Table of Contents

IBill of Rights ingenye yezincwadi ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, isebenza njengesisekelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nesivikelo ekuphathweni uhulumeni. Ikhomba izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, lencwadi yesisekelo iye yathonya ubuhlobo phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni wazo amakhulu amabili eminyaka. Ukuqonda iBhili yamaLungelo kubalulekile kuMelika wonke azisa inkululeko, idemokratismential, kanye nokubusa komthetho.

Liyini Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu?

Ishumi lemiyalo engu-12 ehlongozwayo yagunyazwa yizishaya-mthetho ezintathu ezine zikahulumeni ngoDecember 15, 1791, zimisa lokho manje esikwaziyo ngokuthi iBill of Rights. UJames Madison wabhala inguquko njengekhambi lokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngoMthetho-sisekelo. Lezi zinguquko zazingeyona ingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala kodwa zanezelwa ezingxoxweni ezaphakama phakathi nezimpikiswano zokuncintisana.

Kwahlongozwa ukuba kulandele impikiswano evame ukuba buhlungu ka 1787-88 ephathelene nokubekwa kwe-Constitution futhi kubhalwe ukuxoxa ngezimpikiswano ezaphakanyiswa abamelene nomthetho-mthetho abadayisa i-Anti-Federalist. AbaLanti-Fedalist babesaba ukuthi ngaphandle kwesivikelo esicacile, uhulumeni omusha uyoba namandla kakhulu futhi usongele inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Ukugcizelela kwabo imvume yamalungelo ekugcineni kwaholela kwenye yezinye zezinye zezici ezibaluleke kakhulu eMthethweni.

Umlando Nethonya

Imibono eqiniswa kulezinguquko yakhiwe kulabo abasezincwadini zangaphambili, ikakhulukazi iVirginia Declaration of Rights (1776), kanye neNorthwest Ordinance (1787), iNgisi iBill of Rights (1689), neMagna Carta (1215). Lemikhondo engokomlando yamisa izimiso zikahulumeni olinganiselwe namalungelo abantu abaQaqulwa yibo abavumelana nomongo waseMelika.

Phakathi nezimpikiswano ngokwamukela uMthetho-sisekelo, abaphikisi bawo bamangalela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo njengowujoliswe ezindaweni ezizovulela uhulumeni ophakathi indlela yokucindezela. Ukuhluzeka ezingqondweni zabo kwakuyinkumbulo yokuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi kwaseBrithani ngaphambi naphakathi neNguquko. Bafuna "inani lamalungelo" elalizoqeda ukugoma kwezakhamuzi ngabanye.

Indima kaMadison ekudaleni iBhili lamalungelo

Ngokuthakazelisayo, uJames Madison ekuqaleni wayemelene nokwenza imvume yamalungelo. uMadison ekuqaleni wayemelene nomqondo wokwakha imvume yamalungelo, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili: UMthetho-sisekelo awuzange unike uhulumeni kahulumeni amandla okususa amalungelo abantu. Imibuso kahulumeni u-"eyivithiwe futhi ichazwe". Nokho, amaqiniso ezombangazwe amphoqelela ukuba aphinde acabange ngesikhundla sakhe.

UMadison wanqoba uMonroe ngemva kokunikeza isiqinisekiso sokuthi wayezoletha ukuncishiswa komthetho - sisekelo kwamalungelo eMkhandlwini Wokuqala. Lesi sithembiso sezombangazwe sashintsha uMadison wasuka ekubeni umqambi weSikhathi Samalungelo Abantu, samenza waqashelwa njengomunye wemikhankaso ebaluleke kakhulu emlandweni womthetho - sisekelo waseMelika.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Isisekelo Senkululeko YaseMelika

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala mhlawumbe siyilungiselelo elaziwayo kakhulu futhi elivame ukucashunwa kuyiBhili yamaLungelo. Sivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo eyandayo ebaluleke emphakathini wentando yeningi. UMkhandlu awuyikwenza umthetho ngokuphathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqatshelwa kwayo; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma: Izinga Nezivikelo

