Amalungelo Ayisisekelo Ezakhamuzi Ezisencane

E-United States, uMthetho-sisekelo awuwabali ngokucacile amalungelo abantwana. Nokho ngemithetho engokomthetho futhi ichaza imibandela engokomthetho, intsha iye yathola izivikelo eziningi ezilawula ukuphila kwayo kwansuku zonke ezikoleni, emakhaya, nasemiphakathini. Kubafundisi, abazali, nezakhamuzi ezisencane ngokwazo, ukuqonda lezizivikelo kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ziyahlonishwa futhi ziqinisiwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola isimiso somthetho sisekelo esivikela izingane, ukulungiswa kwezici eziyinhloko, izinqumo ezivelele ezisezinkantolo, kanye nemiphumela ewusizo yalemithetho eMelika abasebasha.

Isisekelo Somlando: Indlela Imincane Ezuze Ngayo Umthetho - sisekelo

Emlandweni omningi waseMelika, izingane zazibhekwa njengempahla yabazali bazo noma amagumbi ezwe, enamalungelo ambalwa azimele ngokomthetho. Inkathi yanamuhla yezingane i’ amalungelo aqala phakathi nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme iqala ukusebenzisa isivikelo somthetho-mfantu eqeshiwe kubantwana ochungechungeni lwemithetho echithwayo. Amacala anjengaye [[FLT:] Brown v. Isigaba semfundo [1954] [i-i-i-CP] isusa iget yohlanga ezikoleni, kuyilapho [[FLT:]] e-Reactt [197] [197] [imvume] esemthethweni. Lezinqumo zaqaphela ukuthi izingane zingaphansi kwemithetho engokomthetho, ngisho nesilinganiso segunya lazomthetho wombuso phakathi kwezenhlalakahle.[5]

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Ukukhuluma Ngenkululeko Nokukhuluma Kwabancane

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, yezindaba, yemihlangano, neyesicelo. Kubantwana, lamalungelo anamandla kodwa aphelele. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphikelela ngokuthi abafundi abawasebenzisi amalungelo abo angokomthetho enkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokukhuluma esangweni lesikole, i” nokho izikole zingalawula inkulumo ephazamisa ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo umsebenzi wemfundo noma ihlasela amalungelo abanye.

Icala Eliphawulekayo Ngenkulumo Yabafundi

  • .Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School Community [1969]) ̫ iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi abafundi abafake izibopho ezimnyama ukuze baphikise iMpi yaseVietnam babehileleke enkulumweni engokomfanekiso evikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lelicala lasungula ukuphazamiseka kwezemfundo i-” ukuhlola: izikole kumelwe zibonise ukuthi izibonakaliso zomfundi ziyo zingezinto ezibonakalayo futhi ziphazamise kakhulu imisebenzi yesikole noma ziphazamise amalungelo abanye abafundi.
  • iBethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser (1986) ̫ iNkantolo yasekela ukuxoshwa komfundi okhuluma inkulumo engcolile emhlanganweni wesikole, ephethe ukuthi izikole zingase zinqabele impatho engcolileyo, engcolileyo, noma inkulumo elulaza ngokucacile elulaza umsebenzi wakhe oyisisekelo wemfundo.
  • Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)  INkantolo yanquma ukuthi othisha bangasebenzisa ukulawula komhleli wezincwadi zesikole ezibhaliwe, njengamaphephandaba nezincwadi zonyaka, uma izenzo zabo zihlobene ngokufanele nezici ezingokomthetho zemfundo.
  • [[FOLT:0] More v. Frederick (2007) ̵ yaziwa ngokuthi i-#8220; Bong Hits 4 Jesus ” icala, iNkantolo yathi izikole zingavimbela izikole ukuba kusetshenziswe izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni, ngisho noma leyo nkulumo ingenzeka esenzekeni esingaphandle kwesikole.

