UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States umi njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe, umisa uhlelo lwesimiso sentando yeningi yaseMelika nodweliso lwamalungelo nenkululeko yesakhamuzi ngasinye. Iqiniswa ngo-1788 futhi yalungiswa izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa, lencwadi ephilayo iye yaguqula indawo yesizwe engokomthetho nengokwezombangazwe phakathi kwamakhulu amabili. Ukuze izakhamuzi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ekuzilawuleni, kumelwe ziqonde ukuguqulwa okuqondile okuchaza inkululeko yazo, isilinganiso samandla kahulumeni, nokuqinisekisa ukuphatha okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Lesiqondiso esesandisiwe siye sahlola ukuguqulwa kwesisekelo sezwe sesisekelo somhlaba wonke amaMelika kufanele sazi, izizinda zawo ezingokomlando, izincazelo zeNkakhulu, nezinganiso zazo ezivelele, nokusebenza kwazo eziqhubekayo emphakathini wanamuhla.

I - Ibheli Lamalungelo: IziNguqulo Zokuqala Eziyishumi

I-Bill of Rights, ehlanganisa izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kuMthetho-sisekelo, yagunyazwa ngoDecember 15, 1791. Lezi zinguquko kwakuyimpendulo eqondile ezikhathazweni ze-Anti-Federalist phakathi nezimpikiswano zokuhlanganisa, iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe osanda kudalwa ngeke unyathele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Nakuba iBhili yamaLungelo ekuqaleni yayisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni, iSiphendulo seMibukiso se-14 se-Created Procesting Clacecee kamuva yenza ukuba isivikelo sayo esiningi ngokuphoqelelwa ukuba simelane nombuso wendawo ngenqubo eyaziwayo njenge-uthention. Ngezansi kulungiswe imibandela eyisisekelo yale sisekelo.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: INsika Yenkululeko Edlulisayo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala senqabela ukubeka noma yimuphi umthetho "ukuhlonipha ukumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukwenqabela ukuyisebenzisa ngokukhululekile; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo. [[FL:][0]. [Umbuso u-19] Umthetho uvikela izinkolelo ezinhlanu ezihlukene: inkolo, ukukhuluma, ukucindezela, ukuhlanganisa, nokunxusa. INkantolo Ephakeme ichaze lezi sivikelo ngokubanzi, nokwe-oknothi ayiphelele. Icala eliyikho okungakhombangalelekiyo [[2] [[FLT:]].[FLT] [FLT].[FFFFF:1], umqulu okhuselwe yizindlela zezombangazwe,[19] (19]) ukuvumela imingcele yezelele, imvume yokuvikelwa kwezeleleka, i-Expressult, ukuvumela ukuvidult.[0] [4], u-E.[4] i-Espoult.[4]

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili simemezela ukuthi, "I-Militia elawulwa kahle, njengoba idingekile ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha iziXhobo, ngeke lishaywe." Emlandweni weMelika, leli lungiselelo lachazwa njengokuvikela ilungelo elihlangeneyo eliboshelwe inkonzo yobupopulpiti. Nokho, [FLT]] iGalute of Columbia v. [[FLT] [2001] [200] [iNT], iNkantolo ephakeme yaqaphela ilungelo lokuba nento ewumbuso wempi ngenxa yempi. Impikiswano eqhubekayo, iyaqhubeka ikhona ngemithetho eqhubekayo, futhi i-enqanyuliwe, iminyaka emibili kamuva, [[FLT:] [5] [i-Donald.V v [FOLT].[FLT]) ngaphansi kwemithelelana, imvume yomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho ovamile, kodwa ovamile. Umthetho ungaqinisekisa ukuthi i-2010]

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Nokuzithela

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela "ilungelo labantu lokuphepha kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela, ngokuphenya ngokungenangqondo nokuquleka" futhi sidinga ukuba kukhishwe izimvume kuphela ngesizathu okungenzeka. Lokhu kulunga kusebenza njengetshe lesisekelo lamalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu kanye nokubekwa kwemithetho yokuvimbela ukugcinwa kwemithetho esemthethweni enkantolo. [[FLT:] Ukuchazwa okuyinhloko kuhlanganisa [[FLT:]] Mapp v. Ohio[ [1961], eyamisa umthetho wokususa idoda, owasungula ukukhonzwa kokuphucwa kwe-get-get-get-get-getry (ngo-eye-evidey) ekuphuleni kwe-mendement yeSihlanu somthetho we-Gene [inte] akunakusetshenziswa enkantolo. v.[FLT:][FLD][F:][1][1][1][FLC]][20][20]][2010])

