Ukuqonda Izimo Eziphuthumayo: Isisekelo Sombuso Wase - United States

Izinhlangano ze-Federal ziyizikhali ezisebenzayo zikahulumeni wase-United States, zihumusha izigunyazo zemithetho neziqondiso eziphetheyo zize zenze izenzo ezingokoqobo ezithinta ukuphila kwabantu baseMelika abacishe babe izigidi ezingu - 330. Ngokuqinisekisa ukulondeka kwamanzi akho okuphuza ukuze ulondoloze ukulondeka kwesizwe, lezinhlangano zithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwanamuhla. Kubantu, ukuqonda ubukhulu bomsebenzi wezinhlangano akudingekile nje kuphela ekufinyeleleni izinkonzo kodwa futhi nasekuhlanganyeleni ekulandiseni ngentando yeningi. Lesiqondiso esinwebayo sihlola izinhlobonhlobo, imithwalo yemfanelo, imiphumela yansuku zonke, neziqondiso zezokubusa zikahulumeni, zinikeza umbono onzulu ngalokho ezikwenzayo kanye nendlela ongazithinta ngayo ngokuphumelelayo.

Ziyini Izinkonzo Zomphakathi?

Izinhlangano ze-Federal ziyizinhlangano ezizimele zokuqondisa ezimiswe yiKhongolose noma uMongameli ukuze zifeze imisebenzi ethile echazwe umthetho. Ngokungafani nezindima ezinkulu zokwenza amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni, izinhlangano zigxile ekugcwaliseni, ekuqikeleleni, nasekudluliseleni inkonzo. Zisebenza ngaphansi kwegunya eliphathisiwe, okusho ukuthi zingakha iziqondiso eziningi eziphethe amandla omthetho, uma leyo mithetho ihlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele emiswe yi-Congress. I-comparation yanamuhla ihlanganisa iminyango, izikhomishane, izikhomishane, izinkampani, nezinkampani zikahulumeni, zisebenzisa izisebenzi ezingasasebenzi abavamile abangaba izigidi ezingu-2.

Izimo eziphuthumayo zinezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko ezisekelwe ekwakhekeni nasekuhlobanisweni kwazo negatsha eliphethe:

  • Imishini yezemisebenzi: iminyango yesiteji esingu15, ngayinye iholwa unobhala omiswe nguMongameli futhi waqinisekiswa yiSigele. Izibonelo zihlanganisa uMnyango Wezezempilo (DoD), uMnyango Wezempilo nezezeMsebenzi (HS), kanye noMnyango wezemfundo (ED). Lena yizinhlangano ezinkulu nezibonakalayo kakhulu, ezinemiyalo emikhulu ehlanganisa izindawo ezinkulu zemithetho.
  • Izimo ezizimele: Izinhlangano ezisebenza ngaphandle kweminyango ephethe, njenge-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), kanye ne-Social Security Administration (SA). Zivame ukuba nenkululeko eyengeziwe ekulawuleni umongameli, ngezinye izikhathi kanye namakhomishane asebenza ngokulunga, okudumaza.
  • IMikhandlu yezeNkathi ePhakathi: izindikimba ezinikwe amandla okulawula izimboni ezithile noma izingxenye zezomnotho, njenge-Federal Commissions Commission (FCC), i-Sectureties and Exchange Commission (SEC), neFederal TC Commission (FTC). Le mithi inamandla okulawula izimboni ezithile ne-quassi-lellislactive, yenza imithetho nempikiswano echazayo.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yezimo Zomphakathi

Nakuba ukugunyazwa kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni kuhluka kakhulu, imisebenzi eminingana eyisisekelo ivamile ezinhlanganweni eziningi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Nokubuswa Kwemithetho

Uma uKhongolo ludlulisa umthetho, ngokuvamile kubanzi, kudinga izinhlangano ukuba zigcwalise imininingwane nge ukwenza umthetho . Ngokwesibonelo, i-Ceane Air Act yanikeza i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) igunya lokumisa izindinganiso eziqondile zokukhipha izinto ezingcolisayo. Imishini ikhipha imithetho ehlongozwayo ku- Register[[, ukuncela izinkulumo zomphakathi, bese ikhipha iziqondiso zokugcina. Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho inemithetho esebenzayo, esebenzayo. I-AGrodetic Proced Active Act ibusa lomsebenzi, idinga ukubona obala nokuhlanganyela.

