Isingeniso

Ukubekwa ngokomthetho komshado ongokobulili obufanayo ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba kuye kwashintsha kakhulu indawo yokuhlela imali nomhlalaphansi ye-LGBTQ+ imibhangqwana. Ayisaphoqelekile ukuthembela emabhukwini angokomthetho noma ekunakekeleni imishado esemthethweni, imibhangqwana eshadile ehlangeneyo engokobulili obufanayo manje ijabulela isivikelo esifanayo esigunyazwe imibhangqwana esebenzelanayo okwakudala. Ukuqonda indlela lamalungelo omshado ahlangene ngayo kanye nezinzuzo zomhlalaphansi, amasu entela, ukuhlelwa kwempahla, nokunakekelwa kwesikhathi eside akuyona inselele kuphela imibhangqwana ngokwayo kodwa futhi nabafundisi, izicwangciso zezezimali, kanye nabahleli bemiphakathi yabantu abahlukene. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi kokuthi inguquko yamalungelo omshado, izindlela eziqondile ezithinta ukuhlelwa komhlala umhlalaphansi, izinselele ezingokomthetho nezisebenzayo, nokunakekela imishadolo yeze yeze yeze yeze yeze yakhafu.

Ukusungulwa Kwamalungelo Omshado Emibhangqwaneni Ehlanganyela Ubulili Obufanayo

Ngaphambi kobuhlobo obufanayo bobulili bekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, i-Australia ne-South Africa (2006) zazingabonakali kakhulu emehlweni omthetho. Ukulwela ukulingana kwezenkantolo zomshado kwakhula kakhulu ngo-1990 nangonyaka ka-2000, namazwe anjenge-Netherlands (2001), iBelgium (2003), i-Canada (2005), ne-South Africa (2006) (2006) intuthuko yaqala ukubonakala phakathi kwezinqumo zenkantolo yombuso kanye nezindlela zokushaya ibhola, okufinyelela ekwahluleleni i-unisweni kwe-U. iNkantolo ePhakathi yenkantolo ephakeme [[FLT.ST:0]] OFLTbergefell v. Hodge [20], eyayiphethe ukuthi imibhangqwana efanayo ephakathi kwekhulu le-Explief. Ukubusa kwezinkulungwane zezokuvikela imishadolo, kuhlanganise nezokuthutha, intela ezihlangene, ezihlanganisa nezokuhwebela, intela, intela, ezihlanganisa intela, i-somi, i-somi, i-somi, i-somi, i

Kumazwe ngamazwe, intuthuko ayibanga khona. Kusukela ngo-2024, ukushada ngocansi kungokomthetho emazweni angaphezu kuka-30, kuyilapho abanye abaningi benikeza ukuhlangana komphakathi kuphela noma bengaqashelwa nhlobo. Ngisho nasemazweni lapho imishado isemthethweni khona, imibhangqwana ingabhekana nezinkinga uma ithutha noma ithatha umhlala-phansi emagunyeni angaqapheli ukuhlangana kwayo. Ukuqonda lo msebenzi wamalungelo ahlukene kubalulekile kunoma yimuphi umbhangqwana osuhlukene ohlela umhlalaphansi ongase uhlanganise izindawo eziningi noma ukuthutha kwezizwe zonke.

Indlela Amalungelo Omshado Akuthinta Ngayo Ngokuqondile Ukuhlelwa Komhlalaphansi

Umshado unika inqwaba yezinzuzo zikahulumeni nombuso ezithinta kakhulu inzuzo yomhlalaphansi nokulondeka. Imibhangqwana efanayo engowesilisa eye yancishwa lezinzuzo ngaphambili, ukushintshwa kuye kwashintshwa. Ngezansi kunezici eziyinhloko lapho amalungelo omshado ehlangana khona nokuhlela umhlalaphansi.

