Umzabalazo wamalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko yabantu kuye kwaba isici esiphikelelayo nesichaza umlando waseMelika. Kusukela ekusungulweni kwesizwe, ukungezwani phakathi kwemibono ephakeme yenkululeko kanye nobuqiniso bobandlululo lwezimiso kuye kwaqhubezela izinhlangano zezenhlalo nezenzo zomthetho. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo nezinguquko zawo kubekwe isisekelo, kwakungomthetho owemithetho yokuthi eziningi zalezi zithembiso zahunyushelwa emalungelweni angokomthetho. Lezenzo azizange zivele ekuncipheni; zaziwumkhiqizo wamashumi eminyaka ezenzo zobuthakashende, ukuphikisa, nokuvumelana kwezombangazwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola izingxenye ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo zemithetho eziye zalungisa kabusha ngokuyisisekelo isimo esingokomthetho samalungelo abantu nenkululeko eUnited States, ukuhlola amalungiselelo azo ayinhloko, igalelo, igalelo eliyinhloko, inzuzo, nefa elihlala njalo.

Umthetho Ka - 1964 Wamalungelo Abantu

I-Civil Rights Act ka-1946 iwumthetho oguqula kakhulu wamalungelo abantu emlandweni waseMelika. Yasayinwa umthetho nguMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson ngoJuly 2, 1964, yaba umphumela oqondile wokucindezela okungapheli kwenhlangano yamalungelo abantu, kuhlanganise noMarch eWashington kanye nezimpi zobudlova eBirmingham. I-Act yayihlose ukuqeda uhlelo olungokomthetho lwenkululeko nobandlululo olwaluqhubeke cishe iminyaka eyikhulu ngemva kokwamukelwa kwe-Reconstanton.

Iziqu Eziyinhloko Namalungiselelo

Lo Mkhandlu uhlukaniswa ngeziqu eziningana, ngasinye sibhekene nendawo ethile yokuphila komphakathi:

  • Isihloko I: sanqabela ukusebenza okungalinganiyo kwezimfuneko zokuvota. Nakuba ilinganiselwe ngokushesha, yabeka isisekelo somthetho we-Loting Rights Act ka-1965.
  • Isihloko II: ubandlululo oluthathelwe indawo yomphakathi, njengehhotela, isitolo sokudlela, nezindawo zokudlala, ngokwebala, imibala, inkolo, noma imvelaphi yobuzwe. Lokhu kwakuwukuhlasela ngokuqondile u-Jim Crow Converse.
  • Title III: umbuso owehlisiwe nohulumeni bendawo ukunqabela ukungenwa kwezindawo zomphakathi ezisekelwe ngokohlanga, umbala, inkolo, noma umsuka wezwe.
  • Isihloko se IV: Ikhuthaza ukuhlelwa kwezikole zomphakathi futhi yagunyaza u-Attorney jikelele ukuba afake amasudi okuphoqelela ukuhlukanisa.
  • Isihloko VI:[ [isithiyo] savimbela ukucwaswa ezimisweni nasemisebenzini ukuthola usizo lwezimali lukahulumeni. Lelilungiselelo elinamandla lavumela uhulumeni wamazwe ukuba anqume ukuxhasa ngezimali ezinhlanganweni eziqondisa ukuguqulwa komthetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isihloko VII: ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi abaqashi bomuntu siqu, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, nezinhlangano zemisebenzi ezisekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wezwe. Yamisa futhi i- Equal Procloption Opportity Commission (EOC) ukuphenya nokuphoqelela umthetho. Ukufakwa kuka-"sex" kwakuwukwenezela ekususeni i-translate, kodwa kwaba yisivikelo esibaluleke kakhulu kwabesifazane.

Ukuphoqeleka Nezinselele Zangaphambili

Umthetho wabhekana nezinselele ezisheshayo zomthetho. e-Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (1964) kanye Katzenbach v. McClung[ (1964]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela umthetho-mthethweno-mthetho weSikhathi II ngaphansi kwe-Cekomzamzama, iqinisekisa ukuthi iKhomishane yayinamandla okulawula amabhizinisi ahlangene. Lezi zinqumo zaphetha inkathi ye "Imfihlo" futhi zaqinisekisa indima kahulumeni ekuqondiseni amalungelo abantu.