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nokuziphikisa

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqukethe izisivikelo eziningi ezibalulekile: ilungelo lokumangalelwa abahluleli abakhulu ngenxa yobugebengu obungathi sína, isivikelo ezingozini eziphindwe kabili, ilungelo lokwenqaba ukuzibeka icala, nesiqinisekiso sokuthi akekho umuntu ozolahlekelwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Inqubo yokuzibeka icala iwumthombo wesixwayiso esidumile "I-Murdanda," emiswe ku-Manda v. I-Arizona[FLT] (196), okudinga amaphoyisa ukuba atshele ukuthi anelungelo lawo lokuthula futhi abe nommeli okhona phakathi nokuphenywa ngokungalungisi. I-Clascass iyaqaphela ukuthi lezi zigaba zibonelo zezelele zonke izivikelo zomthetho, izikhulu zikahulumeni eziphoqekelwe ngokungemthetho.

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okufanele

ISiphendulo seSihlanu siqinisekisa ummangalelwa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi, ijaji elingakhethi, ukumangalelwa, ukuxabana kofakazi, inqubo ephoqelelwe yokuthola ofakazi, nosizo lweseluleko. Enye yezincazelo zanamuhla ezibaluleke kakhulu yavela ku Gideon v. Wainright [1963], ekholelwa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ufuna ukuba kunikezwe ummeli emacaleni angenwayo. Kamuva, [[FLT:]] Argumerginger v.[12]] [197] [1963]] [icala elisho ukuthi ukuvala icala lapho ukuboshwa kungenziwa khona isijeziso. I-Esithupha siqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa abamangalelwayo futhi amathuluzi okumelwe avinjelwe.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesibhozo siyayinqabela "ibheyili ye-ee," "inhlawulo yentambo yegazi," ne "isijeziso esingavamile" ngokomlando, leli lungiselelo liye lasetshenziselwa ukubekela isijeziso sokufa nezimo zasejele inselele. Furman v. Georgia[[[FLT:]][1972], iNkantolo ePhakathi Ephakeme yasivala ngokuphumelelayo isijeziso senhlokozwe lonke, ithola ukuthi ukusebenza kwayo okusemthethweni kunesijeziso esinonya nesingajwayelekile. [[FLT:] Gregg. [[FLT] v] [FLT] [FF:] [3], eyavumela isigwebo esibukelwe iziqondiso. Muva nje, iNkakhulu ivimbela ukukhishwa kwabantu abakhubazekile ([FFT]]]]]) futhi i-ult4] i-S.[5] i-S.[5] Iziphemumumulomes. [ult, i-Smop]

Izinqumo Eziyinhloko Ngalé Kwesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Nakuba iBhili of Rights yakha umnyombo wenkululeko yaseMelika, izinguquko eziningana ezalandela ziye zandisa ngokuphawulekayo amalungelo ezakhamuzi nesivikelo sokuvota. Lezi zinguquko zibonisa ukulwela kwesizwe ukugcwalisa izinhloso zalo ezisunguliwe zokulingana nobulungisa.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nesithathu (1865): Ukuqedwa Kobugqila

ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu sabuqeda phakade ubugqila nokugqilazwa okungenanhloso eUnited States, ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu. Saqiniswa ngemva kweMpi Yombango, saphawula isikhathi esidambayo emlandweni waseMelika. Nokho, ukushintshwa kwale nqubo yokungahloniphi ngokomthetho − ukuvumela ubugqila obungahlonisiwe njengesijeziso sobugebengu obuphoqelelwe emajele, ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela eziqhubekisela phambili zemisebenzi yokuphoqelelwa emajele, isigaba semizamo yenguquko yamanje. Naphezu kokulinganiselwa kwayo, iSichithi seshumi nantathu simelela isibopho somthetho senkululeko yomuntu siqu futhi sihlala siyithuluzi elinamandla ekulweni nokushushumbiswa kwabantu nobugqila banamuhla.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane (1868): Ukuba Izakhamuzi Ezifanele Nokuvikelwa Okulinganayo