Ukubuyiselwa Nokuphoqelelwa

Imishini ihlola ukuthobela imithetho nezimiso, ihlola ukwephulwa kwemithetho nezijeziso ezingathi sína. I-Occapational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ihlola umsebenzi ukuze iphoqelele izindinganiso zokuphepha; i-Foood and Drug Administration (FDA) ingathatha imikhiqizo eyingozi emashalofini esitolo. Izenzo zempoqo zisukela ezinhlahleni ezixwayisayo zomphakathi nasezigwegwegweni zobugebengu, zikha uhlelo oluvikela impilo yomphakathi, ukuphepha, kanye nezimakethene.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwenkonzo Eqondile

Izinhlangano eziningi zisebenza ngokunakekela izinkonzo eziphambili. I-Social Security Administration ikhipha umhlalaphansi futhi ikhubaze ama-America angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-70. I-Derpartment of Veterans Affairs ilawula isimiso sokunakekela impilo esikhulu kunazo zonke kuleli zwe. Inkonzo yeposi ithumela iposi kunoma iliphi ikheli ezweni, izinsuku eziyisithupha ngesonto. Lezi zinkonzo zivame ukuba yizici zikahulumeni ezibonakala kakhulu zezakhamuzi ezivamile.

Ukucwaninga, Ukwaziswa, Nolwazi

Izinhlangano ze-Federal ziphakathi kwemithombo emikhulu kakhulu emhlabeni yokucwaninga kwezesayensi nokwaziswa kwezibalo. I-NASA ithuthukisa ukuhlola umkhathi nesayensi yomhlaba. I-National Institutes of Health Safekments ukucwaninga ngesayensi yezokwelapha okuholela ekutholeni ukwelashwa okusha. I-Bureau of Labor Statistics ivumela ukuswelakala umsebenzi, ukwehla kwamandla emali, nomkhiqizo, inikeza ukwaziswa okungacacile okulawula isimiso sezomnotho. Lo msebenzi uhlanganisa intuthuko engenakubalwa ezinhlanganweni zezesayensi yezemfundo.

Ukulondeka Kombuso Nokuphepha Komphakathi

Ukuvikela izwe ekusongelwani kwakwamanye amazwe nasekhaya kuwumthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko ohlanganyelwa yizinhlangano eziningi. I-Dervince of Homeland Security (DHS) yengamela ukulondeka emngceleni, ukugcinwa kwabantu abafudukayo, nokusabela okuphuthumayo. I-Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) ihlola ubugebengu obuseburhulumenteni kanye nezinsongo ezihlobisayo. UMnyango Wezokuvikela ulondoloza amabutho anamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. Lezi zisebenza ndawonye ngezimiso ezingokomthetho ezifana ne-National Security Council.

Indlela Izinhlangano Ezihamba Ngezikhathi Ezihlukene Ezikuthinta Ngazo Ukuphila Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

Ukuqonda lezi zibopho kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ukubaluleka kwezinkonzo zikahulumeni nokubaluleka kokwengamela.

Impilo Nokulondeka Kwabathengi

Njalo lapho udla ukudla okuphakiwe, usebenzisa umuthi ogunyaziwe, noma usebenzisa i-FDA, iye yahlola ukuphepha kwayo. ICenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ihlola izifo ezihlaselayo futhi ihambe iziqu zabantwana. I-Derpartment of Agriculture (USDA) ihlola inyama kanye nezindawo zokulungisa izinkukhu. Lemizamo ivimbela izifo eziningi futhi isindise ukuphila, nakuba ingavamile ukwenza izihloko lapho isebenza kahle.

Indawo Ezungezile Nemithombo Yemvelo

I-Nvironmental Protection Agency ilawula umoya nokungcola kwamanzi, ibeka imingcele ekukhishweni kwegesi emafekthri nasezimotweni. I-National Park Service ilawula izindawo ezingaphezu kuka-400, ilondoloza amagugu emvelo nawomdabu ukuze umphakathi uwajabulele. Inkonzo yamahlathi yase-U.S. Ingamele amahektare ayizigidi ezingu-3 ehlathi lesizwe, ilinganisa ukukhiqizwa kwezingodo kanye nokulondolozwa kwemithi. Umoya ohlanzekile, imifula ebhukudayo, kanye namazwe omphakathi afinyelelekayo [[FLT:] ancike ngokuqondile emsebenzini wezenteko .