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ingenye yamalungelo aziswa kakhulu embusweni wentando yeningi waseMelika. Lesivikelo sihlanganisa okungaphezu nje kokukhuluma amagama, okuhlanganisa amazwi alotshiwe, izenzo ezingokomfanekiso, nezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuxhumana. Abasunguli babona ikhono lokukhuluma nokukhulekela ngokukhululekile njengelungelo elingokwemvelo elivikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Ilungelo lokukhuluma zihlanganisa izivikela eziningana ezibalulekile. Izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokungakhulumi, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokungalishayeli ifulege indesheni. Abafundi bangagqoka izibambo zengalo noma ezinye izinto ezingokomfanekiso ukuze baveze imibono yezombangazwe. Abantu bangasebenzisa ulimi olungcolile ukuze badlulisele imiyalezo yezombangazwe, ngisho nalapho abanye bethola leyo nkulumo ingathandeki noma ingajabulisi.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yagcizelela ngokungaguquki ukuthi inkululeko yokukhuluma ibanzi.ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkulumo ngisho nalapho imibono evezwayo icatshangelwa njengengenangqondo, ecasulayo, engcolile noma enenzondo.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwenkululeko Yokukhuluma

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sinikeza isivikelo esiqinile, asisho lutho.

Enye yemingcele ebaluleke kakhulu ihilela ukuvuselelwa kobudlova. EBrandenburg v.O.1969, lokhu kwalinganiselwe esindinganisweni "sesenzo sokungabi namthetho", iNkantolo Ephakeme ibuye ivume ukuvuselelwa kweqembu leKu Klux Klan elihloselwe "ukukhuthaza ubudlova ... njengendlela yokufeza izinguquko zezombangazwe" ngoba amazwi abo embuthanweni awazange abonise ubudlova ngokushesha, noma asondele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni ungenza kuphela imingcele yenkulumo eqondiswa ekuvuselweni kwesenzo esisheshayo sokungabi namthetho futhi ngokunokwenzeka aveza isenzo esinjalo.

Ukulahla kumelela olunye uhlobo lwenkulumo engavikelekile. Amanga okulahla (abizwa ngokuthi "libel" uma kubhalwa kanye "nomnyundeli", uma kushiwo) ukuqamba amanga, nokukhwabanisa nakho kungajeziswa. Nokho, lokhu okungacacile kuvinjelwa ukuvinjelwa komthetho kahulumeni wokuhlambalaza ukuze kuthule abagxeki.

Akukho ukuhlukana okukhona kwenkulumo ebizwa ngokuthi eyokuzonda. Ukusongela kwenzondo akuvinjelwa yiSichibiyelo sokuqala kanye nezinye izinsongo, futhi ukuchapha kwenhlamba yobandlululo ngokwayo kungajeziswa kanye namanye amazwi okulwa. Kodwa inkulumo enjalo ingase ingajeziswa ngokukhethekile ngoba iwubandlululo, isigaba esixubile, inzondo, noma imelene nenkolo ethile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba inkulumo enenzondo ingase isonakaliswe ngokokuziphatha, ngokuvamile ithola isivikelo ngaphandle kokuba iwele kwesinye isigebengu.

Imingcele Yesikhathi, Indawo, Neyomuntu

Uhulumeni ngokuvamile angalinganisela isikhathi, indawo, noma indlela yokukhuluma, uma imingcele ingahlobene nalokho inkulumo ekushoyo futhi ishiye abantu benezindlela ezanele zokuveza imibono yabo. Lemithetho equkethwe ivumela uhulumeni ukuba alondoloze ukuhleleka futhi avikele ukuphepha komphakathi ngaphandle kokuhlaziya imibono ethile noma imiyalezo.

Ngokwesibonelo, umuzi ungadinga imvume yokubonisa imibhikisho emikhulu, ukumisa imithetho yomsindo, noma ukumisa izindawo ezithile zokubhikisha.

Inkululeko Yenkolo: OClaus Ababili Ababalulekile

Iziphakamiso zeSichibiyelo senkolo sokuqala zimisa izimiso ezimbili ezibambisanayo ezisebenza ndawonye ekuvikeleni inkululeko engokwenkolo. Lamalungiselelo avimbela uhulumeni ekumiseni inkolo engokomthetho kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo evikela amalungelo abantu okusebenzisa ukholo lwabo ngokukhululekile.

Ukumiswa KukaClaus

ISivumelwano senqatshelwa ukwenza imithetho yokumisa inkolo noma inkululeko yokukhuluma elinganiselwe. i-Aplication system ivimbela uhulumeni ukuba asungule inkolo engokomthetho kahulumeni, athande inkolo eyodwa ngaphezu kwenye, noma athuthukise inkolo ngokuvamile ngaphezu kwenkolo. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uhlala engathathi hlangothi ezindabeni zokholo.