Izinzuzo Zokulondeka Komphakathi

Enye yezinto eziyigugu kakhulu kubantu abaningi abathathe idendeki i-Social Security. Ngaphambi komshado, imibhangqwana elinganayo engosasini ayinakukwazi ukufinyelela izinzuzo ezilinganayo noma ezisindayo. Ngemva Obergefell v. Hodges, i-Social Security Administration (SA) iqaphela ukuthi zonke imishado esemthethweni ye-ex enziwa ngenjongo efanayo:

  • Izinzuzo eziphezulu: Umngane womshado othatha iso eliphansi angathola amaphesenti angu-50 enzuzo egcwele yomngane womshado othatha umhlalaphansi uma bobabili besaphila.
  • Izinzuzo ezisindayo: Ngemva kokufa komngane womshado, osele angathola inzuzo efinyelela kukhulu lezisebenzi ezifileyo, uma kuhlangatshezwana nobudala obuthile nobude besikhathi somshado.
  • [[NTL:0] Inzuzo esobala yomngane womshado:[ Uma umshado uphela ngesehlukaniso ngemva okungenani kweminyaka eyishumi, umuntu oshade naye ngaphambili angafaneleka ukuba athole izinzuzo ezisekelwe emqondweni weholo wangaphambili.

I-SSA isebenzisa “indawo yokugubha” umthetho: uma umshado wenziwa ngokusemthethweni ngegunya eliqaphela umshado oxubile, uqashelwa ngezinzuzo zikahulumeni ngisho noma umbhangqwana manje uhlala esimweni esingasahlali. Imibhangqwana eshadile ngaphambi kuka-2015, i-SSA ngokuvamile ibheka umshado njengowasemthethweni kusukela osukwini lwesigaba sikahulumeni noma kusukela ngosuku lomshado, noma nini kamuva. Lokhu kungathinta izibalo zezinzuzo zabasindi, ezidinga okungenani izinyanga eziyisishiyagalo-nye ezimweni eziningi.

Imibhangqwana kufanele ixhumane ngokucophelela nezindlela zokuzifaka. Ngokwesibonelo, umngane womshado ohlala phansi angafuna ukuthola izinzuzo zomshado ngokushesha kodwa avumele inzuzo yayo ukuba ithathe izikweleti ezithatha umhlalaphansi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umholo ophakeme angahlehlisa inzuzo eneminyaka engu-70 ukuze athole inzuzo enkulu ekugcineni. Ukusebenzisa izicubu zomshini we-SSA noma ukubuza umhleli wezezimali ojwayelene nemibhangqwana efanayo engowesilisayo kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni lezi zinqumo.

Izinzuzo Zentela

Imibhangqwana eshadile ingakhetha ukuhlanganisa intela ehholo likahulumeni ngokuhlangene noma ngokwehlukana. Imibhangqwana eminingi ehlanganyela ubulili, ihlela ndawonye imiphumela yentela ephansi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma omunye ehola kakhulu kunezinye. I-authomp ivula futhi ithuba lokuthola:

  • I - IRA encishisiwe ephuma e - United States nekhono lokunikela eRoth IRA ukuze ithole umngane womshado ongasebenzi.
  • Intela ekhokhelwayo (yemibhangqwana ehola imali encane).
  • Ingane nokukhokha okuxhomeke kuyo.
  • Ifa nezipho ezikhulula intela ezivumela ukudluliselwa okungenamingcele phakathi kwabangane bomshado ngaphandle kokukhokha intela noma ukusebenzisa ukukhululwa kwabo kukho konke ukuphila kwabo.

Nokho, “isijeziso somshado” singasebenza uma bobabili abashadile bethola imali ephakeme ngendlela efanayo. Kulezo zikhathi, ukuhlukanisa kungasiza ngezinye izikhathi, nakuba kuvame ukuhlukanisa imibhangqwana ezikweletini eziningi nezikweletu. Imibhangqwana efanayo kufanele isebenzise izilinganiso zentela ngokusebenzisa izitembu zomshado unyaka ngamunye, ikakhulukazi phakathi neminyaka yomhlalaphansi lapho inzuzo yeholo ishintsha. Okubalulekile futhi: I-IRS ifuna ukuba imibhangqwana eshadile isebenzise isimo esifanayo esimweni esibuyiselweni sokubuya sikahulumeni, okungadala izinkinga ngezimiso zayo siqu zentela.

Ukwaba Ifa Nefa

Umshado ngokuzenzekelayo unikeza umngane womshado ngamunye amalungelo athile efa okwakudingeka akhiwe ngezincwadi ezingokomthetho ezibizayo.

