekela, nokutholwa kwezingane zonke ziyizindaba zomphakathi. Lezi zimo zihilela kokubili ukuyinkimbinkimbi okungokomthetho nokungokomzwelo.
  • [ izimpikiswano ezilungisayo: Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqeda okungalungile, ubandlululo, imiholo namahora, nokwephulwa kwemithetho yezisebenzi.
  • Icala lomthetho: Iqembu labantu libonke limangalela ummangalelwa ngengozi efanayo, njengomkhiqizo okhubazekile noma ukukhwabanisa okusakazekile.

Izici Zecala Lasembusweni

Ukuze awine icala lomphakathi, ummangalelwa kumelwe athole izici eziyinhloko zesinqumo sabo. Ngokwesibonelo, ecaleni lokunganaki, ummangalelwa kumelwe afakazele: (1) ummangalelwa uboshelwe umsebenzi wokunakekela, (2) ummangalelwa waphulwa lowomsebenzi, (3) igebe labangela ukulimala, futhi (4) ummangalelwa wabhekana nomonakalo ongokoqobo. Lomthwalo wobufakazi uphansi kunasezimweni zobugebengu, i-partiff kumelwe ibonise ukuthi iyiqiniso kakhulu kunangenjalo, indinganiso ebizwa ngokuthi .

Izindlela Ezivamile Zokwelapha Ezimweni Zomphakathi

Uma ummangalelwa ephumelela, inkantolo ivame ukuyala ukuba kukhishwe umonakalo wemali.

  • [[INTLA: 0] Imali yokukhokha izindleko zangempela njengentela yezokwelapha, iholo elilahlekile, nokulungisa impahla.
  • Izingozi ezithintiweyo: Aphakwa emacaleni okuziphatha okubi okungafanele ukuze kujeziswe ummangalelwa futhi kunqandwe ukuziphatha okufanayo. Lokhu kuyivela kancane emthethweni wesizwe kodwa kungenzeka ezimweni ezihilela ukunganaki okukhulu noma ukulimala ngenhloso.
  • I-Injctions:[ Isinqumo senkantolo esifuna umbambi sicelo ukwenza noma ukugwema ukwenza okuthile, njengokumisa ibhizinisi ekusebenziseni uphawu.
  • Isenzo esikhethekile:[ emacaleni esivumelwano, inkantolo ingayala iqembu eliphukayo ukuba lifeze izivumelwano, ikakhulukazi uma indaba ihlukile, njengengxenye yekhono elingavamile.

Amacala Ezigebengu Ngemininingwane

Amacala ezigebengu ahlanganisa izenzo ezibhekwa njengeziphambeko emphakathini jikelele. Ngomshushisi, uletha icala kumuntu othile noma ngenhlangano (ummangalelwa) emangalelwe ngokwephula umthetho wobugebengu. Injongo iwukugcina ukuhleleka komphakathi, ukunqanda ubugebengu, nokujezisa labo abephula umthetho. Izigxobo ziphakeme: abamangalelwa babhekene nokulahlekelwa inkululeko, inhlawulo enzima, nomlando wobugebengu.

Izinhlobo Zezenzo Zobugebengu

Ubugebengu ngokuvamile buhlukaniswa ngobukhulu:

  • Izenzo zobuphekula:[ Ubugebengu obungathi sína kakhulu, ukuphatha izijeziso zonyaka owodwa noma ngaphezulu ejele, noma ngisho nokufa kwezinye izindawo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, ukuphanga, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa.
  • Imisdemers:[ Amacala amakhulu angaphansi, ngokuvamile ajeziswa ngecala elingaphansi konyaka ejele, inhlawulo, noma isigwebo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukwebiwa okuncane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungahlelekile, ne-DUI (icala lokuqala).
  • Izenzo zokweqa: Ukuphuka okuncane okuvame ukuphumela ekukhokheleni nasekungabini nesikhathi sejele. Izibonelo zihlanganisa amathikithi omgwaqo, ukungcolisa, nokuhamba ngentambo. Ezinye izigodlo zibheka lokhu njengokuphulwa komphakathi kunokuba kube ubugebengu.

Abadlali Abayinhloko Ezigebengwini

Ngokungafani namacala omphakathi, lapho amaqembu engabodwa, amacala obugebengu ahilela uhulumeni.