Ukumiswa kukaClausce kuye kwachazwa njengokwenqabela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuhileleka kukahulumeni enkolweni, kuhlanganise nomthandazo ophoqelelwe ezikoleni zomphakathi, ukuxhasa iziqondiso ezingokwenkolo zikahulumeni, nokubonisa okungokwenkolo ezindaweni zomphakathi ezisekela ukholo oluthile.

Ukuzivivinya Ngokukhululeka KukaClaus

I-Free Execle Claus ivikela amalungelo abantu ukuba basebenzise inkolo yabo ngokwezinkolelo zabo. Lesivikelo sidlulela ekukhulekeleni okungokwenkolo, ukugcinwa, nomkhuba, sivumele abantu ukuba balandele ukholo lwabo ngaphandle kokungenela kukahulumeni.

Nokho, i - Free Exemory Claus ayinikezi ukugonywa okuphelele kuyo yonke imithetho. uhulumeni ungaphoqelela imithetho engathathi hlangothi evamile yokungathathi hlangothi ngisho nalapho ithatha umthwalo onzima wenkolo.

Inkululeko Yezindaba

Inkululeko yezindaba isebenza njengendlela ebalulekile yokuhlola amandla kahulumeni ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izintatheli zingahlola futhi zibike izindaba ezikhathaza umphakathi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela kukahulumeni.

Inkululeko yezindaba eqinisekiswe iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ivumela izintatheli ukuba zigxeke izikhulu zikahulumeni, zidalule inkohlakalo, futhi zisakaze ukwaziswa uhulumeni angase akhethe ukukugcina kuyimfihlo.

Inkululeko Yomhlangano Nesicelo

Amalungelo okuhlangana ngokuthula nokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlangane ndawonye ziveze imibono yazo futhi zifune izinguquko esimisweni sikahulumeni. La malungelo aye afeza indima ebalulekile kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, kusukela emzamweni wamalungelo omphakathi kuya ekubhikisheni kwanamuhla ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene.

IsiHlanzi Sokuqala safeza indima ebalulekile emzamweni Wamalungelo Abantu, njengoba lenhlangano yayisebenzisa inkululeko ehlukahlukene yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala — ngokuyinhloko inkulumo, ukuhlangana nesicelo — ukuze igxeke ukungabi nabulungisa kobuhlanga futhi ikhuthaze ukulingana kwezinhlanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States yaqinisa lenkululeko Yokulungisa Inkululeko Yokuqala ngezinqumo zayo ezinkantolo ezazivela emzamweni wecala ovela emzamweni wamalungelo omphakathi.

Ilungelo lokubutha lihlanganisa ikhono lokuhlela imibhikisho, ukuqhuba imibuthano, ukuqhuba amafolishi, nokubuthana ezindaweni zomphakathi ukuze kuvezwe imibono yomphakathi. Ilungelo lokunxusa akuhlanganisi izicelo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezindikimbeni zikahulumeni kuphela kodwa futhi nokunxusa, imikhankaso yokubhala izincwadi, neminye imizamo yokuthonya izenzo zikahulumeni.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izikhali

ISichibiyelo sesibili sivikela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali. Lokhu kulungisa kuye kwaba yindaba yempikiswano enkulu engokomthetho nengokwezombangazwe ngokuphathelene nobubanzi nenqubo yayo. Izikhombo zemibhalo kokubili amabutho alawulwa kahle nelungelo labantu lokuphatha futhi baphathe izikhali, okuholela ezincazelweni ezihlukene ngokuthi leli lungelo lingumuntu ngamunye yini noma lihlangene yini emvelweni.

Izinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zacacisa ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokuba nezibhamu ngezinjongo ezingokomthetho, kuhlanganise nokuzifaka ekhaya. Nokho, lelilungelo alilinganiselwe, futhi uhulumeni angabeka imithetho enengqondo ezibhamuni, njengemithetho evimbela ukuba umuntu abe nezikhali noma imingcele yokuphatha izikhali ezindaweni ezibucayi njengezikole nezakhiwo zikahulumeni.

ISichibiyelo Sesithathu: Ukuhlanganiswa Kwamasosha

Ngaphambi kweMpi Yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, imithetho yanika amasosha aseBrithani ilungelo lokuthatha izindlu zabantu. Lokhu kulungisa kukhuluma ngezikhalazo ezithile zangenkathi yamakoloni futhi akuvamile ukuba kube indaba yokuzithethelela ezikhathini zanamuhla.

Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesithathu singabonakala singenanzuzo namuhla, siveza isibopho soMsunguli sokuvikela impahla yomuntu siqu nokuvimbela ukugxambukela kukahulumeni ekhaya. Ushintsho lumisa isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni akanakuyalela impahla yomuntu siqu enjongweni yezempi ngaphandle kwemvume yomniniyo ngesikhathi sokuthula.

Isichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Nokukhohlisa Okungenangqondo

Lesivikelo sidinga ukuba izikhulu zikahulumeni zithole imvume esekelwe ngokunokwenzeka ebangelwa yisizathu ngaphambi kokusesha nokuquleka okuningi, ziqinisekise ukuthi izakhamuzi zilondekile kubantu bazo, ezindlini zazo, emaphepheni nasemiphumeleni yazo.

ISichibiyelo Sesine sivikela ilungelo lokukhululwa ekugxambukeni kukahulumeni okungenangqondo emakhaya abantu ngemfuneko yemvume. Lemfuneko isebenza njengesehlo esicophelelayo emandleni amaphoyisa, ifuna ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze uqinisekise imantshi ongathathi hlangothi ukuthi kungenzeka kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu buyotholakala ngaphambi kokuba ucwaninge.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Nakuba isiHlanzo Sesine ngokuvamile sifuna imvume yokusesha nokuquleka, izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela okuhlukile ngandlela - thile kulomthetho. lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuphenya izenzakalo zokuboshwa ngokomthetho, ukuhlola izimoto ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ukusesha ngemvume, nezimo ezibonisa ukuthi ukuthola imvume kuyoba okungasizi noma okuyingozi.

ISichibiyelo sesine siyasebenza nasebuchwephesheni banamuhla, nakuba izinkantolo ziqhubeka ziphikisana nendlela izimiso ezingokwesiko zesine zesiGcinisi esisebenza ngayo ezintweni ezisebenza ngogesi, ngobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana ngemishini, nangemishini yokuhlola. Amacala amuva aye akhuluma ukuthi amaphoyisa adinga yini imvume yokuthola ukwaziswa okusendaweni yocingo, ukuhlola okuqukethwe amakhalekhukhwini, noma ukusebenzisa imishini yokuthwebula ukushisa ukuze athole izigqebhezana zokushisa ezisemakhaya.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Izindlela Eziningi Zokuzivikela Omangalelwayo

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu sinikeza isivikelo esiningana kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu, sithi amacala amakhulu obugebengu kumelwe aqalwe abahluleli abakhulu.

I - Double Jeoparding Claus ivimbela uhulumeni ukuba amangalele othile ngokuphindaphindiwe ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo, ivikele abantu ekuhlukunyezweni uhulumeni futhi iqinisekise ukuthi uphethe emacala obugebengu.

Abantu banelungelo lokumelana nokuziphikisa futhi abanakuboshwa ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho (izinqubo zokuzilungisa nokulingwa). Ilungelo elimelene nokuziphikisa, elivame ukubizwa yinkulumo ethi "ukuthatha owesihlanu," livikela abantu ukuba bangaphoqelelwa ukuba bafakazele ngokumelene nobugebengu.

Inqubo Efanele Nokuthatha

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu i-Access Process Claus ka-Claus u-hulumeni ufuna ukuba alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba aphuce othile ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Lesisivikelo siqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bathola isaziso nethuba lokuzwakala ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni athathe isinyathelo esithinta amalungelo abo ayisisekelo.

I-Pures Claus ifuna uhulumeni ukuba anikeze isinxephezelo kuphela uma kudinga ifa lempahla yomphakathi ukuze isetshenziswe emphakathini endaweni edumile. Leli lungiselelo lilinganisela isidingo sikahulumeni sokuthola impahla yomphakathi namalungelo abanikazi bempahla ukuze bakhokhele ngokulinganayo ngokulahlekelwa kwabo.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha: Amalungelo Ekumangaleleni Kwezigebengu

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha sinikeza isivikelo esengeziwe kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu, njengelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokuqulwa komphakathi, icala labahluleli abangakhethi emacaleni obugebengu, nokutshelwa amacala obugebengu.

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo livimbela uhulumeni ekubambeni isigwebo isikhathi eside, okungacwasa ikhono lommangalelwa lokuthola isivikelo esiphumelelayo. Ilungelo lomphakathi liqinisekisa ukubonakala kwezimiso zomthetho zobugebengu futhi livimbela ukuqulwa kwamacala okuyimfihlo okungaholela ekuxhashazweni.