Lezi zinqumo zibonisa isimo esihlukile: izingane zijabulela izivikelo eziqinile zokukhuluma, kodwa izikole zinegunya lokulondoloza iziqondiso nezindinganiso zemfundo. Ngenkathi yezobuchwepheshe, izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zilwisana nokufinyelela iziyalezo zesikole ezikhungweni zezokuxhumana ezingaphandle kwe-campus, ezihlukene izigodlo eziningana zokuthi uTinker uyasebenza yini ekusebenziseni i-inthanethi noma izinsongo ezenziwa ekhaya.

Ukubonakaliswa Okungokwenkolo Nokumiswa KukaClaus

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela futhi ilungelo lezingane lokuqhuba inkolo yazo. Izikole zomphakathi azinakuvuma noma zithuthukise inkolo, kodwa abafundi bangathandaza ngokuzithandela, baxoxe ngezinkolelo ezingokwenkolo, futhi bakhe ama-club enkolo ngesisekelo esifanayo namanye amaqembu angewona angemva kwesikole. Act Act [[19984] idinga izikole ezithola imali kahulumeni futhi zilondoloze i-̴ zivule i-um ” zivumele amaqembu enkolo angene ngokulinganayo ezindaweni zokuhlangana. Imicimbi eyinhloko ihlanganisa [[FLT:]] iSikole somphakathi. [vFLT3:] [1990], [izenzo ezisekela i-FT], [Flactive], [Foctalst]

Isichibiyelo Sesine: Ukufuna Nokuziphilisa Ezikoleni

Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesine sivikela abantu ekufuneni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni, indinganiso yokuphenya ezikoleni zomphakathi ilula kakhulu kunabantu abadala. [[FL:0] New Jersey v.T.L.O.[FL:1] (1985), iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi izikhulu zesikole zidinga i-& #820 kuphela; ukusola okunengqondo Ý ukuphenya umfundi, hhayi imbangela edingekayo yokuphenya amaphoyisa. Ukuphenya kumelwe kuthetheleleke ekwakheni kwayo futhi kunengqondo.

Ukuhlola Izinqumo Eziyinhloko Esikoleni

  • New Jersey v.T.L.O.[[FL:1] (1985) ̫ Uthisha wathola umfundi ebhema endlini yangasese; uthisha-nhloko wahlola isikhwama sakhe semali wathola nensangu, izinto zezidakamizwa, nobufakazi bokuphatha. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi ukuphenya kwakunengqondo ngaphansi kwezimo.
  • SAfford Auntect School District v. Readd (2009) ̫ iNkantolo yathi ukuphenywa kwentombazane eneminyaka engu-13 ubudala okusekelwe ekusolweni okungacatshazelwa ukuthi yayinomthetho ogunyaziwe wesibuprofen we-octy we-intelligence yesine. Ukuhlola kwabafundi kudinga izinga eliphezulu lokuthethelela, kuhlanganise nesibonakaliso esicacile sokuthi umfundi ufihla i-conment enikeza usongo olukhulu.
  • Isifunda saseSikoleni 47J v. Acton (1995) ̫ iNkantolo yasekela ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa okungahleliwe kwabadlali babafundi, ithola ukuthi abadlali babafundi banokulindela okunciphileyo kwemfihlo nokuthi uhlelo lukhonza isithakazelo sikahulumeni esishukumisayo ekulweni nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa phakathi kwabantwana.
  • Board of Education v. Earls[FL:1] (2002 ̫ Ukucabanga okukhudlwana kweVernonia kubo bonke abafundi abahlanganyela emisebenzini yangemva kwesikole yokuncintisana, basekela ukuhlolwa kwemilaliso okungasoleki.

Ubuchwepheshe buneSichibiyelo sesine esiyinkimbinkimbi esisezikoleni. Icala elihilela ukuseshwa kocingo, ukuhlola izokuxhumana, nama-laptop anezikole ahlala engaphazamisekile kakhulu, nakuba izifunda zikahulumeni eziningi zisebenzise iT.L.O. isilinganiso semishini yemishini yezobuchwepheshe. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eminingi, bheka ACLUÙ iziqondiso zokuhlola nokuthumba [.