Umphumela Wesikhathi Eside

I-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 ayizange isuse ubandlululo ngokushesha, kodwa yaguqula isimo somthetho nesezenhlalo. Yanika abantu amandla okumangalela ukucwaswa, yanikeza inqubo yokugcinwa kwamalungelo kahulumeni, futhi yabeka isibonelo somthetho wesikhathi esizayo wamalungelo abantu. I-Act yakhuthaza futhi intuthuko, njengokufakwa kobudala nokukhubazeka emithethweni yamuva. Ifa layo libonakala ezimisweni zemisebenzi ehlukahlukene, izimiso zokulwa nobandlululo, kanye nomsebenzi oqhubekayo we-EOC.

Umthetho Ka - 1965 Wokulwela Amalungelo Abantu

Nakuba i-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 yakhuluma ngobandlululo lokuvota eSihlokeni I, kwabonakala kunganele ukunqoba izithiyo ezigxilile. Izifundazwe zaseNingizimu zaqhubeka zisebenzisa izivivinyo zokuhlola ukufunda nokubhala, intela yokuvota, kanye nokwesabisa ukulahla iBlackvota. I-Voting Rights Act ka-1965, eyasayinwa emthethweni ngoAugust 6, 1965, yayiwukusabela okuqondile kulokhu kuxhashazwa okungaqondile, ikakhulukazi ukucindezelwa ngobudlova kwabashisekeli belungelo lokuvota eSelma, e-Alabama. Ivame ukubhekwa njengengxenye ephumelela kakhulu yomthetho wamalungelo abantu owake wamiswa.

Amalungiselelo

  • Ukukhetha 2:[ kwaveza noma yimuphi umkhuba wokuvota okhetha uhlanga noma umbala. Lelilungiselelo lisebenza ezweni lonke futhi liphoqelelwa nge-ligitation.
  • Ukuhlanganisa 4:[ kwamisa indlela yokuhlukanisa izifundazwe nomlando wobandlululo. La mazwe ayengaphansi kwemfuneko yokuhlelwa kusengaphambili kwesiqephu 5.
  • Ukuhlanganisa 5: Kudingeka amagunya athile ukuze kuthole imvume kahulumeni ku-Attorney General noma iNkantolo yesigodi ye-D.C ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma iziphi izinguquko emithethweni yokuvota noma ezinqunyiweyo. Le mfuneko "ukwe-"kuhleleka" kwakuyithuluzi elinamandla lokuvimbela izinguquko zokuvula isikhala.
  • Ukukhetha 203: nikeza usizo lolimi kubavoti abakwazi isiNgisi esilinganiselwe, kuqinisekisa ukuthi ulimi oluncane lungahlanganyela kukhetho.

Imiphumela Esheshayo Nehlala Njalo

IVoting Rights Act yandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukubhalisa nokubhalisa kwabavoti futhi yabuya phakathi kwama-Afrika. EMississippi, ukubhalisa okumnyama kwanyuka kusukela cishe ku 7% ngo-1964 kuya ku-60% ngo-1968. UMthetho futhi waholela ekukhetheni izikhulu ezimnyama kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni. Nokho, emashumini eminyaka amuva, i-Actsc iye yabhekana nokuwohloka okuphawulekayo. [Kuwonke] [ku-'i-Slay County's. Raker[FLY:1] [2013], iNkathi i-Curt 4 yehlise i-galelo le Komiti yezomthetho, inikeza i-Candelo 5 eqedwe ngokomthetho ngaphandle kokuba idlulise umthetho omusha. Lesinqumo siye saholela ekuvinjweni kwemithetho yokuvota ezimweni ezingaphambili. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo engaphezulu kwe-Activence.

