Ukuqonda Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Nenkululeko Yombango

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States uyincwadi ephilayo echaza uhlelo lukahulumeni futhi ivikele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo yilawo ashiwo ngokucacile embhalweni, ikakhulukazi kuyiBill of Rights futhi kamuva ukubuyiselwa, kuyilapho inkululeko yomphakathi iyisivikelo esibanzi kuhulumeni ophanjwe izinkantolo eziye zathathwa eMthethweni. Ukungaqondi ngalezi sivikelo kwandile, kubangelwa ukukhulumela kwezombangazwe, ukucupha kwezindaba, nemfundo engaphelele. Lesihloko sihlukanisa izinganekwane eziphikelelayo namaqiniso angokomthetho, sinikeza ukucaciswa okucacile, okunegunya kwalokho uMthetho-sisekelo okushoyo ngempela. Izibalo azishongokho ngokuphathelene nelungelo lakho.

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo awalinganiselwe. INkantolo Ephakeme ibambelele ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi amalungelo kumelwe alinganiswe mayelana nezithakazelo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni, njengokuphepha komphakathi, ukulondeka kwesizwe, namalungelo abanye. ISichibiyelo sokuqala asikuvikeli ukuhlanjalazwa, ukusongelwa kweqiniso, noma ukugqugquzelwa kwesenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo. ISichibiyelo Sesibili, njengoba kuchazwe ku- ku-Dinterity of Columbia v. Heller [2001], ivikela ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokuphatha izikhali kodwa ivumela iziqondiso ezinengqondo njengemishini yesizinda nemithetho evimbela isisekelo. Ukuqonda lemingcele kudingekile ngenxa yesabelo sesizwe.

Umthombo Wenkululeko Yombango

Inkululeko yomphakathi ivela kumthetho-sisekelo, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni, nemithetho kahulumeni nekahulumeni. ISigqebhezana samaLungelo, sagunyazwa ngo-1791, ekuqaleni sasetshenziswa kuhulumeni wezwe. NgeSichibiyelo se-14neth Refective ̱ i-System Process Claus, iNkantolo Ephakeme kancane kancane yahlanganisa i-Bill of Rights isivikelo ezindaweni eziningi . Lokhu kusho ukuthi ilungelo lakho lokukhuluma ngenkululeko livikelwe kuzo zombili izinqubo zomthetho nezobucukuhlola, futhi okufanayo kusebenza ekulungeni kwelungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, isivikelo ekufuneni okungenangqondo, nakwezinye inkululeko eziyisisekelo.

  • [ Inkululeko yokukhuluma [ – Ivikelwe kuhulumeni, kodwa ihlazo, izithombe ezingcolile zabantwana, nokukhwabanisa kwezentengiselwano akusolwa.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ilunga eliyi-pir qualit - Ihlanganisa ilungelo kumphathi wejaji ongakhethi, imicimbi yomphakathi, nosizo lweseluleko (ISichibiyelo sesithupha).
  • [[NTL:0] Ekulungeni ekwaseseni - Akushiwonga ngokuqondile kodwa kuthathwe kweyokuqala, eyesine, eyesihlanu, eyesi-Night, neyeshumi elinesine Izichibiyelo, ezihlanganisa ukuvimbela inzalo, umshado, kanye nokuzibusa kwezokwelapha (]Griswrild v. Connecticut[[FL:3], 1965; ]bergefell v. Hodges, 2015]
  • [ Isivikelo sokuzimela ngokumelene nokwephula umthetho – Isichibiyeli sesihlanu sivimbela uhulumeni ekukuphoqeleleni ukuba uzifakazele ecaleni lobugebengu.

Izinganekwane Ezivamile Ngokukhululwa Kwabantu Namaqiniso Abadalula

Izinga eliyiphutha ngamalungelo omthetho ligcwele yonke indawo. Ngezansi kunezinganekwane ezine ezilandelwa amaqiniso omthetho. Inganekwane ngayinye inemiphumela yangempela uma izakhamuzi zingaziqondi isivikelo sazo.