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane singesinye sesinqumo esibalulekile nesibekwe phambili. I-Citizenship Claus inikeza bonke abantu abazalwa noma abadaliweyo e-United States ilungelo lokuthola imvume yokuhlala emakhaya ngokuzenzakalelayo, igumbuqele iNkantolo Ephakeme [ Dred Scott v. Sandford[ [1857]] [18] [18]]. I-'Esprocescle Clausleaise inikeza i- Bill of Rights emazweni (impostation) futhi ivikela amalungelo abalulekile (impostation) asetshenziswa ukuba asetshenziswe futhi awe-culth' ([FLT:[5]] umqulu weze worst, futhi uvikela amalungelo angokomthetho weze, [Fognstruption,[4], u-Fogleast, u-10], u-10, u-10, u-10, u-10, u-10, u-10, u-10, uyaqinisekisa u

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu (1870): Amalungelo Ohlanga

ISichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu seSichibiyelo sobudlova sinqabela ohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni ukuba banqabe isakhamuzi ilungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe "kwesizwe, ibala, noma esimweni sangaphambili sobugqila" naphezu kwalomthetho ocacile, izifunda zaseningizimu zamisa intela yokuvota, ukuhlola ukufunda nokubhala, kanye nokwesabisa okunobudlova ukuze kususwe abavoti baseMelika cishe ngekhulu leminyaka. I-Voting Rights Act ka-1965", yenza iSiphendulo seshumi nanhlanu saba yiqiniso. Ifa lika-Amperement iyaqhubeka engxabeni yanamuhla yemithetho ye-ovotar, i-fenfrantiation, futhi i-red e-red.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesishiyagalolunye (1920): Ukuthungatha Kwabesifazane

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvotela bonke abesifazane baseMelika, sisho ukuthi ilungelo "angeke linqatshwe noma livalelwe i-United States noma yinoma imuphi uHulumeni ngenxa yobulili." Liqiniswa ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka empikiswano yabesifazane, lokhu kulungisa akuzange kubangele bonke abesifazane − ukunqanda imikhuba yokubulala ngecala kusavinjelwa abantu abaningi bamaZwe Omdabu aseMelika, abase-Asian American, nabesifazane baseAfrika kuze kube umthetho ongokomsuka. Noma kunjalo, iSichithi seshumi elinesishiyagamu sesivumelwano sokuhlela izimpande zotshalo nomthetho - ngokomthetho.

ISichibiyelo Se - 20 - Fourth (1964): Ukwenqatshwa Kwentela Engcolile

ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nane seSichibiyelo seNkantolo ePhakathi kamuva sabekwa [[FLT:] Harper v. intela yentela ye-Evolution ibiyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokuvimbela ukuvota okungahlawulwa kahle, ikakhulukazi ama-Afrika eNingizimu. Nakuba iSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nane sama-Fourth sasetshenziswa kuphela kukhetho lukahulumeni, iNkantolo Ephakeme kamuva yabekwa Harper v. i-Virginia Board of Evolutions[ [196] intela yokuvota esemthethweni iphazamisa iSivicelo seSikhungo sika-Clawulo sika-Genetic Clausle weSinyuse-Grence ye-14th. Lokhu kususwa kwento enkulu ngenxa yezentengo yomthetho.

ISichibiyelo Sesithathu samashumi amabili nanhlanu (1971): Ukuncishiswa kweNkathi Yokushibilika Kuye ku - 18

Ukuphendula impikiswano yokuthi labo abadala ngokwanele ukuba babuthwe ukuze basebenze empini kufanele babe nelungelo lokuvota, iSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu sehla iminyaka yokuvota kusukela ku-21 kuya ku-18 kuwo wonke uhulumeni, uhulumeni, nokhetho lwendawo. Ukuhlaziywa okushesha kakhulu emlandweni − kwandisa ukuvotelwa kwabase-Melika abayizigidi eziyintsha. Namuhla, lokhu kuncishiswa kuyaqhubeka kuthuthukisa izingxoxo eziphathelene nezivumelwano zobusha nemfundo yomphakathi ezikoleni.