Ukuziphakamisa Kwanamuhla

Imizamo yokubuyisela uMthetho we - Voting Rights, njengencwadi ethi John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act, iqokomisa umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokuvikela i-flance. Lo Mthetho uhlale uphawula isivikelo sokuvota sikahulumeni futhi ukhumbuza ukuthi ilungelo lokuvota alikona ukuzibulala ngokwakho, kodwa lidinga ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho.

Isinyathelo Sezindlu Esifanele Sango - 1968

Ubandlululo lwezindlu lwaluyinkinga ephikelelayo i-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 engayidingi ngokuqondile. UMthetho weSihlalo, owamiswa njengeSihloko seSicimu se-Polity Rights Act ka-1968, wasayinwa njengomthetho ngo-April 11, 1968, isonto elilodwa nje ngemva kokubulawa kukaDkt. Martin Luther King Jr. Wawuhloselwe ukuqeda ukucwaswa ezimaketheni zokuhlala nokukhuthaza ukuhlangana kwabantu abahlala ndawonye.

Imikhuba Ephambene

LoMthetho wenqabela ubandlululo ekuthengisweni, ekuqashweni, noma ekuxhaseni ngokwezimali izindlu ezisekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, umsuka wesizwe, futhi kamuva ukukhubazeka kanye nokuma komkhaya (okufakwe ngo - 1988). Ngokukhethekile, ziwukwenqabela:

  • Ukwenqaba ukuthengisa noma ukuqasha indlu ngemva kokuthembisa ukukhokhela ibhizinisi elibi.
  • Ukungavumelani ngemibandela, izimo, noma amalungelo okuthengisa noma ukuqasha.
  • Ukukhangisa noma ukusho izinkulumo ezibonisa ukuthi ukhetha ubandlululo.
  • Ukubhucunga ngezansi — ukuthengisa abanikazi bezindlu ngokumelela ukuthi abantu bekilasi elivikelwe bathuthela endaweni.
  • Ukwenqabela ukufinyelela noma ukuba ilungu lenhlangano yezindawo nezindawo.

Imishini Ephoqelelwayo

I-Derrement of Home and Urban Development (UUD) inecala lokumisa i-Fair House Act. Abantu abakholelwa ukuthi baye bacwaswa bangafaka isikhalo ku-Hud, engase ihlole futhi izame ukuxazulula lenkinga ngokukhipha isivumelwano. UMnyango Wezobulungisa ungafaka futhi icala emacalani noma ekucwaseni. I-Act iye yaholela ezindaweni eziningi ezingokomhlaba kanye nemithetho yenkantolo yokulwa kwemithetho yokukhokha i-dicrinicarinia, ukuqondisa nokubuyisela isikhalazo.

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo

Naphezu koMthetho, ukwahlukaniswa kwezindlu kusagxilile emiphakathini eminingi yaseMelika. Ukucwasa okungacatshangelwe kuyaphikelela, njengokuqondisa abathengi bezindlu abambalwa ezindaweni ezithile noma ukuphatha okungalingani kwezikweletu. Ukuphumelela koMthetho kulinganiselwe ngokuphoqelelwa okubuthakathaka nokungaxhaswa ngokwezimali. Noma kunjalo, kuseyithuluzi elinzima lokubekela inselele ukucwasa kwezindlu nokukhuthaza amathuba okuthola indawo yokuhlala ngokungakhethi.

Abantu BaseMelika Abanesinyathelo Sokukhubazeka Sango - 1990

Inhlangano yamalungelo abantu abakhubazekile yakhula ngawo-1970 nangawo - 1980, yafinyelela umvuthwandaba wokudlula kwe-Melika enomthetho wokukhubazeka (ADA) ngoJuly 26, 1990. Yasayinwa nguMongameli uGeorge H.W. Bush, i-ADA iwumthetho wamalungelo ogcwele wesizwe owenqabela ukucwaswa kwabantu abakhubazekile kuzo zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi. Ibonisa ukushintshwa ekubukeni ukukhubazeka njengencithakalo yezokwelapha kuya endabeni yamalungelo omphakathi kanye nokuhlangana kwezenhlalo.