Izinqumo Zesihlanu Nezeshumi Nane: Inqubo Efanele Nesivikelo Esilinganayo

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu siqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile ekuqulweni kukahulumeni; iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sinwetshwa esiqinisekisa izenzo zikahulumeni futhi sinezela i - Acimence Protection Clause. Kubantwana, lamalungiselelo abalulekile esimisweni sokwahlulela sentsha, ezinqubweni zesikole, nasezimweni zobandlululo.

Inqubo Efanele Kubulungisa Bethule

  • Ku-rault (1967) ̵); Iminyaka engu-15 ubudala yabekwa esikoleni sezimboni iminyaka eyisithupha ngokwenza ucingo olungcolile; iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi intsha ethatha imicimbi yobuhlongandlebe inelungelo lokuqaphela izimangalo, iseluleko somthetho, ukuxabana nokunqamuleza i-62, kanye nelungelo lokumelene no-(62incrinicmination).
  • Ku-ranso Winship (1970) ̵ INkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi indinganiso yobufakazi ekuqulweni kwezingane amahlongandlebe yi-̴ ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo, i-̵ hhayi indinganiso ephansi yangaphambi komthetho.
  • Breed v. Jones (1975) ̵ uJuveniles akanakuzanywa njengabantu abadala ecalani elifanayo ngemva kokuba egqunywe enkantolo yentsha, evikela ezingozini eziphindwe kabili.
  • Roper v. Simmons (2005) ̫ INkantolo yaqeda isijeziso sokufa sabantwana, icaphuna ukunciphiswa kwabo kanye nekhono elikhulu lokuguqula.
  • Graham v. Florida [2010]; Ukuphila ngaphandle kwesigwebo somthetho ongakhiyiwe akuvumelani nentsha.
  • Miller v. Alabama (20:2) ̵ ukuphila kokujezisa ngaphandle kokukhipha isigwebo sezingane eziphaphula unyathiso lwezingane ezithathelwe iSichibiyelo se-E80; abahluleli kumelwe bacabangele i-̱ encane; iminyaka kanye namandla okushintsha.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Emfundweni Nalé Kwaso

I-Univice Protection Claus ibiyithuluzi elinamandla lokubekela inselele ukucwasa izingane. Indaba ephawulekayo ibrown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954]) iphendulile i-̴ kodwa ilingana ne-” ezikoleni zomphakathi, iqaphela ukuthi ukukhubazeka kwalimaza izingane ezimbalwa futhi kwaphula isivikelo esilinganayo. Izehlakazelelwe isivikelo esilingana nezingane ezingabhalwangakhokhwa. Plyler v. Doe[FLD:3] [1982], iNkanto ephakeme yashaya umthetho we-Texas owawenqabela izingane inzuzo yezemali futhi wazephula umthetho ohlala phansi phansi ngokulimaza izingane ezingazinkanga.

Isivikelo esifanayo sihlanganisa nokucwasana kwabesilisa nabesifazane. ku-United States v. Virginia (1996]), iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi iVirginia Military Institute ̱ amadoda kuphela avuma umthetho owephula umthetho weSivikelo sika-Extime Clausle. Kumdlalo wesikole esiphakeme, iSihlomo I-IX besiyimoto eyinhloko ye-ective ect, kodwa isivikelo esifanayo singalethwa futhi emacala okuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili noma ukunqandwa kwezekelelwa esikoleni. Eminye imikhankambiso, uvakashele i-Actal Protectal Protection Actention Institute &217; abantwana abanoths &817; amalungelo afanayo[FFFON].

Amalungelo Emfundo Nesivikelo Sawo

Ngaphandle kokulungisa komthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni inikeza amalungelo aqinile ezingane ezisesimisweni semfundo. Izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko zemithetho zibalulekile ngokukhethekile.