Ilungelo Leseluleko

ISichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokusiza ngeseluleko ezinkantolo eziphethe. leli lungelo liye lachazwa njengelifuna ukuba uhulumeni anikeze abameli abamangalelwa abangenakukwazi ukuqasha abameli babo lapho ukuboshwa kuyisijeziso.

Ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi livumela abamangalelwa ukuba banqamule i-examine labo abafakaza ngokumelene nabo, bahlole ubufakazi bokwethembeka nokwethembeka kobufakazi bokushushiswa. Ilungelo lenqubo ephoqelelwe livumela abamangalelwa ukuba babe ofakazi abangaphansi kofakazi nobufakazi obusekelayo, baqiniseke ukuthi banganikeza isivikelo esiphelele.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Ukuvivinywa Kombango

ISichibiyelo seSember sidlulisela ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji enkantolo yomphakathi.

ISichibiyelo seSember sibonakalisa inkolelo yabasunguli yenkolelo yokuthi amajaji asebenza njengendlela ebalulekile yokuhlola amandla kahulumeni futhi aqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ezivamile zihlanganyela ekuqondiseni ubulungisa. Nakuba leli lungelo lisebenza kuphela enkantolo kahulumeni, imibuso eminingi inemigomo efanayo emithethweni yayo siqu eqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwamacala abahluleli ezinkantolo zombango.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Imingcele Ngesijeziso

Lezi zigwebo zivimbela uhulumeni ukuba angabeki isijeziso esingafanele ngenxa yecala noma esingqubuzana nezindinganiso ezibonisa inhlonipho.

Ukwenqatshelwa kwebheyili ephakeme kuqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa ababoshwanga ngaphambi kokuquliswa kwecala ngenxa nje yokuthi abanakukwazi ukuthenga izilinganiso eziphakeme zebheyili ngokungenangqondo.

Isijeziso Esinonya Nesingavamile

ISijeziso Esinonya Nesingavamile uClaus siye sachazwa ngokuthi senqabela ukuhlushwa, ukujeziswa ngonya, nesigwebo esingavumelani neze nale mithetho. Izinkantolo ziye zasebenzisa leli lungiselelo ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nesigwebo sokufa, izimo zokuvalelwa ejele, nesigwebo sokufa ngaphandle kokugwetshwa kwezingane eziya ejele.

Incazelo "yobuhandiba" iye yaqala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iveza ukushintsha kwezindinganiso zomphakathi nezindinganiso. Isijeziso esingase sibhekwe njengesivumelekile ekhulwini le-18 singabhekwa njengesinonya futhi esingavamile namuhla, sibonakalisa ikhono loMthetho-sisekelo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo zamanje kuyilapho silondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo.

ISichibiyelo Se - Ninth: Amalungelo Angenacala

ISichibiyelo Se - Ninth sithi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile eMthethweni akusho ukuthi abantu abanawo amanye amalungelo angabhalwanga.

ISichibiyelo Se - Ninth sikwenza kucace ukuthi iBill of Rights ayiphelele nokuthi abantu balondoloza amanye amalungelo ayisisekelo angashiwo ngokuqondile eMthethweni. Lokhu kulungisa kuye kwacashunwa ekusekeleni amalungelo ahlukahlukene angahlosiwe, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuzifihla, ilungelo lokuhamba, nelungelo lokushada.

Nakuba iSichibiyelo se-Ninth singavamile ukuba yisona sodwa isisekelo sezinqumo zokwahlulela, sisebenza njengesikhumbuzo esibalulekile sokuthi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo adlulela ngalé kwalawo ahlelwe ngokucacile embhalweni. Inguquko ibonisa ukuqonda kwabasunguli ukuthi amalungelo angokwemvelo akhona ngaphandle kukahulumeni nokuthi injongo yoMthetho-sisekelo iwukuvikela lawomalungelo, hhayi ukuwadala.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi: Amandla Agciniwe

ISichibiyelo Seshumi sithi uHulumeni uFederal kuphela ogunyaza lawo mandla eMthethweni.

ISichibiyelo seshumi sisebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni ungowemibuso elinganiselwe, ebalayo. Noma yiliphi igunya elinganikezwanga uhulumeni kahulumeni ngoMthetho-sisekelo lihlala nemibuso noma abantu. Lesi sakhiwo sasiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwamandla kuhulumeni wezwe nokulondoloza ubukhosi bukahulumeni ezindabeni zezindaba zokukhathazeka kwendawo.