Iziqu ezinhlanu ze - ADA

  • Isihloko I (Indlela): Ukucwaswa abaqashi abazimele abanomsebenzi abangu-15 noma ngaphezulu, ohulumeni bombuso, izinhlangano zemisebenzi, nezinyunyana zezisebenzi. Abaqashi kumelwe banikeze indawo yokuhlala efanelekile kubantu abafanelekayo abakhubazekile, ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza kanjalo kungabangela ubunzima obungadingekile.
  • Isihloko II (Izinkonzo ze-Public Service): Ukucwaswa kwezindawo nohulumeni bendawo futhi ifuna ukuba izinkonzo zomphakathi, izinhlelo, nemisebenzi kungeneke kubantu abakhubazekile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinto zokuhamba zomphakathi, njengamabhasi nezimiso zesitimela.
  • Title III (Izikhungo ze-Public): Ifuna amabhizinisi akhonza umphakathi (umz., amathilomu, amahhotela, izitolo, amaholo emidlalo, amahhovisi ezokwelapha) ukwenza izinguquko ezifanele ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela nokususa izithiyo zokwakha lapho kulula khona.
  • [[Ucingo:0] Isihloko seII (Izixhumana): Izinkampani zocingo zinikeza izinkonzo zokudlulisa izingcingo kubantu abayizithulu noma abangezwa kahle.
  • Isihloko V (Ehlukene):[[FT:1] iqukethe amalungiselelo ahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nesivikelo ekuphindiseleni nasekuphoqeleleni, futhi icacisa ukuthi i-ADA ayifuni ukuba abaqashi baqashe abantu abangagculisi.

Umphumela Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

I-ADA iye yaholela ezinguqukweni ezisakazeke kakhulu endaweni ezungezile engokomzimba .Curb, i-parking efinyelelekayo, i-Braille sayina, kanye ne-apps manje kuvamile. Ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi ngaphansi kwe-ADA kuye kwandisa ukuqaphela izindawo zokulala emsebenzini, njengezimiso eziguquguqukayo nobuchwepheshe obusizayo. Umthetho uye wakhuthaza futhi ukusungulwa kwezinto ezisemklamweni wendawo yonke, okungazuzisi abantu abakhubazekile kuphela kodwa umphakathi uwonke. Nokho, izinselele zikhona: ukuphakanyiswa ngenxa yalokho okuhlanganisa "indawo yokuhlala enengqondo" evamile, futhi abantu abakhubazekile babhekene nezinga eliphakeme lokungasebenzi nokungalawuleki.

Izichibiyelo Ezilandelayo

Izichibiyelo ze-ADA uMthetho ka-2008 [ADAA] wandisa incazelo yokukhubazeka futhi wagumbuqela izinqumo eziningi zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezazivale izivikelo zomthetho. I-ADAA iqinisekisa inhloso yoMkhandlu yokunikeza incazelo ebanzi futhi igxile ekutheni ukucwasa noma kwenzeka yini kunokuba umuntu ahlangabezane nencazelo eqinile yokukhubazeka.

