UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States awusona ibhuqu elinothuli; uyipulani ephilayo yenkululeko yomuntu siqu nohulumeni olinganiselwe. Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, lamalungelo aye aguqula ukuphila kwabantu baseMelika, evikela abantu egunyeni elizimele futhi enza ukuba baphishekele injabulo. Nokho izakhamuzi eziningi zithatha lezisivikelo ngokungazinaki noma ukungaqondi ukubaluleka kwazo. Kulesi sikhathi sokuhlola okukhulayo kukahulumeni, ukuqashelwa kwenkulumo yasobala elinganiselwe, nokushintsha ngokushesha kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuqonda amalungelo akho omthetho ngokomthetho kubucayi kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Lesiqondiso siphula isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esibaluleke kakhulu, sichaza indlela ezisebenza ngayo ekuphileni kwakho kwansuku zonke, futhi sinikeza amasu awusizo ekuzivikeleni.

Ayini Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo?

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo aneziqinisekiso ezingokomthetho ezibhalwe eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ezilinganisela amandla kahulumeni futhi zilondoloze inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Ziwuhlobo lwenkululeko [ ewubugqizi becala []. Uhulumeni akanakukukukuphuca lamalungelo ngaphandle kwezimiso ezilungile, ezibonisa, nezingokomthetho. Amanye amalungelo acacile (njengenkululeko yokukhuluma eSichibiyelweni sokuqala), kuyilapho amanye esikisela (njengelungelo lenkululeko yokungasese ethathwe ezindaweni ezihlukene). Lamalungelo agcinwa enkantolo; uma umdlali womdlalo ewephula, ungawathemba ngesihlebo.

UMthetho-sisekelo futhi uhlukanisa amalungelo nemibuso. Abantu bawagcina wonke amalungelo angadwetshwanga ngokucacile kulencwadi, isimiso esihlanganiswe ezinzibeni ze-Ninth ne-Tenth. Lomthetho-sisekelo waklanyelwa ngenhloso: ukwakhiwa kukahulumeni wemibuso elinganiselwe, ebalanayo, ushiyele umkhakha omkhulu wenkululeko yomuntu ngokukhululekile ekuphazanyisweni yizwe.

Ukuqonda amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kuhilela okungaphezu kokwazi ngekhanda iBill of Rights. Kudinga ukwazi ukuthi yimaphi amalungelo asebenza kohulumeni (imfundiso yokuhlanganiswa kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane), indlela izinkantolo ezilinganisela ngayo amalungelo ancintisanayo, futhi uma uhulumeni ewalinganisela ngokomthetho ilungelo. Ukuhlola imithombo enegunya njenge Consitution Anotection [[ evela eMkhandlwini kunganikeza umongo ojulile.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu: Isisekelo Senkululeko Yomuntu Siqu

I-ratiod eyamiswa ngo-1791, izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zenezelwa ekukhulumeni ngokwesaba u Anti-Fedalist ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wanika uhulumeni oyinhloko amandla amakhulu kakhulu. Ndawonye, zakha incwadi yesivikelo somuntu ngamunye ehlala iwumnyombo wenkululeko yomphakathi yaseMelika.

Isichibiyelo Sokuqala: Inkululeko Yokukhuluma, Yenkolo, Yezindaba, Yomhlangano Neyesicelo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkululeko ehlukene emihlanu:

  • Inkululeko yokukhuluma ayivikeli nje kuphela amazwi akhulunywayo kodwa izinkulumo ezilotshiwe, izenzo ezingokomfanekiso (njengefulege elishiswayo), nemisebenzi yobuciko. Ukuhlolwa kukahulumeni ngokuvamile kunqatshelwe, nakuba izigaba ezithile(i-obscription, ukuhlanjalazwa, ukuphembelela ebudloveni] ukuvikelwa kancane. INkantolo Ephakeme ibambelele njalo ukuthi ngisho nenkulumo enenzondo noma echaphayo ivikelekile ukuze kuvike impikiswano yomphakathi ebalulekile ebusa ngedemokrasi.
  • [ Inkululeko yenkolo [ inezigaba ezimbili: u-Claus omisiwe uwenqabela uhulumeni ukuba alahle inkolo, futhi i-Free Express Claus evikela ilungelo lakho lokusebenzisa ukholo lwakho ngaphandle kokungenela okungadingekile kukahulumeni.
  • Inkululeko yezindaba[ iqinisekisa ukuthi imithombo yezindaba ingabika izindaba zikahulumeni ngaphandle kokuzivimbela. Lokhu kubalulekile ekulandiseni ngohulumeni.
  • [ Inkululeko yomhlangano[ iqinisekisa ilungelo lakho lokubuthana ngokuthula emibhikishweni, ukubhikisha, noma imihlangano.
  • [ Ukukhululeka kwesicelo kukuvumela ukuba ucele uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.

Isichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili siye saba yindaba yempikiswano enkulu. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zisungulile ukuthi ilungelo lokuba nezikhali zokuzivikela ngokwalo [ku-Columbia v. Heller [2008] [nawo] ne-MLDonald v. [[FLT] [2010] [2010] lisungulile ukuthi ilungelo lokuba nezikhali zokuzidubula ngokwazo siqu ekhaya liyilungelo ngalinye elisebenza ngokumelene nohulumeni bendawo. Nokho, iNkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi ilungelo alibekelweli lutho ngokuphatha izibhamu ngezikhali, imingcele yezikhali eziyingozi nemithetho engavamile, nokuqondisa imithetho yokuzibhakela izibhamu iwumthetho. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho asese asho imithetho yombuso wezwe, nemithetho yendawo yendawo.

Izichibiyelo Zesithathu Nezesine: Isivikelo Ekuphazanyisweni Uhulumeni

ISichibiyelo sesithathu, esinqabela ukubekwa kwengxenye yesine yamasosha ngesikhathi sokuthula, asivamile ukuvezwa kodwa sibonisa ukungathembi koMsunguli kwamabutho amile. ISichibiyelo sesine sinemiphumela engaphezulu kakhulu. Sivikela ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nokuquleka, sifuna ukuba umthetho uthole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe entweni engenzekayo ngaphambi kokuhlola ikhaya lakho, umuntu, noma impahla. Izimo ezihlukene zikhona (izimo eziqinile, imvume, isenzakalo sokufuna ukubopha), kodwa ngokuvamile ulindele ukuba ungaziboni wedwa ekhaya lakho, imoto, kanye nemininingwane ye-electronictic . INkanto ephakeme ithole isivikelo esisekelwe entweni yeSiphendulo sesine [FLT:] [FLT]] v [FLT] California:1]

Okwesihlanu Kuze Kudlule Izinqumo Eziyisishiyagalombili: Amalungelo Omangalelwe

Lezizinguquko ziqinisekisa ukungakhethi okungokwemvelo emacaleni obugebengu:

  • Isichibiyeli se-pith: Isivikelo ekuziphindiseleni ngempoqo (unelungelo lokuthula), izingozi eziphindwe kabili (awukwazi ukuzanywa kabili ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo), futhi iqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Ihlanganisa futhi ukuthatha isimemezelo, ifuna uhulumeni ukuba akhokhe imbuyiselo yempahla ethathwa umphakathi ukuze asebenzise.
  • Isichibiyeli se-XSTI: Siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi elisheshayo nelinomphakathi ngejaji elingakhethi, ilungelo lokwazi amacala ofakazi, nokuba neseluleko esingokomthetho. Uma ungenamali yommeli, umuntu uzakumiswa.
  • Isichibiyeli seshumi nanhlanu: Ulondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji emacala omphakathi elibiza ngaphezu kwenani elithile.
  • Isichibiyeli se-eghth [: Ibheyili engaphezulu kakhulu, inhlawulo ephakeme, nesijeziso esinonya nesingavamile. Lemingcele yokulungisa isijeziso ezindinganisweni zokwahlulela kobugebengu nokulahlekelwa kwezakhamuzi.

Izinqumiso Zesine Nezeshumi: Amalungelo Avamile Nemibuso KaHulumeni

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth sicacisa ukuthi iBill of Rights ayiwacimi amalungelo akho, futhi amandla eSichibiyelo seshumi awawaphathi uhulumeni noma abantu. Sibonke, siqinisa umqondo wokuthi inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye iyisikhundla esingenakulungiseka, futhi amandla kahulumeni kumelwe athethelelwe.

Ukuchazwa Kwamalungelo Ayinhloko Omthetho - sisekelo

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Enkathini Engokwezinombolo

ISichibiyelo sakho sokuqala esinelungelo lokukhuluma ngenkululeko sivikela ikhono lakho lokuveza imibono engosini yezokuxhumana, ukunyathelisa izigqebhezana ze-website, nokubhikisha ezitaladini zomphakathi. Kodwa ingabe siyakuvikela emapulatifomuni azimele? Ngokuvamile, izinhlangano zomuntu siqu njenge Facebook ne-Twitter azizona abadlali bakahulumeni futhi zinganelisa isilinganiso sokuncintisana kwazo. Nokho, uhulumeni akanakukujezisa ngokuveza imibono engathandeki kuyi-inthanethi. INkantolo Ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi ukufinyelela emithondweni yezokuxhumana kubalulekile kubalulekile ukuze kuxoxiswe futhi imithetho evimbela ukukhuluma nge-i - Internet ayiyona ibalulekile.

