Kuyini Ukukholelwa KuNkulunkulu?

Umthetho - sisekelo uyinkolelo-mbono ecacile: uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele usetshenziswe ngokwencazelo yawo yasekuqaleni yomthetho-sisekelo ekuqondeni okunakho labo abawuvumelayo. Ekhulwini lama-21, iye yaba ngenye yezindlela ezinethonya kakhulu neziphikisanayo ku-American jurisprudency. Umqondo oyinhloko ucacile: uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele usetshenziswe ngokwencazelo yawo yasobala yasekuqaleni yencazelo yomthetho wezwe futhi uphikise ukuthi umuntu onengqondo ngesikhathi sokuwuvumelanisa nokuzinza kwakhe uqondane nentuthuko yamanje. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi lendlela ivimbela ukuqondisa kokwahlulela, ikhuthaza ukulandisa ngentando yeningi, futhi igcina umthetho womthetho. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi uvala isizwe ukuba singene ezimisweni eziphelelwe isikhathi futhi ungayinaki intuthuko.

Umsuka Wenkolelo Yokuqamba

UbuKhomanisi banamuhla bavela kuma 1970 nawo 1980 njengendlela yokusabela ngokumelene nokumiswa kwezenzo ezicatshangelwayo zeWarren neBurger Courts. Izazi zomthetho njengoRobert Bork noMahluleli u-Antonin Scalia zasekela ifilosofi, ziphikisa ngokuthi abahluleli abachaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngokukhanyisela izindinganiso ezisekelwe ezingeni eziqondene nezindinganiso zabo siqu babezifaka engozini yokuzikhetha kwabo siqu. Umzabalazo wazuza izinga lokumiswa ngokumiswa kwamajaji akuqala ngokumiswa kwesihlalo samazwe ebhentshi, uphelelisa ekunyusweni kweJaji Scalia eNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-1986. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inguquko yokuqala igxile kulokho abaqondisi abaholi bezomthetho ababekukholelwa ukuthi yikho, kuyilapho “ukuqondisisa komphakathi kuhlola indlela umbhalo owawuqondwa ngayo emphakathini. I- - mpindayo igwemayeni enkulu, njengoba igwema ingunda enkulu yendaba yokuqondana.

Okwenza Ukuzisungulela Kube Okubalulekile Namuhla

Enkathini yokuthakazelela okukhulu kwezombangazwe, ubuKhomanisi bunikeza ukukhulumela kokungathathi hlangothi nokunamathela emthethweni omisiwe. Izinqumo zeNkantolo yamuva nje ePhakathi ku- ku-Dialiologian of Columbia v. Heller (2008) eSigqini Sesibili seSichibiyelo Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [[FLT:]] [2002]) [202]) ngokukhipha isisu.[impikiswano emayelana nokuthi u-listom (ity translation:ktion) ivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye noma ukuthi umbamboso noma unciphile. Ukuqonda amandla efilosofi kubalulekile kunoma ubani olandela amalungelo omthetho womthetho womthetho.

Ukuqamba Kwakuqala Nenkululeko Ekhethekile Kamuntu Ngamunye

Ubuhlobo phakathi kobuqalo nenkululeko buyinkimbinkimbi. Abameleli bagcizelela ukuthi ukunamathela encazelweni yokuqala kuvikela amalungelo ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi yileyonkululeko kuphela eqashelwa abasunguli abathola isivikelo sokwahlulela. Abasekeli bamazwe bakhathazeka ngokuthi le ndlela ingashiya amaqembu angenazisulu echayeke ekuphathweni yizikhulu. Ngezansi, sihlola indlela ubusunguli obuye basetshenziswa ngayo ezinhlanganweni eziyisisekelo zomthetho - sisekelo.