  • Umthungi: Ummeli kahulumeni omelela uhulumeni. Banquma ukuthi bangafaka amachashaza namacala okumangalela.
  • Ummeli-sifemu:[ umelela ummangalelwa. Uma ummangalelwa engenamali yommeli, inkantolo kumelwe imise (umvikeli womphakathi) oyedwa ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesithupha.
  • I-Defantint:[ Umuntu omangalelwe ngecala. Emacalani obugebengu, ummangalelwa ubhekwa njengongenacala kuze kube yilapho ethola icala.
  • [ Ukwahlulela: ubheka izigigaba, uqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uyalandelwa, futhi uphoqelela isigwebo uma ummangalelwa eboshiwe.

Ukujeziswa Nesijeziso

Uma ummangalelwa etholakala enecala, inkantolo ibeka isigwebo. Umngcele uxhomeke ebuqathani bobugebengu nemithetho esebenzayo. Isigwebo singahlanganisa:

  • Ukuboshwa ejele (ngenxa yamaphutha) noma ijele (ngezenkolo).
  • Imali efiwe, engasukela ezimalini ezincane kuya ezigidini zamaRandi ngenxa yobugebengu benkampani.
  • Ukuveza, lapho ummangalelwa eqondiswa khona emphakathini kunokuba asebenze isikhathi.
  • Inkonzo yomphakathi, edinga ukwenza umsebenzi ongakhokhelwa.
  • Ubufebe, lapho owonile ekhokha khona isisulu ngokulahlekelwa.
  • Kwezinye izimo, isijeziso sokufa (isijeziso sokufa) sobugebengu obunzima kakhulu njengokubulawa kwabantu abafa kuqala.

Icala Nezimiso Zenkantolo

I-Juriscion inquma ukuthi iyiphi inkantolo enegunya lokulalela icala. I-United States inesimiso senkantolo esimbaxambili: isifundazwe nohulumeni. Ukuqonda ukuthi isiphi isimiso esisingatha icala kuxhomeke ekutheni impikiswano injani nemithetho ehilelekile.

Ukumangalelwa Kwecala Lecala Lomphakathi

Amacala amaningi ezakhamuzi aqulwa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ezinegunya elikhulu ezindabeni ezivela ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Nokho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingalalela amacala ezakhamuzi ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbili eziyinhloko:

  • Ukulawula ukuphakama kwe-' Uma amaqembu evela ezifunda ezihlukene nenani lempikiswano lidlula u-$75 000 (njengoba ihlelwe ngumthetho kazwelonke). Umgomo ukunikeza ukungathathi hlangothi.
  • I-cureator yemibuzo: Uma icala liphakama ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, njengokusho okuhilela imithetho kahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo, noma izivumelwano. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukuphulwa komgunyathi, izisudi ezimelene nokuthembeka, nokuphulwa kwemithetho yamalungelo omphakathi.

I - Federal Juriscion Ecala Lobugebengu

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala amaningi obugebengu, “‘ lawo aphula umthetho kahulumeni, njengokubulala, ukuphanga, nokweba. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala aphula imithetho kahulumeni, ahlanganisa impahla kahulumeni, noma awehlelayo ngaphesheya kwemingcele kahulumeni. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • Ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa (ezindaweni ezingaphandle kwesifundazwe noma kwemingcele yezwe).
  • Ukuphanga ebhange (umphangi webhange elisebhange elifuyiwe nguhulumeni).
  • Ubugebengu obuhilela izakhiwo zikahulumeni.
  • Ubugebengu obabuqhutshekwa ezikhungweni zikahulumeni, njengamapaki esizwe noma ezikhungweni zezempi.
  • Ubugebengu belanga obumhlophe obunjengokukhwabanisa kwezikweletu, ukugwema ukukhokha intela, nokukhokhwa kwemali.

Amanye amacala angaqulwa enkantolo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni, kuye ngezimo, okuholela ekumangalelweni okungaba mbili (nakuba lokhu kuyivelakancane futhi kuphakamisa imibuzo eyingozi kabili).

Ukungafani Okuyinhloko Phakathi Kwamacala Omphakathi Nezobugebengu

Nakuba zombili lezi zinhlobo zamacala zihilela izinkantolo, ukungefani kubucayi.