Ubumbano Nemibuso Kahulumeni

ISichibiyelo seshumi sihlanganisa isimiso sikahulumeni kahulumeni esimiswe uMthetho-sisekelo, lapho amandla ehlukaniswa khona phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nezwe. Lengxenye yegunya ivumela amazwe ukuba asebenze njengezindawo zokuhlola intando yeningi, azame izimiso ezihlukene kanye nezinqubo zokubusa kuyilapho uhulumeni kahulumeni ophethe izindaba zezwe.

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, ukulinganisela phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nawombuso kuye kwashintsha ngenxa yezimo ezishintshayo nezincazelo zegunya lomthetho - sisekelo.ISichibiyelo se - Tenth siyaqhubeka sifeza indima ezimpikiswaneni ngobukhulu obufanele bamandla kahulumeni ezindaweni ezinjengokunakekela impilo, imfundo, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, nobulungisa bobugebengu.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwencwadi Yamalungelo E - United States

Izinguquko ezihlongozwayo zikaMadison zahlanganisa ilungiselelo lokunwebela isivikelo seBill of Rights kumazwe, izinguquko ezabekwa ekugcineni ukuze kuhlatshwe imvume kuphela kuhulumeni kahulumeni. Ekuqaleni, iBill of Rights yacindezela uhulumeni kahulumeni wombuso kuphela, hhayi uhulumeni noma ohulumeni bendawo.

Umnyango wokusebenza kwabo kohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni wavulwa ngawo-1860, kulandela ukuhlaziywa kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 izinkantolo zikahulumeni nezezwe ziye zasebenzisa iSichibiyelo seshumi nane ukusebenzisa izingxenye zeBhili lamalungelo kuhulumeni nasezindaweni. Le nqubo yaziwa ngokuthi i-livection.

Ngemfundiso yokufakwa, iNkantolo Ephakeme kancane kancane iye yasebenzisa amalungiselelo amaningi eSiphakamiso samalungelo ezwe ngeSichibiyelo seSikhawu se-14 se-Claus's Procession Claus. Lenqubo iqinisekise ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo avikelwa ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni wezwe nohulumeni bendawo, hhayi nje uhulumeni wombuso.

Namuhla, cishe wonke amalungiselelo eSiphakamiso samalungelo abantu ayasebenza ezizweni ngokufakwa kwazo. Ezimbalwa ezingaphandle zihlanganisa ukwenqatshelwa kweSichibiyelo sesithathu kumasosha athatha ikota, imfuneko enkulu yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu, ukuqulwa kwesinqumo sesizwe sokuHlulisa iSichibiyelo, kanye nenhlawulo yeSichibiyelo seNguquko yeNkathi Yesishiyagalo Sesihlanu, nakuba ezinye zalezi zisivikelo zingaba khona ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho - sisekelo kazwelonke.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo EMelika Yanamuhla

Emakhulwini eminyaka angaphezu kwamane ngemva kokunqanyulwa kwayo, i - Bill of Rights isalokhu iyincwadi ephilayo eyaqhubeka ibumba umthetho nenhlangano yaseMelika.Izinkantolo zivame ukuchaza lezi zinguquko ngobuchwepheshe obusha, ukushintsha kwezimo zezenhlalo, nokuqondwa okushintshayo kwamalungelo abantu kanye namandla kahulumeni.

Izinselele zanamuhla zenkululeko yomphakathi zihlanganisa imibuzo ephathelene nezindaba zomuntu siqu, ukuqapha kukahulumeni, ukuxoxa ngokukhululekile ezikhungweni zezokuxhumana, inkululeko engokwenkolo emphakathini oya ngokuya uhlukahluka, kanye nokulinganisela phakathi kwenhlala-khona nenkululeko phakathi kwenkathi yobuphekula. Izimiso ezibekwe kuyiBhili of Rights zinikeza uhlelo lokusingatha lezizindaba zamanje kuyilapho zihlala zithembekile kumbono wabasunguli wohulumeni abalinganiselwe namalungelo abo avikelekile.

Ubuchwepheshe Namalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Inkathi yezokusebenza ye-minuber iye yaletha izinselele ezintsha ekusebenziseni izimiso zomthetho-mfamende ezisezingeni le-18 kubuchwepheshe obuphakathi kwama-21. Izinkantolo ziye zaphikisana nemibuzo enjengokuthi iSichibiyelo sesine sidinga imvume yokungena email, imininingwane yendawo yocingo, noma ukwaziswa okugcinwe efwini. Ukusebenza kweSichibiyeli Sokuqala kuwembu wezenhlalo, inkulumo yolwembu, kanye nokuhlelwa kwezimiso zobuchwepheshe kuyaqhubeka kushintsha njengoba ubuchwepheshe budala izindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana nokwaziswa.