Inkululeko Yokuchithwa Kokuqala

Izincazelo zokuqala zeSichibiyelo sokuqala zivame ukugcizelela injongo yaso eyisisekelo: ukuvikela inkulumo yezombangazwe kanye nokuzivivinya kwezenkolo ekuhlolweni nokwakhiwa kukahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, abaqali beziNkantolo baye basekela ngokuqhubekayo isivikelo esiqinile senkululeko yezombangazwe sokuvikela izikhali, ngisho nalapho inkulumo ingathandwa. [ [[Fluct.Fretal Constation Commission [vv][FL:1] [2010]] [2010]], iNkathi /inkulu imingcele ngokwengxenye ekucabangeni kwezekwe kwezekwe kwezombangazwe, imingcele ezimele yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezezombangazwe, ibambe ukuthi incazelo yokuqala yeSichibiyelo. Nokho, abagxeki iphikisana ngokuthi lencazelo iyaziwa yizintengo ngokonakala kanye nokuthi injongo yokuqala ayinakho ukuxazulula kalula ngomkhankaso wezenkolo noma ukusekela kwenkululeko ephakathini yenkululeko. Inkululeko yombhalo wokuqala, “iveza intengo yenkululeko enjenge-FFoglove.[2]

ISichibiyelo Sesibili nelungelo Lokuthwala Izikhali

Mhlawumbe akukho ndawo eveza ithonya lobufandamentali ehholo ehholo ehholoni, ngaphezu kweSichibiyelo Sesibili. Emashumini eminyaka, umbono owandile wawuwuwukuthi ukulungisa kwakuvikela kuphela ilungelo elihlangene nenkonzo yobusosha. Kuyi-Digalient of Columbia v. Helder[ [2008], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasebenzisa indlela yokusebenza kwemfundo engokokuqala yezobuchwepheshe, ihlola imithombo engokomlando kusukela enkathini yokusungulwa kwenkathini. [ukuthi i-Foctivementation:] ivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuzithathela izibhamu ekhaya. [ie, i-Preglactivession; i-New York; i-New York; i-Preglesson Association i-Ample; imibuzo eminingi yemist, futhi incikelele ihlelwe futhi ngezimiso zakuqala zezikhali zanamuhla, kodwa izinguqu zakuqala, futhi, futhi, izinqulu ziyandisa iziphane zesizwe, futhi, izinqulu zezimiso ezi

Amalungelo Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu Nenkululeko Engagunyaziwe

Ukungezwani okukhulu phakathi kwenqubo yokuqala kanye nenkululeko yomuntu siqu kuphakama endaweni yemfihlo futhi ngokunjalo okubizwa ngokuthi “ilungelo lokungalawuleki”. UMthetho-sisekelo awukhululi ngelungelo elivamile lokuzifihla, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela enye ngaphansi kwenqubo ebanzi yenqubo ye-Grandment, ukunquma izinqumo ezifana v. [1073] ne-[FLT] OFLT v. [abesifazane] bayazi ukuthi i-hodgetting projected fallbr [ (20]]) ezinqubweni ezinqunyweni ezibonisa inkululeko. Amandla okuthiwayo, lapho izinqubwele ezinqunywe yizi ezingeni ezingeni ezikhona ekuqaleni, impikiswano yokuzihlulwa kwezimiso eziyisisekelo zezingamele iziphazalela phezulu. [kuhluko] [kuhlukuso eziyisisekelo somthetho] [kuhlukweni sakuqala] [kuhlulwayo] [kuhlukuhlukuhlulwayo] iziphayo eziyisisekelo zezimiso ezi

Ukugxekwa Kokuqamba Iziqu

Ukuphikisa okungaqondakali kuye kwadonsa ukuphikisa okunamandla kwezazi, amajaji, nabashisekeli.

“ Isandla Esifile” Inkinga

Uma incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo imiswe ekuhlaziyweni, kungani idemokrasi yamanje kufanele iboshwe imibono yeqembu elincane labantu elafa emakhulwini eminyaka adlule? Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ubuKhoqo-sisekelo bulingana nokubusa kwabafileyo, benganaki iqiniso lokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo waklanyelwa ukuguqulwa futhi uchazwe ngokuthulula. Abalandeli benkolo baphendula ngokuthi inqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo ngokwayo inikeza indlela yokushintsha, futhi ukuthembeka embhalweni wokuqala yilokho okungokomthetho okuwukubukezo ezahlulelwayo endaweni yokuqala. Noma kunjalo, ubunzima obusebenzayo bokuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo we-Calticism ngenkathi engaphezu kuka- 230 kuphela, zenza lokhu kungathi ukungathi ukuqina kwezindaba eziyimfihlo, impahla, ubulili, nokulingana.