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa

Nakuba igama elithi “umthetho” lingaveli kumthetho-sisekelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokuzifihla ezindabeni zomshado, umkhaya, ukuzala, nokusondelana. Leli lungelo livela ku-“penumbras” yeyesithathu, eyesihlanu, eyesihlanu, neye-Gandmarksment. Icala lezwe lihlanganisa Griswold v. Connecticut[[[FL:1]] [1965], eyaqeda ukuvinjelwa kokuvimbela imishado, kanye nokuthola ulwazi lomuntu siqu ngomthetho womuntu siqu. [[FLT:]

Inqubo Yomthetho Efanele

Inqubo efanelekile ivela ezinzimeni zesihlanu nezeshumi nane futhi inezindlela ezimbili. Inqubo efanelekile engokomthetho ifuna ukuba uhulumeni alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokukuncisha ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Unelungelo lokuqaphela nethuba lokuzwakala ngendlela enenjongo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi enkantolo, ukuzwa, ukuphatha, noma izinzuzo eziqhubekayo. [[FLT]] u-substanti yenqubo efanele yokuphikiswa kokuphila, noma impahla. U-EHLOMO] uvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni, ngisho noma uhulumeni ulandela izinqubo ezilungile. Lokhu kuyisisekelo esingokomthetho samalungelo afana nawomuntu, umshado, negunya lobuza abazali. Inkantolo ihlola ngokucuthanisa noma yimuphi umthetho oyisisekelo.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Ngaphansi KoMthetho

Iqinisekiswe yiSichibiyelo se 14th Experimence Protection Claus, lesisimiso siyayenqabela uhulumeni ukuba angabethembi abantu ngabanye noma amaqembu ngaphandle kwesizathu esanele. Uma umthetho ubeka isigaba esisekelwe ohlalweni, enkolweni, ezweni, noma kwezinye izigaba ezisolekayo, kumelwe uhlole ngokuqinile . Izigaba ezisekelwe ekuhloleni kwezezeHlaziyo. Isigaba esiphansi kakhulu sibhekene nokuhlolwa okuphakathi, kuyilapho ezinye izigaba eziningi zidinga isisekelo esinengqondo kuphela. Isivikelo esilinganayo nomthetho sasisetshenziselwa ukubulala izinhlanga Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo[FLT:] [54] [1954]) futhi iyaqhubeka ukulwa nobandlululo ekuvoti, ekuvoteni, emfundweni, nasemsebenzini.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Nemfundiso Yokungavumelani

Amalungelo amaningi omthetho ngokomthetho ekuqaleni alinganisela uhulumeni wombuso kuphela. ISichibiyelo seSiphakamiso seMinyaka Eyishumi nane, esagunyazwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango, sashintsha ukuthi. I-Active Procession Claus ichazwa iNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuthi “izekelela” eziningi zeBhili Lomthetho Wamalungelo emelene nezifunda, ezizenza zigcinwe yonke indawo. Ngokwesibonelo, isiqinisekiso seSimemezelo sokuqala sokukhuluma sisebenza ekwayalezweni, amaphoyisa awanakwenza uphenyo olungakholeki (umphakathi), futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni kumelwe zinikeze iseluleko kubamangalelwa (u-Shith) abamangalelwa (u-Stiath). Lemfundiso iqinisekisa ngisho nesivikelo somphakathi, nakuba amazwe anganikeza isivikelo esibanzi. Inqubo yokuhlanganisa inqubo yamaphoyisa yayisebenza ngokuhlanganisa inqubo yokugcina ehlanganisa ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa i-Andelli ngonyaka ka-2010.

Lapho Amalungelo Engqubuzana: Ukulinganisela Izithakazelo Eziyimpi

Akukho lungelo lomthetho-sisekelo eliphelele. Uhulumeni angalinganisela ilungelo uma unesithakazelo esiphoqelelayo futhi usebenzisa izindlela ezingezinkulu (ukuhlola imingcele). Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lomhlangano alivumeli ukubhikisha okuvimbela ukungena kwegumbi lokungena esimweni esiphuthumayo. Inkululeko yakho yokukhuluma ayikwenzi usongo lweqiniso, ukuhlambalaza, noma ukukhuthaza ubudlova. ISichibiyelo sesibili singaqondiswa ukuba sigcine izibhamu zingekho ezikoleni nasezakhiwo zikahulumeni. Izinkantolo zihlala zilinganisela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokumelene nokuphepha komphakathi, ukulondeka kwesizwe, nezinye izithakazelo zomphakathi. Ukuqonda lemingcele akukusizi ukuba ugweme izinkathazo ezingokomthetho futhi unikeze amandla okuphikisana ngokuphumelelayo lapho amalungelo akho ephulwa.