Le ntuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ifuna ukuba izinkantolo zilinganisele izimiso eziyisisekelo ezisekela iBhili Lamalungelo nezinto ezingokoqobo zokuphila kwanamuhla.

Impikiswano Nezincazelo Eziqhubekayo

Amafilosofi ahlukahlukene okwahlulela asebenzisa incazelo engokomthetho ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ekutheni inkolelo yokuqala (ifuna ukusebenzisa incazelo yasobala yasekuqaleni yalombhalo) kuya ekuphileni ngomthetho - sisekelo (ukuchaza uMthetho - sisekelo ngezindinganiso nezimo zanamuhla).

Nakuba amaMelika engase angavumelani ngencazelo eqondile nokusetshenziswa kwemibandela ethile, kunemibono ebanzi ngokubaluleka kokuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo nokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Akho: Izincwadi Eziwusizo

Ukuqonda iBhill of Rights akuyona nje indlela yokufunda kuphela, lezi zinsika zinemiphumela engokoqobo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ukwazi amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo kungakusiza ukuba usebenzise ukugcinwa komthetho, uqonde imingcele yegunya likahulumeni, futhi uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ezinqubweni zentando yeningi.

Lapho Uhlanganyela Nomthetho Ophoqelelwe

ISichibiyelo sesine, sesihlanu neseSithandathu sinikeza isivikelo esibalulekile lapho uhlangana namaphoyisa. Unelungelo lokwenqaba ukuphenya umuntu wakho, imoto, noma ikhaya ngaphandle kokuba izikhulu zinelungelo lokuthula noma ukungaphenduli imibuzo engase ikubangele. Uma uboshwa, unelungelo lokucela ummeli ngaphambi kokuba uphendule noma imuphi umbuzo.

Ukuqonda lamalungelo kungakusiza ekuphenyeni okungekho emthethweni, ekuvumeni izono ngokuphoqelelwa, nakweminye imingcele yesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo.

Ukusebenzisa Amalungelo Okuqala Okuchithwa

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ikhono lakho lokuveza imibono yakho, ukwenza okungokwenkolo, nokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yeningi. Ungagxeka izikhulu zikahulumeni, uphikise izinqubo oziphikisayo, ulwele ushintsho ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela kukahulumeni. Nokho, lamalungelo ahambisana nemithwalo yemfanelo, kuhlanganise nokuhlonipha amalungelo abanye nokuvumelana nesikhathi esilinganiselwe, indawo, nezimiso.

Lapho usebenzisa amalungelo eSichibiyelo sokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqonda isilinganiso sesivikelo nokulinganiselwa. Nakuba ungaveza imibono engathandeki noma ephikisanayo, awunakwenza izinsongo zeqiniso, uvuselele ubudlova obuseduze, noma uhlazise. Ukuqonda lemingcele kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ungawasebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo amalungelo akho kuyilapho ugwema icala elingokomthetho.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Nezakhamuzi Ezibusa Ngentando Yeningi

IBhill of Rights ibonisa isibopho esiyisisekelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nohulumeni olinganiselwe ochaza umbuso wentando yeningi waseMelika. Lezi zivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ekuzilawuleni, zigcine izikhulu zinecala, futhi zilondoloze izinkundla zokuzibusa ngaphandle kokungenela kukahulumeni.

Isabelo sentando yeningi asidingi nje ukwazi amalungelo akho kuphela kodwa futhi nokuhlonipha amalungelo abanye, ngisho nalapho ungavumelani nendlela abawasebenzisa ngayo lawomalungelo.

Imfundo Yabo Bonke Nemfundo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda iBhili of Rights kubalulekile ukuze kube isakhamuzi esinolwazi. Imfundo yeCivic isiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele lapho amalungelo azo ephulwa, ziqonda indima efanele kahulumeni futhi zihlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ezimisweni zentando yeningi.

Ngokufundisa izakhamuzi ngeSimemezelo Samalungelo Abantu, lezi zikole, izinhlangano zomphakathi nezinhlangano zomphakathi zinendima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukuqondwa kwamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo.