Ukuqonda Incazelo Yasekuqaleni

Singazi kanjani ngokuqiniseka ukuthi “incazelo yomphakathi yasekuqaleni” yayiyini inqubo yomthetho-sisekelo? Ubufakazi bezomlando buvame ukuba nezingxenye, ukungaqondakali, noma ukungavumelani. Ngokwesibonelo, incazelo yokuqala yesihloko seSichibiyelo Sesibili (“IMilitia elawulwa kahle, edingekile ekulondekeni kukaHulumeni okhululekile...”) ibiyindaba yenkulumo yempikiswano enzima yomthetho. Ngokufanayo, iSiphendulo seshumi nane seSiphendulo seMitheli seMilithia saqondwa ngokwehlukile ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Izazi zesayensi zenkuthalo ziphikisa ngokuthi uphendlo lwezindaba zomlando zingaveza izimpendulo, kodwa abagxeki abagxeki bemiyamu ngokomlando abasekela imiphumela yabo ethandekayo.

Ukuqalwa Kwabantu Nokuthuthuka Kwezenhlalo

Mhlawumbe ukugxeka okunamandla kakhulu kwezombangazwe ukuthi ukuqala kuphazamisa intuthuko yezenhlalo. Amalungelo abangawaboni `i-flamers'] njengelungelo lokusebenzisa ukuvimbela inzalo, ukushada phakathi kwezinhlanga, noma ukungenela umshado ongowesilisayo(ukuye kwaqashelwa kamuva amaNkantolo ngaphansi kokucabanga okungaveli ekuqaleni. Kuyi-] ] i-Obergeye yabangela [, umbono kaJaji uKennedy wombono wenkululeko njengenhlahlo. Abasekeli benkolo baphikisa ukuthi ukulingana kufanele kunqunywe yizibo zomthetho. Abagxekiwa ngokuthi inguquko yokuqala i-unist ibingasekela i-culth commentationstion, njengoba ingenakuqondwa njengemfundiso ehlukene [Foctive-evolution].[2][3][5]

Ukuqalwa Kwekhulu Lama - 21: INkantolo Nempikiswano Eqhubekayo

Imibono yabo ivame ukuhileleka ekuhlaziyweni okujulile kombhalo weSizwe kanye nomongo weNkantolo. Lokhu kubangele ukuvuselelwa kwezincwadi zakuqala eziningi ezithiwa abaQuist Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, Neil Gorfort, Brett Kavahaugh, noAmy Coney Barrett. Imibono yabo ivame ukuhileleka ekuhlaziyweni okujulile komlando kombhalo weSimiso somthetho kanye nomongo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekuvuselweni kabusha kwemithetho ye-jurisprude yakuqala ezindaweni ezingaphaya kwenqubo yobugebengu namalungelo ezibhamu. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo iye yamukela ukusikisela kobuzwe, ukuhlukaniswa kwemithetho, ukuhlukaniswa kwemithetho engokomlando nemibhalo. Ukugxila esikolweni kweNkakhulu ekuhlolweni kwemithetho engcono ethathwe ekuqondeni kwemithetho yokuqala.

Ubuchwepheshe Nemingcele Yokuzisungulela

Enye yezinselele ezicindezela kakhulu zobusunguli bama-21% ubuchwepheshe. Umthetho-sisekelo awusho lutho nge-inthanethi, omakhalekhukhwini, noma ukuqapha kwemishini. Ochwepheshe bezoqobo kumelwe banqume ukuthi basebenzise yini izimiso zombhalo ngokwesibonelo, ukubuza ukuthi yikuphi ukunqatshelwa kweSichibiyelo sesine “ukuphenya okungalinganiyo nokuquleka okuhlotshaniswa ngo1791” okuhlotshaniswa ngo-1791 futhi kunwebela lo mqondo oqondisisiwe kuyi-data yanamuhla, noma ukuthatha i-tecregictive. I-Gorthsthism iye yasekela ukuthi“ incazelo engoko yenkululeko yenkululeko” ibhekene eqonde incazelo yokuqala futhi isebenzise imongosi entsha ngaphandle kokukhipha izimiso ezingaphansi kwezimiso. Abagxeki bangaveza imiphumela engenangqondo noma ingozi, njengalokho ukunikeza amandla kahulumeni ukuba aqoqiswe ngenxa yokuqoqa izilinganiso ezinkulu. Impikiswano eziqhubekayo ziyo ziyo ziyokunquma ukuthi inqunyiwe futhi ziyo.