Inkolelo - ze 1: UMthetho - sisekelo Uqinisekisa Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Ephelele

FUMT] ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sithi iSiphendulo asisoze senza mthetho i-Congress i-Ü ifaka imvume yenkululeko yokukhuluma, i-̵ kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaziwa njalo izigaba zenkulumo ezingatholi sivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Lezi zihlanganisa ukuvuselelwa ebudloveni ( Brandenburg v.OO[[[FLT:]]], 1969), izigxobo zeqiniso, amagama, ukulwa, ukuhlambalaza, ukuhlamba, nokungahloniphiwa kwabantwana. Uhulumeni ungalawula futhi inkulumo yomphakathi elinganiselwe njengezisekelo zempi, izikole, nezinkantolo. Amapulati afana ne-Twithiwercean noma i-Focean ayihlanganiswangax2; izikhulu zikahulumeni zenkululeko ze-&12.

Inganekwane 2: Ukukhululeka Kwezakhamuzi Kusebenza Kubantu Abahlala Ezakhamuzini Zodwa

FUMT: IBhili leNkantolo yamaLungelo lisebenzisa igama elithi i-#820; abantu i-” noma i-#8221; i-” isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo kunoma ubani phakathi kwe-U.S. imikhawulo ye-“. ISiphakathiso seNkanto esiPhakathi siphethe ukuthi abantu abangelutho abakhona eUnited States banelungelo lokuvikelwa kakhulu yimithetho engokomthetho. ISiphetho seNguqulo seNkanga Yesine ̱ isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo kunoma ubani phakathi kwe-U. imingcele yesihlanu i-&8217; i-Clauss Procestion ihlanganisa bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki isimo sokufuduka. I-Engqhinga lezenyumgems.

Inkolelo - ze 3: UHulumeni Angawanqoba Amalungelo Ngentando Phakathi Nezimo Eziphuthumayo

FUMT: Ngisho naphakathi kokushoshozelwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo `Koreya izinhlekelele zemvelo, izinkinga zempilo yomphakathi, noma izinsongo zokulondeka] uhulumeni kumelwe uhloniphe imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yagawula izinyathelo eziphuthumayo eziye zadlulela phambili, njengoMongameli Truman ̱ ukuxhawula kwezigayo zensimbi phakathi neMpi yase Korea ( intsha ephezulu i-Stown & Lamp; Tube. v. Sawiter, 1952). Uhulumeni wezwe ungekwazi ukuvala ama-havice ngaphandle kokuhlubuka noma ukuhlasela okungalawuleki, phakathi nesigaba se-COVID, i-ARGBCUP, izixwayiso ezimele i-off, isilinganiso semithe izilinganiso, futhi izikhulu ezigunyazwe ngaphansi kwemvume ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho, ezingalinganisiwe kakhulu uma kusetshenziswa isetshenziswa inzuzo futhi ku

Inganekwane 4: Wonke Amalungelo Athola Isivikelo Esilinganayo Ngaphansi KoMthetho

FUTHI: Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo awalingani onke ngesilinganiso sesivikelo sokwahlulela. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa izinhlonhlo ezihlukene zokuhlola kuye ngelungelo nangezimiso ezisetshenziswa uhulumeni. Inkululeko, inkululeko yenkolo, nelungelo lokuvota ukwamukela i-̴ ukuhlolwa okungokomthetho, i-Ý incazelo kahulumeni kumele ibonise isithakazelo esiphoqelelwe nokulungisa okuncane. Izimiso zezomnotho kanye nenkululeko yempahla eningi ekhona ithola isisekelo i-̶ ukubukeza okungagudluleki kakhulu kuhulumeni. Izimiso zobuhlanga zihlolwa ngokucusumbula okuqinile; ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zezezithoniphaka. Ukuqonda lezinkantolo kusiza ukunquma ukuthi imibandela ehlukene.