Indima YeNkantolo Ephakeme Ekuchazeni Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho kudinga futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi incazelo yawo iyazimela ngencazelo yokwahlulela. INkantolo Ephakeme isebenza njengomsunguli wokugcina woMthetho-sisekelo, futhi izinqumo zayo zilawula ukusebenza okusebenzayo kwanoma yimuphi ukulungiswa. Ngokwesibonelo, inkululeko yokuHlaziya Umthetho Wokuqala yenkululeko yokukhuluma manje ihlanganisa amazwi e-Internet nemali njengenkulumo yezombangazwe, kuyilapho iSiphendulo sesine seSiphendulo somthetho sivikela ekucwaningeni okungacabangeliyo kudlulela emininingwaneni yezibalo nasemibusweni ye-dronesini. Izakhamuzi kufanele zilandele izinqumo ezibalulekile ngoba zithinta ngokuqondile amalungelo ezindaba zansuku zonke (ezingasese) ukuze zivote iqhaza ukuze zivote indima ye-paldiary ye-palmstion. Ukuvuma indima ye-mdiary kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kungani amalungelo omthetho ngezinye izikhathi abonakala enziwayo enziwayo eshintsha isikhathi.

Indlela Yokuhlala Unolwazi Nokuqinisekisa Ngamalungelo Akho

Ukwazi lezi zinguquko kumane kuyisinyathelo sokuqala; ukuthembisana ngokuzikhandla kuqinisekisa ukuthi lamalungelo ayaqhubeka evikelekile. Nazi izindlela eziqinisekile zezakhamuzi zokujulisa ulwazi lwazo olungokomthetho nokusebenzisa inkululeko yazo ngendlela efanelekile.

  • Funda uMthetho-sisekelo mathupha. Izinqolobane zesizwe zinikeza umbhalo ogcwele, kanye nomongo ongokomlando, . ufundo lwasikhathi sonke lusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele uma amalungelo azo esengozini.
  • Ilandela amacala eNkantolo Ephakeme. Ama-website anjenge [ Oyez ne- Cornell Information yolwazi olusemthethweni ye-[ anikeza izifushaniso zecala zokukhululeka nezimpikiswano zomlomo. Ukuqonda izinqumo zamuva ngokuphathelene namalungelo okuvota, inkulumo ekhululekile, nenqubo yobugebengu kudingekile ekwakheni izakhamuzi.
  • Paricipate kwizinhlelo zomphakathi zemfundo. Izinhlangano ezinjengenkululeko yangaphakathi ye-American Freerimities Union inikeza imithombo yenkululeko yomthetho-sisekelo nezinselele zamanje ezingokomthetho. Amakolishi namathala ezindawo avame ukuhlanganisa amashabhu.
  • Imihlangano yomphakathi nezindaba. imihlangano yomkhandlu weDolobha, izikhawu zesikole, nokuqulwa kwemithetho kuyizindawo lapho izakhamuzi zingasebenzisa khona amalungelo okuKhulula Isichibiyeli ukuze zinxuse futhi zikhulume. Ukubhala nokubika ngezenzakalo ezinjalo nakho kucindezela inkululeko.
  • [ Ukuhlanganisa nezindaba zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo zezezokuxhumana. Landela izazi zomthetho, amaqembu okuphatha, kanye nezindawo zokukhipha imibiko ezisebenza kakhulu ngenkululeko yomphakathi. Inkulumo ye-Online, uma isekelwe emaqinisweni, ingaba ithuluzi elinamandla lokufundisa abanye nokuhlela izinto ezihilelekile zomthetho-sisekelo.

Isiphetho

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo awayona imibandela engaqondakali − amathuluzi ansuku zonke avikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi aqinisekise ukulandisa kukahulumeni. Kusukela enkululekweni yokukhuluma ingqondo yomuntu nokuqhuba inkolo yakhe kuya elungelweni lokuqulwa ngokulunga kanye nesivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, konke ukuguqulwa kwazo kunemiphumela yezwe yangempela. Njengoba iNkantolo ePhakamileyo iqhubeka ichaza lezilungiselelo nanjengoba umphakathi uguqula, izakhamuzi kumelwe zihlale ziqaphile. Ngokufunda iBill of Rights, i-constanmentations, futhi kamuva i-franchise, amaMelika angasekela kangcono izimiso zedemokhrasi ezichaza isizwe. Ngempela isisekelo sobudemokhrasi esinezekile, esinesibopho, esigunyaziwe.