Isenzo Somkhaya Nesezokwelapha Sango - 1993

Nakuba imithetho eminingi yamalungelo omphakathi igxile ekwelapheni okulinganayo nasekungaphoqelelini, iFome and Medical Let Act (FMLA) ka 1993 ikhuluma ngenkululeko ehlukile: ilungelo lokuzinakekela wena nomkhaya ngaphandle kokudela ukulondeka kwezomnotho. Isayinwe emthethweni nguMongameli uBill Clinton ngoFebruary 5, 1993, iFMLA yayiwumthetho wokuqala kahulumeni wokunikeza ikhefu lomsebenzi elingakhokhelwa ngenxa yezizathu zomkhaya nezokwelapha. Yaqaphela ukuthi imfuneko yomsebenzi neyomkhaya ngokuvamile ingqubuzana, futhi izisebenzi akumelwe zikhethe phakathi komsebenzi wazo nempilo noma abathandekayo bazo.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukungakholeki: Izicelo zabaqashi abasebenza izisebenzi ezingu-50 noma ngaphezulu. Abaqashwa bafanelekela uma besebenzele umqashi okungenani izinyanga eziyi 12 futhi okungenani amahora angu-1,250 ezinyangeni ezingu-12 ezandulelayo.
  • Uhlobo lwethithi: Kuze kufike kumasonto angu-12 ekhefu elingakhokhelwa ngonyaka kuwe:
    • ukuzalwa noma ukutholwa kwengane;
    • Isimo sempilo esingathi sína yesisebenzi;
    • Ukunakekela umngane womshado, ingane, noma umzali onempilo ebucayi;
    • Izimo ezi-aluntenti ezivela enkonzweni yezempi yelungu lomkhaya elikhuthele.
  • [ IKhawu lokunakekela: Abasebenzi abangakhohliswa bangathatha ikhefu elingathatha amasonto angu-26 angakhokhelwa ukuze banakekele ilungu lenkonzo eligqunywe ngokulimala okungathi sína noma ukugula.
  • [ Isivikelo somsebenzi: Abaqashi banelungelo lokubuyela endaweni efanayo noma efanayo, eneholo elilinganayo, izinzuzo, kanye nemisebenzi.
  • Umshuwalense weHealth: Abaqashi kumelwe balondoloze isambatho seqembu sempilo phakathi nekhefu ngezindlela ezifanayo njengokungathi isisebenzi siqhubeke sisebenza.

Ithonya Nokulinganiselwa

IFMLA iye yenza izigidi zezisebenzi zaseMelika ukuba zithathe ikhefu elidingekayo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukulahlekelwa imisebenzi yazo. Kuye kwaba usizo kakhulu kubazali abasha, izisebenzi ezinesifo esingathí sina, nalabo abanakekela abazali asebegugile. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi i-FMLA iye yathuthukisa isimilo sezisebenzi futhi yanciphisa i-pareji. Nokho, umthetho unezikhala eziphawulekayo: awukhokhi ikhefu elikhokhwayo, futhi izisebenzi eziningi eziphansi azikwazi ukukhokha ikhefu elingakhokhelwa. Umnyango wezisebenzi ezingu-50 ususa cishe amaphesenti angu-40 e-U.S. Amazwe amaningana aye amisa imithetho yawo siqu esekhaya ekhokhelwayo ukuze alungise lokhu kushiye lokhu kushiyeka, futhi kuyaqhubeka ukukhokha ikhefu elikhokhelwa uhlelo lomthetho.

Ukuhlangana Namanye Amalungelo Omphakathi

IFMLA iphelelisa ezinye isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Pregnancy Discrimination Act ifuna abaqashi ukuba baphathe ukukhulelwa njengokunye ukukhubazeka kwesikhashana, kuyilapho iFMLA inikeza ikhefu elivikelwe umsebenzi ezimweni ezihlobene nokukhulelwa. Inkundla yeWage ne Hour Division ye-Mor[FLT] iphoqelela i-FMLA futhi inikeza isiqondiso sokulalela.

Isiphetho

Umthetho olawulayo ohlolwe kulesihloko se-Jonign Rights Act ka-1964, i-Voiting Rights Act ka-1965, i-Fair Howard Act ka-1990, iMelika ephethe ukukhubazeka komthetho ka-1990, neSivumelwano soMkhaya ne-Medical Let Lat ngo-1993, imelela isigaba esiqhubekayo sokuqashelwa okungokomthetho sokuqaphela ukuthi isithunzi somuntu ngamunye nokulingana kudinga isivikelo. Kodwa ukuvikelwa kwemithetho yezehlolo ethile engokomlando yempi nezombangazwe, futhi ishintshe kakhulu ukuphila kwaseMelika. Baye basusa imvume engokomthetho, bavula izigidi zezindawo zokuhlala, benza ukuba kutholakale izikhala ezithelekele, futhi banikeze izisebenzi ilungelo lokunakekela imikhaya yabo. Nakuba lezi zindlela zokuzivikela ezingokomthetho, ukuphenye intuthuko okungokomthetho, nokulungisa imingcele engcono kakhulu kwemithetho engaphandle kwemithetho engaphandle ukuze incikelele ekutholeni kwezindawo ezingoko yomphakathi.