Umsuka Womlando: Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu Nenjongo Yaso Ehlala Njalo

I-Applice yabekwa ngo-December 15, 1791, i-Bill of Rights yayiyimpendulo eqondile ku-Anti-Federalist ikhathazekile ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo omusha wawungenazo izivikelo ezicacile zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. UJames Madison ekuqaleni wahlongoza ukubuyiselwa kwenkululeko yabayishumi nambili; abayishumi bathathwa yizwe. Ama-(zokuqala) ukuhlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa nokukhokha i-buthoriontionation) nokukhokha ngaphansi kokubusa kweBrithani, okwakuhlanganisa i-ojereasendrectal, i-259 yeSichimende se-Interst. I-Relionty yathonywa yi-Li Bill of English Bill of Rights of 1689, izihlaka zokukhanyisela i-Dicke neMontesquieult, kanye ne-Prorists ̱ okuhlangenwe nakho ngaphansi kokubusa kweBrithani, okwakuhlanganisa i-25 ye-osethi, ukumiswa kwamasosha, nemithetho ye-omhlanga ne-yodwa kwe-mihlanga.

I-Bill of Rights yayingahloselwe ukunikeza amalungelo kodwa ukuvuma amalungelo emvelo akhona ngaphambili kanye nokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni. ISichibiyelo se-Ninth sisho ngokucacile ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile ngeke kube i-#8220;denay noma ukuhlukaniswa kwamanye agcinwe abantu. i-” le nkulumo iye yasetshenziselwa ukuvikela amalungelo awemvelo angenawo ayimfihlo anjengendawo eyimfihlo nenkululeko yomzimba. ISichibiyelo seSichibiyelo seshumi sigcine izifundazwe noma abantu abangaphathiswanga umthetho kahulumeni ophethe oqhubeka nokulungisa izimpikiswano ezingokombuso negunya likahulumeni ezindaweni ezifana nokulawula isibhamu, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nemfundo.

Izinqumiso Eziyinhloko: Lokho Abakuvikelayo Ngempela

Nakuba wonke iBhili of Rights iyisisekelo, izinguquko eziningana zibaluleke kakhulu ekulolongeni inkululeko yanamuhla yomphakathi. Nansi ilungiselelo ngalinye elikhulu elinomthetho othinta amacala nezimpikiswano zanamuhla.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Inkulumo, Inkolo, Izindaba, Umhlangano Nezicelo

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-“ inkululeko yokuqala ̵ ngoba abaQhingi bayibheka njengebalulekile ekuzisebenziseni kwentando yeningi. Ivimbela iKhomishane (kanye nangokuhlanganisa, isho) ukumisa inkolo noma ukunqabela ukuyisebenzisa kwayo, ukuhlanganisa inkulumo epholile noma inkululeko yokunyathelisa, nokuvimbela ukuhlangana okunokuthula nokunxusa uhulumeni.

  • Free Exening Classive Claus:[ Uhulumeni akanakuhlasela inkolelo engokwenkolo, kodwa imithetho engathathi-hlangothi ebanzi yokungathathi hlangothi ingathwesa umthwalo ongokwenkolo (Employment Division v. Smith, 1990). Umbuso wasabela ngomthetho weSivumelo Senkululeko Sasenkolo (RFRA) womthetho wezwe, futhi izifunda eziningi zinezinguqulo zazo.
  • Inkululeko Yokukhuluma: ivikela inkulumo yezombangazwe phakathi, kodwa futhi ihlanganisa ukudweba, inkulumo yezentengiselwano (ngaphandle kwesivikelo esincane), futhi ngisho nenkulumo yenzondo (ngaphandle kokuba ibangela ubudlova noma ibangela ukuhlukunyezwa).
  • Izindawo:[ Izindaba aziyona inhlangano engokomthetho ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo kodwa zithola isivikelo esifanayo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile njengabantu ngabanye. Imithetho evikela intatheli i’ imithombo iyahluka ngokwezwe.
  • Ilungelo lokucela uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo zihlanganisa ukumangalelana, ukuphoqelela, nokubhikisha.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukufuna Nokuzimela

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela i-#8220; ilungelo labantu ukuba balondeke kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela, ngokuphenya nokuquleka okungacabangeki. I-̵ iziphendu zokulwa nokuquleka kumelwe zisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka futhi zichaze indawo okumelwe ihlolwe futhi ithathwe. Isihluthulelo sihlanganisa: umbono ocacile, ukuvuma, ukuphenya izimo, ukuphenya izenzakalo, ukuphenya imoto. Katz v. United States[FLT:] [1967]), iNkawuhlulo olumise i ̴ ukulangazelela okungenaphutha kwemfihlo, okulawulayo manje okulawula izindaba ezinjengendlela yokuhamba, ingqamuzana lemoto. [FT]