  • Izivikelo zokuvikelwa kobungane: Uma umuntu oshadile efa ngaphandle kwentando, oshade naye osele udla ingxenye enkulu yezwe, kuye ngomthetho wezwe nokuthi kukhona yini abantwana.
  • Izikweleti zomshado ezingenamkhawulo: Iziphakamiso ezishiyelwe oshade naye osasele zidlula ngaphandle kwentela yefa kahulumeni, kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu bempahla.
  • ukuqashelwa kwentela yefa: Ingxenye engasetshenziswayo yentela yefa yomngane kahulumeni engekho empahleni yefa ingadluliselwa kumngane osele, ngokuphumelelayo iphinde kabili ukukhululwa kwemibhangqwana eshadile.
  • Ukubaluleka ukusebenza njengommeleli womuntu siqu: Oshade naye osasele ungowokuqala emgqeni ukuba abe umenzi wesigebengu noma umphathi wempahla.

Naphezu kwalezi sivikelo, ukuhlelwa kwempahla kusabalulekile emibhangqwaneni efanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibhangqwana efanayo exubile, izingane ezisebuhlotsheni obuphambili, kanye nempahla ephathiswe ukukhokha noma ama-akhawunti omhlalaphansi idinga ukubambisana okucophelela. Intando noma ukuthembeka okungaguquguquki ekuphileni kungasusa imithetho yokungalingani futhi iqinisekise ukuthi impahla idlula ngokwezifiso zombhangqwana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibhangqwana efanayo yezentengiselwano kufanele ibuke iziqu zemali kumaIRAS, 401(k), izimiso zomshuwalensela, nanjengobalelwa ngokufa, njengoba lezi ziphawu ezikhokhwama zihamba phambili intando yentando. Ngemva komshado, ngaphambili obizwa ngokuthi i-Univation (njengomzali noma izelamani) kufanele ilungiswe uma umngane womshado emukela impahla.

Umqashi Oholile Nezinzuzo Zempilo

Umshado unika abangane bomshado abangokobulili obufanayo ithuba lokuthola izinzuzo ezilungiselelwe umqashi. Uma uthatha umhlala-phansi, lokhu kusho ukuthi:

  • Amalungelo okuvuma: Kumacebo empesheni echazwe ngenzuzo, umngane kumelwe asayine umniki uma umbambiswa efuna ukukhetha enye imali ekhokhwa kunelungu elifanelekayo futhi aqhubeke ephila. Lokhu kuvikela oshade naye osasele ekushiyweni ngaphandle kweholo.
  • [[[QLT:0] Ama-oda obudlelwane basekhaya (QDROs): Mayelana nesenzakalo sesehlukaniso, ingxenye yesimiso somhlalaphansi ingabelwa lowo oshade naye ngaphambili ngaphandle kwesijeziso sentela.
  • Ukuhlanganisa ama-akhawunti omhlalaphansi: Oshade naye osele angahlela i-IRA ezuzwe njengefa noma 401(k) egameni labo, ukuhlanganisa isilinganiso esinciphile kakhulu kuze kube neminyaka engu- 73. Abazuzayo abathola umhlalaphansi ngokuvamile kumelwe badlulisele izigaba zeminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi.

Izinzuzo zempilo zibaluleke ngokufanayo. Umshuwalense wempilo womqashi okhokhelwayo ungakhokha umngane womshado, futhi ukukhokhelwa kubhekwa njengeholo elingenantela. Ngemva komhlala-phansi, ikhono lokuqhubeka uhlanganisa i-COBRA noma ukufinyelela icebo lezempilo lomngane womshado othathe umhlala-phantsi lingavala igebe kuze kube iMedicare engakwazi ukukhomba. Imibhangqwana efanayo efuna ukukhokhela umqashi wayo i-HR iqinise ukuba ithuthukise amarekhodi omshado futhi iqonde ukuthi imishado efanayo iphathwa ngokufanayo nemishadoba elibhekene neyo.

Ukuhlala Ubhekene Nezinselele Nokunakekela Okuwusizo

Naphezu kohlelo olungokomthetho olumiswe Obergefell, imibhangqwana efanayo ehlanganyela ubulili isabhekene nezinselele eziyingqayizivele zokuhlela umhlalaphansi ezidinga ukunakwa.