  • Purpose:[ Amacala omphakathi ajonge ukuxazulula izingxabano nokunikeza ikhambi kumalungu alimele. Icala lobugebengu lihlose ukujezisa owonile futhi livikele umphakathi ekuziphatheni okulimazayo.
  • Iziphakamiso ezihilelekile: Ezindabeni zomphakathi, amaphathi abantu noma izinhlangano (izibalo eziyimfihlo. ummangalelwa). Emacalani obugebengu, uhulumeni (ukuqulwa) uletha icala kummangalelwa.
  • Icala lomphakathi lisebenzisa indinganiso ephansi(inani elingaphezu kuka-50% yiqiniso). Icala lobugebengu lidinga indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo (cishe okuqinisekile). Lokhu kubonisa imiphumela emibi emthetho wobugebengu.
  • Ilungelo lommeli: Ezimweni zobugebengu, ummangalelwa unelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo kummeli, ngisho noma engakwazi ukukhokhela elinye. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, lelilungelo alikho, nakuba ezinye izindaba zomphakathi (njengalezo ezihilela ukuqedwa kwamalungelo abazali) zingabangela ilungelo elifanayo.
  • [ Imali ehhhlisiwe:[ Amacala angaphakathi avame ukuphumela ekulimaleni kwemali noma ukuya enkantolo. Amacala obugebengu angaphumela ekuboshweni, ekuhlawulweni, ekulahlweni, noma kwezinye izijeziso ezihloselwe ukujezisa.
  • Izindlela zomthetho: zombili lezi zinhlobo zingasebenzisa amajaji, kodwa ezimweni zomphakathi, izigebengu ngokuvamile zihlanganisa abantu abayisithupha, futhi izinqumo akudingeki ukuba zihlangane (zisekelwe kumthetho kahulumeni). Ezicaleni zobugebengu, amajaji ngokuvamile anamalungu ayi 12, futhi izinqumo kumelwe zihlangane ukuze kuqinisekiswe ezindabeni ezinkulu.
  • Appals:[ Zombili izinhlangothi zinganxusa isinqumo somphakathi. Emacaleni obugebengu, umshushisi akakwazi ukudlulisa isinqumo esingekho esingeni ngenxa yezingozi eziphindwe kabili, nakuba ummangalelwa engadlulisela isiqinisekiso.

Izimpikiswano Zenkantolo Emacala Ezakhamuzi

Inqubo yokukhuluma ngomphakathi ngokuvamile ithatha isikhathi eside futhi ingahlukaniswa ibe izigaba eziningana.

  • Imposiso:[ I-paltiff ifaka isikhalo, isho isisekelo esingokomthetho sesuti nosizo olufunwayo. Ummangalelwa uphendula impikiswano ngayinye. Ummangalelwa angafaka futhi isikhalazo ngokumelene nomphathi.
  • Incazelo: Lena isigaba sokuhlanganisa ubufakazi. Bobabili abachaphazelekayo bashintshana ngezincwadi (izicelo zokukhiqizwa), bathatha ubufakazi obufungelwe (izimvume), bathumele imibuzo ebhaliwe (izimvume), futhi bangacela ukuvuma iqiniso. Ukuhlolwa kungathatha izinyanga futhi ngokuvamile kube ingxenye ebizayo yendaba yomphakathi.
  • Imicimbi yamaza:[ Imicimbi ingathatha indiva ukukhipha icala (ukukhipha ukusho okungokomthetho) noma ukwahlulela ngokufingqa (ukukhipha izimpikiswano eziyiqiniso akudingi ukuqulwa). Uma lokhu kwehluleka, icala liqhubekela ekulahlweni.
  • : Ekuqulweni kwecala ebhentshi, umahluleli unquma amaqiniso nomthetho. Ekuquleni kwejaji, abahluleli banquma izindaba eziyiqiniso. Zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza izinkulumo zokuvula, ubufakazi, nobufakazi, kulandelwe izimpikiswano zokuphetha. Umahluleli uyala abahluleli emthethweni, kanye namajaji ukuba bafinyelele isinqumo.
  • Icala nezicelo: Inkantolo ingena isahlulelo esisekelwe kwisinqumo noma esinqumweni somahluleli. Kunoma yimuphi umkhakha angadlulisa icala enkantolo ephakeme, iphikisana ngamaphutha angokomthetho yenzeka phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala.

Izindaba eziningi zombango ziphela, lapho amaqembu evumelana khona ngesinqumo ngaphambi noma phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala.