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nokuziphikisa

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqukethe izivikelo eziningana eziyisihluthulelo: ilungelo lokubekwa icala elikhulu labahluleli ngenxa yobugebengu obuyinhloko bukahulumeni; isivikelo ezingozini eziphindwe kabili; ilungelo elimelene nokuzibeka umlomo ngokwakho (ngokuvamile libizwa ngokuthi i-#8220; ukunxusa i-Fread̵); ilungelo lenqubo efanelekile yomthetho; kanye ne-Gatis Claus efuna ukukhokhiswa kuphela uma impahla eyimfihlo ithathwa ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi. I-odwa-acrine isebenza ukufakazela ubufakazi, hhayi isampula engokoqobo njengegazi noma iminwe. Isixwayiso se-Miranda ([FL:] Mirda]]. v, 1966) iyimfuneko engcono ethathwe kulo hlelo, ecabangela amalungelo ayo.

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Amalungelo Okuqulwa Kwecala Asemthethweni

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa umuntu omangalelwe ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelomphakathi, ijaji elingakhethi esifundeni lapho ubugebengu oba khona, ilungelo lokutshelwa ngalokhu kumangalelwa, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, nelungelo lokunikezwa iseluleko esingokomthetho. Ilungelo lokweluleka lisebenza kuwo wonke amacala obugebengu aphumela ekuboshweni, kuhlanganise namaphutha. Usizo oluphumelelayo lweseluleko luyadingeka, njengoba kuqinisekisiwe [ku- Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963], okuthiwayo okumelwe kunikeze abamangali abamangali abanecala ezimweni ezithiye.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili ephakeme, amahlawuli aphakeme, nezijeziso ezinonya nezingavamile. Izindinganiso ezihlikihliwe zokuziphatha okuhle ziqondisa ukuchaza kwayo. INkantolo iye yavala isigwebo sokufa kubantu abakhubazekile (] Attins v. Virginia, 2002 nesezingane ezizenziwa ngecala (R2] v. [FLTM [[FLT]]], 2005]),. Muva nje, iNkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi ukuphila okusemthethwe ngaphandle kwezingane kuyi-partioletton ([[FLT:]]]Mill [blm] v [FFLD], 2012], i-Enye i-8] i-Exppectivements [ixter]] isebenza futhi isebenza ezimweni ezithile zejele, nokusetshenziswa kwezinye zezindlela zokwelapha.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Zokukhululwa Kwabemi

Ikhulu lama - 21 liye laletha izinselele ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili ezivivinya imingcele yezimiso ezingokwesiko zomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuzihlukanisa Kwabantu Ngezinombolo Nokwanda Kukahulumeni

Ukuqhuma kwemininingwane yezemishini .Izikhungo zezokuxhumana, imithombo yezenhlalakahle, umlando wendawo, i-biometrics , iye yaguqula indawo eyimfihlo. ISichibiyelo sesine ’ i-NT; yesithathu yemfundiso i-̵ (ukugodlelana kokwaziswa okunikezwa abanye ngokuzithandela akuseyona into eyimfihlo). [Kuyi- [FLT] [FLT]] Riley v. California[ [20] [20], iNkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola isenzakalo secell ukuze aboshwe. [FLT2] [FLT3], iqaphele ukuthi i-temfamu ende ende ye-sethi ye-omfonote.[indecter], i-ogne ye-ose projectivesssssssssssss, i-Frivenut Triveriveriveriveri

Ukukhuluma Ngokukhululeka Enkathini Yezinombolo

Ama-computer ezenstruction aseyindawo yomphakathi yanamuhla, nokho ayizinkampani ezizimele ezinezimemezelo zeNkonzo ezingavimbela ukukhuluma ngaphezu kwalokho okuvunyelwa uMthetho-sisekelo. ISichibiyelo sokuqala asizimisi izinkampani ezizimele, kodwa kuyaqhubeka kunempikiswano yokuthi amapulatifomu anjenge Facebook ne-Twitter kufanele abhekwe njengabadlali bamazwe lapho elawula i-computer. Ingxenye 230 yezokuxhumana zomthetho wobuXhovisi ezimele isithiyo esisekwesikhwameni somsebenzisi, kodwa futhi iye yagxekwa ngokusiza kokubili okulimazayo nokuvikela kakhulu. INkantolo Ephakeme e Packingham v. Nyakatho[FLD [FLD:1] [2017]) ikholelwa ukuthi imithombo yezokuxhumana yezenhlalo iyizikhundlalo lezempume, kodwa futhi igxekwa futhi i-mthetho owenqabelayo ukusebenzisa izigeqephu ezisebenza ngezomthetho ezingokwenculo.