Imfundo Nomsebenzi

I-University of Education isakaza usizo lwabafundi bamazwe, yengamela ukugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi ezikoleni, futhi iqoqa ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokuphumelela kwabafundi. UMnyango Wezisebenzi umisa imithetho engaphansi kweholo, ukulimala emsebenzini, nokunikeza umshuwalense wokungasebenzi. I-Oumeal Accomplication Opportunity Commission (EOC) ihlola ukucwasa. Le misebenzi iveza amathuba ezigidi zezisebenzi nabafundi.

Izinto Zokuhamba Nezakhiwo Eziyinkimbinkimbi

I-Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ilawula i-Federal Aviation Administration ye-mouse yezwe, i-avice eqinisekisa abashayeli bezindiza futhi ihlola indiza. I-Federal Highway Administration imisa izindinganiso zokuphepha zemigwaqo namabhuloho. I-National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) i-indlela yokuhlola izimoto nezinkinga ezikhunjulwayo lapho kunezinkinga. Uma ushayela, ubhabhabha, noma uthatha isitimela, uthembela ukuphepha nokuklama kwemithetho engokomthetho.

Ukulondeka Kwezimali Nesivikelo Sabathengi

I-Secreties and Exchange Commission yengamela izimakethe zamasheya ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhwabanisa nokuhweba ngaphakathi. I-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ilawula izikweleti zezikweletu, amakhadi okuthenga ngesikweleti, kanye nemali ebolekwa abafundi. I-Federal Deposit Inshuwarectory Corporation (FDIC) izimali ezigciniwe ebhayisekeni ezifinyelela kuR350 000 (R150 000). Lezi zinkampani zilondoloza ukuqina nokuthembela esimisweni sezimali esisekela imali esisekela imali nentuthuko.

Indlela Yokuhlanganyela Nezimo Zokuhlola

Izakhamuzi zinezindlela eziningi zokuxhumana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, kusukela ekutholeni izinzuzo kuya ekuthonyeni isimiso.

Ukufinyelela Izinkonzo Nezinzuzo

Izinhlangano eziningi zilondoloza amatheku asebenza ngomsebenzisi osebenza kulayini. I-website USA.gov isebenza njengokhokho-mkhondo ophakathi, ixhumanisa amafomu okusebenza ezinzuzo ze-Social Security, ukuvuselelwa kwesango, ukubhalisa iMedicare, nemali encane yokuboleka kwebhizinisi. Izinhlangano eziningi futhi zinezinsiza ezikhululekile namahhovisi ensimu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-SSA inamahhovisi ensimu angaphezu kuka-1, lapho ungafaka khona isicelo sekhadi lezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano noma ukudlulisa izinzuzo.

Ukunikeza Amakha Nezinto Ezifuyayo

Lapho izinhlangano zikhipha imithetho ehlongozwayo, kumelwe zamukele ukukhulumela komphakathi ngaphambi kokuqeda. Ungafaka ukukhulumela .gov, lapho amanxusa esakaza khona ukubekwa kwemithetho. Lena indlela enamandla kubantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, namaqembu afuna ukuthatha i-advocara ukuze alungise isimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, i-FCC ithole izigidi zamazwi ngemithetho yenethinga. Ukuya ezindlebeni, ukuhlangana namakomiti okuhlola, nokuphendula ukuthatha izicelo zezenezeluleko.

Ukubika Izinkinga Nokufuna Ukunciphisa Izinkinga

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi inkampani ethile yenze ngokungafanele, ungafaka isikhalo ngehhovisi layo le-Inspector General, elihlola ukukhohlisa, ukulahlwa, nokuxhashazwa. I-Office of Special Counser ivikela abafuyi bempempe. Izinhlangano eziningi futhi zinezikhalo zabathengi ezikhalisayo mayelana nemikhiqizo yemali, futhi i-FDA ivumela imibiko yokusabela okungathandeki kwezidakamizwa. Le nqubo inikeza ukulandisa futhi isiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo.

Ukuzimisela Nethonya

Izinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni, izinkampani zezokuhwebelana, kanye namaqembu ezakhamuzi zihlala zinxusa izinhlangano ukuze zifune izinguquko zesimiso. Ngaphansi koMthetho we-Federal Advisory Committee, izinhlangano kumelwe zihlanganise abaxhasi abahlukene eziphakamisi-mthetho. Ukunikeza izinkulumo zomphakathi, ukuhlangana nezikhulu zezinhlangano, nokuhlanganyela ekuhlawuliseni amacebo asetshenziswayo ukuthinta izinto eziza kuqala zezinhlangano. Inkululeko Yolwazi ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zicele amarekhodi ezinhlangano, zikhanyisa ngesinqumo sangaphakathi.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezimo Zokuhlola Uhulumeni

Naphezu kwendima yazo ebucayi, izinhlangano zibhekana nezithiyo eziphikelelayo ezingavimbela ukusebenza nokuqeda ukwethemba umphakathi.