Imithetho Kahulumeni Eguquguqukayo Nosongo Lwezinguquko Zesikhathi Esizayo

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ku- Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022]) saphakamisa ukukhathazeka phakathi kwezazi ezithile ezingokomthetho ukuthi amanye amalungelo asekelwe enqubweni engaphansi kwenqubo elindelekile, [1] kuhlanganise nomshado ofanayo-wesilisa, kungadingeka ukuba kuphinde kuqhutshwe futhi. [[FLT:] [2] Intengiselwano yemishado [FLT] [[FLT:] [202] ifuna uhulumeni wezwe kanye nawo wonke amazwe ukuba alahle ukuqaphela imishado efanayo eyenzeka kunoma yisiphi isimo, akudingeki ukuba izivumelwano ezingathi zivumelwane ukushadana, kodwa futhi zivume ukuthatha imvume yokuthatha imishado evumayo kamuva.[FLT]

Kubantu abashadile abahlela ukuthatha umhlala-phantsi esifundeni esithile, kuwukuhlakanipha ukucwaninga isivikelo sesilinganiso sikahulumeni semibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo, kuhlanganise nemithetho ephathelene nefa, ukwenza izinqumo zezokwelapha, nokuvikela. Ezinye izifunda zinezivikelo eziqinile ezingacwasi; ezinye zinemigoqo. Ukukhipha ummeli wezwe othatha lezindaba kunganikeza ukuthula kwengqondo.

Isehlukaniso Nokuhlala Kwedwa

Amalungelo afanayo omshado anikeza izinzuzo adala izibopho. Amazinga esehlukaniso phakathi kwemibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo afanayo nalawo emibhangqwana ehlukene, futhi ukudilika kunganzima ngokuqashelwa okufushane okungokomthetho kwemibhangqwana ethile. Ukuhlukanisa imali yomhlalaphansi, ukunikeza izinzuzo zeNhlala- kahle, nokusekelana komshado konke kudinga ukuhlelwa okucophelelayo ngokomthetho nangokwezimali. Izivumelwano zokuhlangana kwangemva komshado zingacacisa lezindaba kusengaphambili. Imibhangqwana efanayo kufanele iqaphele ukuthi ngisho nemishado noma imishado emishani kamuva iguqulelwe emshadweni ingaba nemithetho ehlukene, kuye ngomthetho.

Ukunakekelwa Kweziteshi Ezinde Ne - Medicaid

Imibhangqwana eshadile inesivikelo ngaphansi kwe-Medicaid ngezindleko zesikhathi eside zokunakekela. Ezizweni eziningi, umngane womngane wesicelo se-Medicaid angagcina isilinganiso esithile semali nempahla (imvume yemali yomngane womshado ozimele”) ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa ukuba ibe mpofu. Imibhangqwana efanayo eshadile ebhekene nemithetho eqaphela umshado wayo kufanele iphathwe ngendlela efanayo, kodwa i-athomistrucism ingehlukahluka. Imibhangqwana kufanele isebenze nommeli womthetho oqonda imvume ye-Medicaid, umshado, ne-pring.

Iseluleko Esisebenzayo Emibhangqwana Enezilili Ezifanayo Ehlela Ukuthatha Umhlalaphansi

Njengoba kwakhiwa ngokuhlaziya okungenhla, nazi izinyathelo ezingokoqobo imibhangqwana ehlanganyela ubulili engazithatha ukuze ithole ukulondeka okuthé xaxa.

Bukeza futhi uvuselele wonke amadokhumende angokomthetho

Umshado wodwa awuwasusi amaphepha aphelelwe isikhathi awenziwe ngaphambi komshado. Umbhangqwana ngamunye kufanele uqinisekise ukuthi intando, ukwethembana, amandla ommeli, amaphepha okuvota okunakekela impilo, kanye nentando yokuphila kubonisa izinga lawo lomshado nezimiso zawo ezikhona manje. I-Beneficia ezingeni lama-akhawunti omhlalaphansi, umshuwalense wokuphila, kanye nezingatshazwani kufanele kulungiswe ukuze kuqanjwe umngane womshado lapho kuhloselwe khona. Imibhangqwana enabantwana bangaphambili kufanele ikhe amacebo asekelwe ekunikezeni izimali zomshado nezingane, isebenzisa izimiso ezifana ne-QTIP ukuze ithembe inzuzo.

Izindlela Ezihlangene Zokugomela Kwezenhlalo

Ngenxa yokuthi imibhangqwana efanayo ethatha imali ehlukene futhi eneminyaka yobudala, ingahlela kahle izinzuzo zayo zokuphila ngokukhetha ubudala obungcono kakhulu obuzisholo kumngane ngamunye. I-Social Security Administration inikeza “indawo yokuzigcina kwezeNtlango” lapho abantu bengabheka khona irekhodi lemali yabo nezinzuzo ezilinganiselwayo. Imibhangqwana kufanele icabangele ukuhlangana nomhleli wezimali ongasebenzisa izimo ezihlanganisa ubude bokuphila, eminye imithombo yemali, kanye nenzuzo yomngane womshado ukuze aqhubeke ezuza.