Abantu Abakhubazekile Ezemfundo (IIDEA)

I-IDEA iqinisekisa ukufundiswa komphakathi okufanelekile (FAPE) kubantwana abakhubazekile. Abafundi kumelwe bamukele i-Exedition Education Program (IEP) efanelana nezidingo zabo ezikhethekile, endaweni ebekelwe imingcele emincane kakhulu. INkantolo Ephakeme ’ izinqumo ku I-Exrew F. v. Douglas Counter Trit [[FLL:1] [2017]) iphakamise izinga elingaphansi le-FAPE: i-IEP kumelwe ukuba ibe yi-#820; i-e ngqiningssstion ukuze ikwazi ukwenza umntwana aqhubeke kahle ngesibani sengane sengane ne-&817; izimo.&82222;[Parents2222; Parents, kuhlanganise nenqubo yokulalela ye-okisi, i-FEA, uma ihluleka ukunikeza i-FEC.

Isihloko IX Seziphendulo Zemfundo Ngo - 1972

Isihloko IX sivimbela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ebulilini kunoma yisiphi isimiso semfundo noma umsebenzi oxhaswe uhulumeni. Ivikela abafundi ekuhlukunyezweni ngokobulili, ukuhlaselwa ngokobulili, nokuphathwa ngendlela engalingani kwemidlalo, umsebenzi nemfundo yobuchwepheshe, nezinhlelo ze-STEM. Izikole kumelwe ziphendule ngokushesha nangokulinganayo ekukhonondeni kokucwaswa kwezocansi. I-Divince of Education ̱ iziqondiso ze-20 IX zimise izinqubo eziqondile ezicatshazayo zokuziphethe kabi ngokobulili, nakuba lezi zisengaphansi kwezinselele zezombangazwe nezomthetho. Ukuze uthole isiqondiso samanje, bheka i-Orthopool IX

Amalungelo Okufundisa Nokwethula (FERPA)

FERPA uvikela imfihlo yamarekhodi emfundo yabafundi. Abazali banelungelo lokuhlola nokubukeza amarekhodi, ukulungisa, nokulawula ukutshelwa kokwaziswa okuqashelwayo. Uma umfundi ejika 18 noma engena emfundweni yangemva kwesekondali, lamalungelo adluliselwa kumfundi. I-FERPA ifuna futhi izikole zokwazisa abazali besikole i-̱ izinqubo mayelana nokugcinwa kwemibhalo nokwaziswa kombombo.

Ukungezwani Kwegunya Labazali Namalungelo Amancane

Amalungelo eConstitution of the banayo awakho endaweni yokungena lutho; ngokuvamile ancishiswa amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yabazali. INkantolo Ephakeme kudala iqaphela ukuthi abazali banesithakazelo esiyisisekelo sokunakekela, sokunakekela umntwana, nokulawula abantwana babo ( Pierce v. Society of Siteen, 2000], ; [[FLT]]] uWissin v. Yoder[FLTY], [7], 1972; [[FFLTL:]]] trocel.[N [[FLTLT] v.[FLT], 2000], 2000],). Nokho, leligunya eliwumzali alilinganiselwe. Isimo lapho umzali engenelana.

Izinselele Neziqondiso Zamanje

Umthetho - sisekelo wezingane ubhekene nezindaba eziningana eziphuthumayo ngawo - 2020:

  • Imfihlo ye-digita: i-software yesikole yokuhlola, ukuqashelwa kobuso emaphasishini, nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa kwabafundi kuphakamisa imibuzo yeSine neSichibiyelo sokuqala.
  • Inkululeko yokukhuluma kuyi-inthanethi:[ izinkantolo ziyahlukana lapho izikole zingayala abafundi ngenkulumo enqanyulwayo ewukuhlukunyezwa, ukusongelwa, noma ukuqinela abanye.
  • Ukucwaninga okuhlukile: kubonisa ukuthi abafundi abamnyama, abakhubazekile, abaxhunyiwe, babhekene namazinga angenakulinganiswa okuthuthwa, ukuxoshwa, nokuboshwa kwesikole okusekelwe ekuboshweni, ukuphakamisa isivikelo kanye nezinkathazo ezifanele.
  • LBTQ+ amalungelo: ukuvinjelwa kokuhlanganyela kwentsha kwezemidlalo nemingcele evimbela ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kwabobulili obubodwa kuyabekelwa inselele ngaphansi kweSivikelo sobulinganayo u-Claus, iSichibiyelo sokuqala, nabazali i-̱ izithakazelo zenkululeko.
  • inhlalakahle yabantwana kanye nokufuduka: Abangahambisani nomngcele banelungelo lenqubo efanele nezwi; isigaba se-9action liyaqhubeka ngezimo ezisezindaweni zokuvalelwa.
  • [ Ukusola okungalindelekile v. ngokunokwenzeka okubangela: Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa izinja kanye nemishini yokuhlola insimbi ezikoleni kungasunduza imingcele yeT.L.O.̱ indinganiso enengqondo.