Iziphazamiso Zokusebenzisa Imali

Imishini isebenza ekuhleleni imali ephuma eMkhandlwini. Uma uhlelo lwemali luyisicaba noma lusikwe, izinhlangano zingamisa imishini yokuqasha, ukunciphisa izinkonzo, noma ukulungisa isikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-IRS iye yazama ukunciphisa ubuchwepheshe bayo nokuphendula izingcingo zentela ngenxa yokusebenzisa imali enciphile. Imali echithwayo incishiswe yi-Debural Control Act ka-2011.

Ukungenela Kwezombangazwe Nokushintshashintsha Kwemibono

Ukucindezela kwezombangazwe okuvela kwiWhite House, Congress, noma amaqembu esithakazelo kungasonta izinto eziza kuqala. Ngezinye izikhathi abameli bamisa izikhulu ezisebenzayo ukuba zishaye indiva isiqinisekiso seSigebengu, zinciphise ukulandisa. Izisebenzi zomsebenzi zingabhekana nokuphindisela ngokumisa imithetho engqubuzana nemigomo yezombangazwe. Ukuguqula isayensi (ngokwesibonelo, ukushintsha imibiko ye-EPA ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu) ukuthembeka kwenhlangano yezezimali.

Ukungasebenzi Kakhulu Kwebutho Lombuso

Izinhlangano ezinkulu, eziphethe zingathatha kancane ukusungula. Itepi ebomvu, imingcele efinyelelweyo, nezinqubo eziphelelwe isikhathi zikhungathekisa kokubili izisebenzi kanye nomphakathi. I-Hulumeni Accounting Office (GAO) iqokomisa njalo “i-aristork” izinhlelo ezingavikeleka ekulahleni noma ekusebenziseni kabi, njengokukhokha okungafanelekile kwezimiso zoMnyango woMnyango woMnyango woMnyango woMnyango wokulwa noMdathako. Imizamo yokuthubeleza ngokulandela i-presidenti Agenda iye yaveza imiphumela exubile.

Ukwethenjwa Umphakathi Nokucatshangelwa

Ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni kuye kwehla phakathi namashumi eminyaka. NgokwePew Research Center, cishe amaphesenti angu-20 kuphela amaMelika athi athemba uhulumeni waseWashington ukuba enze okulungile isikhathi esiningi. Ukufakwa kwemithombo yezindaba egxekayo, ukwehluleka okukhulu kwe-profile (isibonelo, i-1414 VA yalinda amahlazo ehlazekile), nokuhlasela okungalawuleki. Ukuthemba kunciphisa ukuthobela kokuzithandela ngemithetho futhi kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba izinhlangano zifeze izinkonzo zazo.

Izinselele Zomsebenzi

Izisebenzi zikahulumeni ezigugile, ezinezisebenzi eziningi ezifanele ukuthatha umhlalaphansi, zisongela ulwazi lwezeziqu. Ukuncintisana nezisebenzi ezizimele zethalenta elinolwazi oluphezulu − ikakhulukazi kuyi-IT, i-inthanethi, nesayensi (izehlakalo ze-inthanethi) zinobudlovu, zidumaza, zidumaza abafuna ukumiswa kwemisebenzi. IHhovisi Lokuphathwa Kwabaphathi bezisebenzi liye lasungula izinguquko ukuze lisheshise ukuqasha nokuthuthukisa inhloso, kodwa intuthuko ihlala ingalingani.

Ikusasa Lezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Izinhlangano eziningana ziyololonga indlela yazo yokucabanga ngeminyaka eyishumi ezayo ukuze zihlale ziphumelela ezweni elishintsha ngokushesha.

Ukuguqula Isiga-nyezi kanye ne-Al

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amathuluzi anamandla okuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokutholakala. Amanxusa amaningi afaka imali ezinkonzo ze-technoloji (ngokwesibonelo, i-U.S. Digital Service namaqembu angu-18F afakwe ezinhlanganweni ukuze enze amawebhusayithi nama-IT asebenze. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kungahlaziya izinzuzo ezifunwayo, ukuqamba nokuhlola ukukhwabanisa kwemisebe. Nokho, izinhlangano kumelwe zikwazi ukulawula izingozi zokucwasana, ukufihla, ukuba wedwa, nokubonakala. I-AIPURFFU Act ka-202020 idinga izinhlangano ukuba zihlole ukusetshenziswa kwazo, zibone ukuthi zibuye zithathe imicimbiso engcono kakhulu.