Iminikelo Yomhlalaphansi Okhudlile

Imibhangqwana eshadile inganikela imali egciniwe ye-IRA (engokwesiko noma eRoth) uma ithola imali eyanele. Uma omunye umngane womshado enemali encane noma engekho, umngane womshado osebenzayo anganikela nge-IRA kumngane womshado ongasebenzi, ngokuphumelela aphinde kabili imali egciniwe yentela yasekhaya ewumhlalaphansi. Ngo-2025, isilinganiso somnikelo we-IRA singu $7 000 (R1000 kulowomuntu oneminyaka engu-50 noma ngaphezulu). Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqashi uhlela njengo-401(k) no-403) no-b (b) okufanele abekwe ngaphandle ngokwesilinganiso esinokwenzeka, ikakhulukazi uma umqashi enikeza i-IRA isilinganiso somlingane.

Ukuhlela Izindleko Zokwelapha

Ukunakekela impilo kuvame ukuba yizindleko ezinkulu kakhulu zomhlalaphansi. Imibhangqwana efuna umshuwalense wempilo efanayo kufanele ihlole izindlela ezizosetshenziswa phakathi neminyaka yayo yokusebenza, kuhlanganise nomshuwalense womqashi okhokhelwa umqashi. Lapho ineminyaka engu-65, bobabili abashadile bafanelekela iMedicare, kodwa ngamunye kumelwe abhalise eyedwa. Izigwebo zamuva zokubhalisa ziyasebenza uma i-Part B noma ingxenye D ihlehliswa ngaphandle kokukhokhwa. Imibhangqwana kufanele futhi icabangele ukuthenga umshuwalensela wesikhathi eside wokunakekela, noma uma omunye umshadodakazi wayo enezinkinga zempilo ezibalulekile, ibeke eceleni imali ebhange yemali yemali yempilo elondolo (HA) phakathi neminyaka yokusebenza kwayo.

Ukufuna Ukuqiniseka, Ukuqinisekisa Iseluleko Sochwepheshe

Abahleli bezezimali, abalungiseli bentela, nabameli bezindawo abanolwazi lwe-LGBTQ+ babaluleke kakhulu. Iziqu zobuchwepheshe ezinjenge-CFP® noma i-CFC ziwusizo, kodwa isihluthulelo sithola u-adviso oqonda ukuhlelwa kombhangqwana ofanayo wezwe: umlando wokungalingani okungokomthetho, ukubaluleka kobungane bokwenza amabhukwana, kanye nokukwazi kwenguquko engokomthetho esikhathini esizayo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge [[FLT:][FLT:] [2] [KK] KP] +PLAF:3] kanye [FL] no-'FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [oct:]

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlala Umatasa

Ukuhlela umhlalaphansi akusona isenzakalo esisodwa. Ushintsho lwezimo zomuntu siqu, ukushintsha, nemigomo yezimali kuyazivelela. Imibhangqwana efanayo engokwabesifazane kufanele ihlele ukubukeza okubanzi okungenani njalo eminyakeni emithathu kuya kwemihlanu, noma noma noma nini lapho kwenzeka isenzakalo esikhulu sokuphila (ukuzalwa, ukufa, ukushintsha komsebenzi, ukuhamba, noma ukushintsha isimo somshado). Ukugcina amarekhodi acophelelayo ezitifiketi zomshado, imithetho yesehlukaniso, kanye nezinguquko zegama kungavimbela ukuphatha ikhanda uma kuvela izinzuzo ezithile.

Kubafundisi nabenzi bezimiso, lesi sihloko sigcizelela isidingo semfundo ephelele yomhlalaphansi kanye nezivikelo ezingokomthetho. Njengoba i-LGBTQ+ iminyaka yobudala yomphakathi, iqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zemali ziphatha yonke imibhangqwana eshadile ngokulinganayo zihlala zibalulekile. Ngokuqonda ithonya eligcwele lamalungelo omshado ekuhleleni umhlalaphansi, imibhangqwana engowesilisa ngasese ingakha ikusasa elilondekile eliyifanele.