Izimpikiswano Zenkantolo Emacala Ezelelesi

Inqubo yobugebengu ilawulwa yizivikelo eziqinile zomthetho - sisekelo, kuhlanganise neSichibiyelo Sesine, Sesihlanu nesesithupha. Lenqubo ilandela lezi zinyathelo:

  • Ukugcinwa nokubhalisa: umthetho uthatha umsolwayo ejele, izincwadi (zisho ukwaziswa komuntu siqu kanye nobugebengu obuthiwe), futhi zingababamba ukuze bathole ibheyili.
  • Isinqumo sokukhomba:[ Umshushisi uhlola ubufakazi futhi anqume ukuthi yikuphi ukumangalelwa ngehele. Lokhu kungenzeka ngokukhononda okungokomthetho, ngokumangalelwa abahluleli abakhulu (kukahulumeni wequalisi kanye nezifundazwe ezithile), noma izwi lokuqala lapho umahluleli enquma ukuthi kungenzeka yini.
  • Icala:[ Ummangalelwa uyavela enkantolo, ululekwa ngokomthetho ngamacala, futhi ungena isicelo: unecala, hhayi icala, noma ungenamncintiswano. I-Bail ivame ukumiswa, inquma izimo zokukhululwa.
  • Imicimbi yama-Prequal : Isivikelo singathatha ama-email ukucindezela ubufakazi (umzk., uma butholakala ngokuseshwa okungekho emthethweni), silahle amacala, noma sishintshe indawo. Umshushisi angase athathe amafayela ukuze aphoqelele ubufakazi.
  • Ukuthengiselana: Icala elikhulu lobugebengu (angaphezu kuka-90%) lixazululwa ngezicelo ezicingwayo. Ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela icala elinecala elincane noma isigwebo esincishisiwe ngenxa yesicelo esinecala, ukugwema icala.
  • : Uma kungekho kunxusa okufinyelelwayo, icala liyaqulwa. Ukushushisa kuqala, bese kubekwa icala. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuthula futhi akadingi ukufakaza. Abahluleli (noma umahluleli enkantolo yebhentshi) bayaqunga futhi bafinyelele isinqumo. Ukuze bavume, abahluleli kumelwe bavumelane ngokuvumelana ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo.
  • Isivumelwano: Uma ethola ukuthi unecala, umahluleli ubeka isigwebo enkantolo ehlukene. Izici zihlanganisa uhlobo lobugebengu, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, nezinkulumo zezisulu. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokudlulisa isigwebo noma isigwebo.

Ukudluliswa Kwecala Ezindaweni Zomphakathi Nezephula - mthetho

Inqubo yokudlulisa izikhalo ayiyona into entsha; igxila ekutheni amaphutha angokomthetho athinte umphumela noma cha.

  • [[FLT: 0] Isicelo seCivil:[ Iqembu lingadlulisa isahlulelo sokugcina. Inkantolo ihlola umbhalo ogciniwe wokuqulwa kwecala ngenxa yamaphutha ekusebenziseni umthetho. Ingaqinisekisa, ibuye ibuye, noma iphinde ibuye i-end (emuva) icala lomthetho oqhubekayo. Izikhalo zingathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka.
  • Izikhalo ezidluliswayo: Ummangalelwa angadlulisa isiqinisekiso, kodwa umshushisi akanakudlulisa isinqumo esingangeni ngokomthetho (ingozi ephindwe kabili). Izikhalo zingabekela inselele imithetho esobala, iziqondiso zokwahlulela, noma ukwephulwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Kwezinye izimo, abamangalelwa bangafaka i-hrit of habeas corpus enkantolo kahulumeni, babekela inselele ukuvalelwa kwabo ngokomthetho.

Isiphetho

Icala lomthetho elingokomthetho neliyizinsika ezimbili zesimiso somthetho waseMelika, ngalinye elinezinjongo ezingafani, izinqubo, nezivikeleko. Umthetho wesizwe uxazulula izingxabano zangasese futhi unikeza amakhambi eqembu elilimele, kuyilapho umthetho wobugebengu umangalela amacala emphakathini futhi unika abenzi bobubi icala. Ukuqonda ukubusa (‘icala elisenkantolo yesizwe noma ye-omitional’sss. [_ukuqhubeka, ukufunda, ukuhlola imithombo yezomthetho [[FLT: 0]]] i-Cornell Information Institute [, , [iicala].S. izinkantolo zezengosi yezomthetho , kanye ne [FLT]] ukucusha ububanzi bobubulungisa [FFFF:]].