Ubulungisa Bobuhlanga Nobulungisa Besigebengu Buyashintsha

Inkululeko yomphakathi ihlangana kakhulu nobulungisa bobuhlanga. ISichibiyelo sesine sokuweluleka i - ’ isivikelo ekuqubukeni okungacabangeli kuye kwaphikiswa ezimweni ezihilela ukusebenzisa amaphoyisa amandla (Graham v. Connor[, 1989). ISimemezelo sesiThathu sokulungisa siye sonakaliswa yizimiso zomphakathi ezingafanele ezifuna amakhamera omphakathi, ukuhlola okuzimele. ISiphendulo Sesibhozo i-Sendmentment ̱ ukuvinjelwa kwebheyili eqinisiwe kuye kwabekelwa inselele emongweni yeminyango engekho nzuzo kanye nabantu abanombala. Inhlangano yecala lokulandisa ibangele ukuba kukhishwe kwemithetho emisha edinga ukuhlola komphakathi, ukuhlola kozimele, nokuvinjelwa kwezinye izindlela ezifana nezinqinga.

I - National Security iphikisana namalungelo omuntu ngamunye

Izimiso ezinjenge-PATRIOT Act, ikhomishane yezempi yobuphekula isola, futhi i-NSA̱ izinhlelo zemidiyamu yemicikilisho eminingi yemicikilisho ziye zavivinya ukulinganisela phakathi kwenhlala-khona nenkululeko. HAmdi v. Rumsfeld [2004] [204], iNkantolo yeNkantolo] ibambelele ukuthi i-U.S. izakhamuzi eziphethwe yizithane kumelwe zamukele inqubo efanele, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokubekela ijele labo phambi komphathi wezahlulelo olungathangathangathangathanga lutho. .[FLT] V, iNkantolo yeNkanto elawula leyo intatheli ye-Fogconsity nezinhlangano zabantu ngaphansi kwe-Fograction 2,2]

Isiphetho: Indima Ebalulekile Yemfundo Yesibalo

Ulwazi ngamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nenkululeko yomphakathi akuyona imfuneko ephambili .Imfuneko yokuzimela uhulumeni. Abasunguli bakholelwa ukuthi isakhamuzi esifundile singasebenza njengesehlo sokugcina sokuhlola ubushiqela. Imfundo ye-COVIVIC ihlomisela abantu ukuba baqaphele uma amalungelo abo ephulwa, ukuqondisa ukusebenzelana nomthetho, ukuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo enkulumweni yasobala, nokunikeza isibopho sikahulumeni sokulandisa. Ukungakhulunyelwa kwamalungelo kungaholela emiphumeleni eyingozi: izakhamuzi zingalahlekelwa yisivikelo esingokomthetho ngenxa yokungazi, noma ngokuphikisana, zifune amalungelo aphelele angekho, zithathela isisekelo somthetho.

Izikole, imitapo yezincwadi, nezinhlangano zomphakathi kumelwe zibeke phambili ukufundisa umbhalo wangempela woMthetho-sisekelo, izahlulelo zeNkantolo ePhakeme, kanye nombango oqhubekayo wokunwebela inkululeko kubo bonke.

Ukuze uthole olunye ucwaningo, hlola iSikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo sesizwe semixhantela ehambisanayo nombhalo ophelele ngokuhlaziya. Iprojekthi ye-Oyez [ inikeza indaba eningiliziwe nezwi lempikiswano yeNkantolo Ephakeme. [[FLT:] ALC] ALC [[F] ALMB] AZI amalungelo Akho [] anikeza isifundo, ulwazi oluqondene. Ekugcineni, [ i-FCP] Fidiary ̱ indawo yokufundisa [FLT]