Izinselele Zokukhululeka Kwangaphakathi

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, isivikelo esiqinisekiswe yiBhili of Rights siye sabhekana nezinselele ezihlukahlukene. Ngezikhathi zempi, zesimo esiphuthumayo sezwe, noma zesiyaluyalu somphakathi, kuye kwaba nezingcindezi zokuvimbela inkululeko yomphakathi egameni lokulondeka noma lokuhleleka komphakathi. Ukuqonda lezi zinselele zomlando kungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele futhi zimelane nezinsongo ezifanayo okwamanje.

Izibonelo zokwephulwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi esikhathini esidlule zihlanganisa iAlien neSedition Acts yonyaka ka - 1798, okwabangela ukuba uhulumeni uhlatshwe umthetho; ukuvinjelwa kwamaJapane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II; nemingcele ehlukahlukene yokukhuluma nokuhlangana phakathi nenkathi yeMpi Yomshoshaphansi.

Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Nenkululeko

Enye yezinselele ezihlala njalo embusweni wentando yeningi womthetho - sisekelo ukulinganisela imibandela yokulondeka okungokomthetho nesivikelo samalungelo abantu.

I - Bill of Rights iqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo athile ayisisekelo futhi ngeke adelelwe ngisho nasekufuneni izinhloso zikahulumeni ezibalulekile. Ukuthola ukulinganisela okufanele phakathi kokulondeka nenkululeko kudinga ukucabangela ngokucophelela kokubili ukuphumelela kwezinyathelo ezihlongozwayo kanye nethonya lazo emalungelweni omthetho - sisekelo.

Imithombo Yemfundo Ethé Xaxa

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngamalungelo omphakathi nomthetho-sisekelo, kunemithombo eminingi. Izinqolobane zesizwe zinikeza ukutholakala kwezincwadi zakuqala nezincwadi zemfundo eziphathelene neBill of Rights. uMthetho-sisekelo wesizwe [ unikeza imibukiso ehambisana nezinhlelo zemfundo ezihilela umlando nencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Izinhlangano ezingokomthetho ezinjenge-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), i Foundation for Indivial Rights and Agriture (FIRE), neNhlangano yeJaji zinikeza ukwaziswa ngezindaba zenkululeko nezindaba zamuva zenkululeko yomphakathi. Izinhlangano zomphakathi nezikole zomthetho zinikeza izifundo, izinkulumo, nezincwadi ezihlola umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ne-Bill of Rights.

Nakuba imibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme ingayinkimbinkimbi, amacala amaningi abalulekile atholakala kubafundi futhi anikeze imibono ewusizo ngezimiso zomthetho kanye nokusebenza kwazo ezimweni ezithile.

Isiphetho: Ifa Elihlala Njalo Lencwadi Yamalungelo Abantu

Ngokumisa imingcele ecacile yenkululeko eyisisekelo nokubeka imingcele emandleni kahulumeni, lezi zinguquko eziyishumi zakha uhlelo lwamalungelo abantu okuphila okuye kwakhuthazelela amakhulu amabili eminyaka.

Isivikelo esiqinisekiswe yiBill of Rights − inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, nezindaba; ilungelo lokuhlangana nokunxusa; isivikelo ekuphenyeni nokuquleka okungacabangeli; ilungelo lenqubo nokulingwa okufanelekile; futhi ukubekwa kwemibuso ezifundazweni nasemphakathini kuyaqhubeka kubumba umthetho nenhlangano. Lamalungelo awazona nje izinto ezingokomlando kodwa ayizimiso eziphilayo ezisebenza ezinkingeni zanamuhla nasezimweni ezithintanayo.

Ukuqonda iBhili yamaLungelo kubalulekile kuMelika wonke oyazisa inkululeko nentando yeningi. Lezi sivikelo zingabo bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki imibono yabo yezombangazwe, izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo, noma isikhundla somphakathi. Ngokwazi nokuvikela lamalungelo, izakhamuzi zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isithembiso senkululeko emiswe abasunguli siyaqhubeka sifezeka ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

IBill of Rights isikhumbuza ukuthi amandla kahulumeni kumelwe alinganiselwe, amalungelo abantu ayisisekelo, nokuthi inkululeko idinga ukuqapha njalo nokuvikela. Njengoba sibhekene nezinselele ezintsha namathuba ekhulwini lama - 21, izimiso ezihlanganisiwe kulezi zinguquko eziyishumi zisabalulekile futhi zibalulekile njengalapho zigunyazwa okokuqala ngo - 1791. Ngokuqonda, ukwazisa, nokuvikela iBhili Lamalungelo, sihlonipha ifa lalabo abalwela inkululeko futhi baqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko ihlala ikhona.