Ukubona Isilinganiso Esikhulu Nemininingwane Evulekile

I-OPEN Government Data igunyaza ukuba izinhlangano ezingachaphazeli zinyathelise ukwaziswa emafomeni abhalwe ngomshini. Imininingwane. Izindawo ezithola ukwaziswa cishe kumakhulu amakhulu ezinhlangano, zisiza abacwaningi, izintatheli, nabahwebi ukuba bahlaziye yonke into kusukela kumarekhodi esimo sezulu kuya eqophelweni elifanele lesibhedlela. Imizamo yokubonisana ngokukhululekile njengenkululeko yolwazi lwanamuhla kanye nokubekwa kwezindawo zomphakathi kwenza imisebenzi yezezikhungo zibonakale, ziveze ukulandisa.

Ukuhlangana Nobuhlobo Bomphakathi

Izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi − ukushintsha kwe-inthanethi, i-inthanethi, ukusabela okuwumshayabhuqe, ukusabela okuwumshayabhuqe kwe-"require" ukuxhumanisa izinhlangano namalungu angaphandle. I-National Cybersecurity Protection Systeity System (EINSTEIN) ihlanganisa i-DHS, i-NSA, ne-Internet communet internation. I-Drefective Reference ihlanganisa izisebenzi zokuzithandela nezinhlangano phakathi nezinkinga. Ukubambisana okunjalo nokusebenzisana kwemithombo kunezinganiso nezindlela ezingaphezulu kwezingangenamandla kahulumeni, kodwa futhi kudinga nokulawulwa okucophelela kwezenteko kanye nemininingwane.

Gxila Ekulinganiseni Nasekuqondweni

I-Expaup Order 13985 (2021) eqondiswe izinhlangano ezithuthukisa ukulingana kwezinhlanga nokusekela okungalingani kwemiphakathi egciniwe. Manje kudingeka ukuba izimemezelo ziqhube izinqumo zokuhlola ukulingana, zisuse izithiyo zokuthola izinhlelo, futhi ziqoqe ukwaziswa kwenani labantu. Izibonelo zihlanganisa imizamo yoMnyango we-Agriculture yokulungisa ukucwaswa kwabalimi abamnyama kanye noMnyango wezempilo noMnyango Wezezempilo. Lemizamo ihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkonzo zezezobuchwepheshe zifinyelele kulabo abazidinga kakhulu.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, nokuntengantenga kwezombangazwe kudinga izinhlangano zokwakha ukuqina. I-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ilungisa amabalazwe anezikhukhula nemithetho yokusabela ngenhlekelele. I-Divince of Energy ifaka imali ekuvuseleleni izimpawu zesimanje namandla avuselelwayo. Imishini futhi isungula amacebo avumelanayo okuhlasela nge-i - Internet nokuphazamisa ukuhlasela nokuthumela. Ukulungisa lezinsongobo. Kuzoba inselele isizukulwane esilandelayo sabaholi bezwe.

Isiphetho

Izinhlangano ze-Federal azizona izinhlangano ezingabonakali eWashington; ziyinjini eguqula imithetho ibe okuhlangenwe nakho okuphilayo. Kusukela ekulondekeni kokudla kwakho kuya ekulondekeni komhlalaphansi wakho, umsebenzi wazo uklanyelwe ukuba ube yikho ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Ukuqonda ukuthi iziphi izinhlangano zenza − futhi kanjani ukuthi izakhamuzi zingasebenza nazo ukuze zigcine uhulumeni unecala, ukungenela izinkonzo ezigxekayo, neziqondiso zezimiso zemithetho. Njengoba izinhlangano zilawula izingcindezelo zemali, izinselele zezombangazwe, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuguqula izinto, ikhono lazo lokunquma ukuthi zisebenza kahle kangakanani emphakathini emashumini eminyaka angaphambili. Ukuhlala zinolwazi nokuhlanganyela ezinqunyweni zezinhlangano akuyona nje inzuzo; kuwumthwalo wemfanelo wezezezezezobukhonziwa njengezakhamuzi zentando yentando yeningi.