Ukubaluleka Kwamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Emzamweni Wanamuhla

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo afeza imisebenzi eminingi enzima. Avimbela iningi ekuphikiseni abaphikisi abachaphazelekayo, avikela amadlanzana asengozini ekucwaseni, futhi avumela ukuma kwemibono ekhululekile. Anikeza futhi i-erch kubaphathi abaphanga: iSichibiyelo sesine siyayeka ukuqapha okungenasizathu, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sivimbela ukuvuma izono ngempoqo, futhi iSichibiyelo sokuqala sigcina abagxeki bephephile ekuphindiseleni. Lamalungelo kahulumeni awadingi izakhamuzi eziwayo futhi zifuna abahluleli abaziqondayo. Uma ilungelo lakho lithathwa ngokusemthethweni, lingaphela. Ukukhokhwana ngamalungelo akho kubalulekile ekulondolozeni isimiso sombuso sentando yeningi.

Indlela Yokuvikela Amalungelo Akho Omthetho - sisekelo

Ukuvikela amalungelo akho kuyinqubo esebenzayo. Nazi izinyathelo zikakhonkolo ongazithatha:

  • [[INTLOBO: 0] Yazi amalungelo akho emongweni. Funda umbhalo weBhili lamaLungelo futhi uqonde indlela izinkantolo eziwachaze ngayo ama-region. Imivuzo evela ku- ACLU[ kanye ne-[FLT:] Cornell Information eyizikhombo ezinhle kakhulu.
  • Akhona ukusebenzelana kwakho nezikhulu. Uma imiswa amaphoyisa, qopha ukuhlangana (lapho kungokomthetho). Qaphela igama nenombolo yebheji. Unelungelo lokuthula futhi wenqabe imvume yokuphenya.
  • Ukwazisa kunoma yiluphi ukhetho. Izikhulu eziye zangaziswa ``izikhulu''] , abahluleli, abashicileli, abashicileli, abashicileli-mthetho (__shapete indlela amalungelo akho achazwa ngayo futhi aphoqelelwe ngayo. Amarekhodi enkululeko yomphakathi okucwaninga.
  • Izinhlangano ezivikela inkululeko yomphakathi. Amaqembu anjenge-ACLU, i-Brennan Center for Justice, ne-Electronic Frontial Foundation ligigate amacala okuvikela amalungelo enkantolo.
  • Ukufundiswa umphakathi. Khuluma nomngane nomndeni ngezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Yiba khona emihlanganweni kahulumeni yendawo, ubhalele abameleli bakho, futhi uhlanganyele ekubhikisheni okunokuthula.
  • Funa usizo olungokomthetho uma amalungelo akho ephulwa. Hlangana nommeli wamalungelo omphakathi noma inhlangano engokomthetho engazuzisi ngokushesha. Abaningi banikeza ukuhlola kwaphezulu. Musa ukulibala /ukuzibopha okufushane.

Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Angaphezu Kwesiqinisekiso Samalungelo

UMthetho-sisekelo uqukethe amanye amalungelo abalulekile ngezinye izikhathi anganakwa. ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 9 inqabela expo conory acter. Ilungelo lokubeka i-habeas corpus (Ingxenye I, ngxenye 9) likuvumela ukuba ubeke inselele ukuvalelwa okungekho emthethweni. I-Voting Rights Act kanye nokulungisa okulandelayo kuvikela ilungelo lakho lokuvota. I-Provence Congress yangaphambili yadlulisa futhi uMthetho ka-Judicia ka-1789, owamisa isimiso senkantolo somthetho esiphoqelela lamalungelo. Ilungelo lomthetho liguqula i-andementations kanye ne-andmentations (intengiselwano) futhi i-18.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlakanipha koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. kusemandleni awo okuvikela abantu kubo kanye uhulumeni awuwakhileyo. Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo awawona amalungelo anikezwa yizwe; ayimingcele engokwemvelo emandleni owaphethe njengesakhamuzi. Ukuqonda lamalungelo kuguqula ulimi olungekho ngokomthetho lube isihlangu esisebenzayo. Kulenkathi yokuhlola okukhulu, ukuhlolwa komthetho wemithetho-algorithism, nokulwa kwemithetho eqinile, iSikhulu samaLungelo sihlala sivikela wena. Ngokuhlola lezisivikelo, uzimisa ngokuhlakanipha, futhi usiza abanye ukuba benze okufanayo, uqinisa ukuzama idemokhrasi. Umthetho-sisekelo awuyona incwadi ehlala isakhiwo esiqinile. Isivumelwano esiphilayo siphinde sibe sesici esiqinile ngenxa yobulungisa. Ilungelo lakho lifanele ukuba usebenzise, ufanele, usebenzise, futhi ufaneleke.