Ulwembu lwangempela lwesikhathi esingu-621 lwe-ligitation nomthetho othinta amalungelo entsha, American Library Association ̱ i-Teen Rights ikhasi[ inikeza abameleli nentsha imithombo esemthethweni.

Ukusekela Izakhamuzi Ezisencane: Imivubukulo Nezinyathelo

Ukuqonda lamalungelo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala; ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kuyahlonishwa kudinga ukuthembisana ngokuzikhandla. Nazi izindlela ezisebenzayo zokusekela abantwana abancane ̱ izivikelo zomthetho-mthetho:

  • Othisha kufanele bamise izimiso ezicacile, ezingaguquki zokuyala ezihlonipha inqubo efanele futhi zigweme ubandlululo lobuhlanga noma lobulili.
  • Abazali bangaxoxa ngemiqondo yomthetho-sisekelo nezingane zabo, besebenzisa iminyaka engu-66 efanele ku- Isigaba se-Anncentberg [ (izinto eziseceleni).
  • Abafundi kufanele bawazi amalungelo abo: banelungelo lokuthula, ukukhuluma ngokuthula, ukukhululeka ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo, nasekulahlweni kahle ngaphambi kwezenzo ezingathi sína zokuyala.
  • Abeluleki besikole nezisebenzi zezenhlalakahle kufanele baqeqeshelwe ukuqaphela lapho abafundi i - ’ bephulwa; amalungelo angase aphulwe futhi ahlanganiswe nezinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho ezinjenge - ACLU̱ uhlelo lwamalungelo entsha.
  • Abasekeli bangafaka izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni ukuba zithathe i-School Discipline Act umthetho wokubeka isibonelo onciphisa ukulahla isiyalo futhi uthuthukise ubulungisa.
  • Abenzi bemithetho kufanele basekele izinhlelo zemfundo ezihlukile, izinkonzo zempilo yengqondo, namakhambi asekelwe emphakathini anciphisa ukuziphatha kobugebengu kwentsha.

Isiphetho

Amalungelo omthetho-mthetho womthetho-mthetho wezingane akuwona amaqoqo amisiwe emithetho kodwa umthetho ophilayo owenziwe ngokushintsha inqubo yezenhlalo, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, nokuthuthukisa ukuqonda okungaguquguquki kokukhula kwezingane. Kusukela emaphasishini ezikoleni zomphakathi kuya emakamelweni eNkantolo Ephakeme, isimiso sokuthi abantwana bangabantu abafanelekela isithunzi, izwi, nokulunga komthetho-mthetho obekwe phansi kwezwe. Kodwa ukusetshenziswa okugcwele kuyaqhubeka kungumsebenzi oqhubekayo. Ukuhlasela ngezeluleko, ukuhlasela ngemfihlo, nokuvimbela ukukhuluma ngecala kuyaqhubeka kubekela isithembiso sesivikelo esilinganayo. Abazali, abafundisi, nezakhamuzi ezincane ngokwazo, ulwazi lwalamalungelo alezi zifundiswa i z akulona nje ithuluzi lokuthola isisekelo sokungalungisi, futhi isisekelo sesizukulwane esilandelayo esilandelayo esilandelayo esilandelayo, futhi i-&17; ukuvikela isilinganiso somthetho wezentethelela esizwe ngasinye, isilinganiso somthetho wangaphandle, isilinganiso sesizwe esinguwodwa, isilinganiso sesizwe esinguntanga esinguntanga esiphezulu, isilinganiso sesizwe, isilinganiso sesizwe, isilinganiso