Ukuzisungulela Nombono Womphakathi

Ukunyuka kobufandamentali kuye kwaguqula futhi isimo sezombangazwe. Abameli manje basekela ngokuqondile isibopho sabo sokwahlulela ngendlela yokuqala. Le Nhlangano ye-Federalist isebenza njengomgcinisango, ikhuthaza abaphingeli besango. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlola kusikisela ukuthi iningi lamaMelika alikubekeli phambili ukumiswa kwezindlela zokuchaza ezinye, ngokuvamile lisekela imiphumela evikela inkululeko ethile engokobumsulwa bendlela engokomthetho. Lokhu kuveza ukungezwani phakathi kwe-jadiciary: abahluleli bokuqala bangasekela izinqumo ngemiphumela engathandeki (umz., ukugadla imingcele yezentengo yezezimali noma amalungelo okukhishwa kwezisu) ngenxa yokuthi bakholelwa ukuthi umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo uyayala, ngaphandle komzwelo womphakathi.

Indlela Engaphambili: Ukuvikela Nokuthuthukisa Ubuqaba

Abasekeli benkolelo yokuqala baphikisa ngokuthi ifilosofi ayiyona eqinile kodwa inekhono lokuthuthukisa.

Ukugcizelela Inqubo Yesichibiyelo

Abaqondisi bemfundiso yokuqala bangakhomba enqubweni yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo njengendlela efanele yokulungisa amalungelo. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo sekhulu le-19 (inkathi yabesifazane) kanye neSichibiyelo sama-26 (inkathi ye-18) kubonisa ukuthi abantu bangawuvuselela uMthetho-sisekelo uma kuvunyelane. Izindaba eziphuthumayo ziphikisa ukuthi abahluleli abafunda amalungelo amasha embhalweni omfushane wesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni. Inselele ukuthi ukuqedwa kwenqubo yentando yeningi kunzima kakhulu, idinga izikhundla ezinkulu eziphambili ezingqubuzaneni ezintathu ezihlangene. Izindaba eziphuthumayo njengezindaba zobuchwepheshe bezinombolo ezintathu ezine ezizimele noma ukuzala, ukuncika kuleyo ndlela yedendezi zingabonakala zingena qhinga.

Ukwanda Nokukholelwa Emlandweni Oncane

Ezinye izazi zokuqala zihlukanisa phakathi kwe- “ubukhomanisi bakudala” (ebuvumelana ngokuqinile namathemba aqondile abasunguli) kanye“ nobuqali obusha” (obugxile encazelweni yokuqala yezimiso ezivamile). Ngokwesibonelo, isiqinisekiso soMthetho-sisekelo ‘ sokuvikela ngokulinganayo kwemithetho” singasetshenziswa ezimweni zanamuhla ngaphandle kokuphikisa incazelo yayo yokuqala, [1] isikhathi eside uma isimiso sokulingana sihlonishwa, ngisho noma abasunguli ngokwabo bengakaze babhekene nohlelo lwaso lobudlelwano obuphakathi. Lokhu kuvumelana komthetho kunganikeza indlela yokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuyilapho kusaphikiswa ngenkululeko encikelweni yokwahlulela.

Ukuqamba Kwakuqala Ukuvumelana Nabanye

Uma kusetshenziswa, uburonastism abuvamile ukusebenza bodwa. Ngisho nabahluleli bokuqala bancika ekwakheni, ekucabangeni, nasekuthonyeni imiphumela yemithetho yabo. Beqaphela lokhu, abanye abasekeli basekela “i-propatist” babheka incazelo yokuqala njengephuzu kodwa bavumela amanye amathuluzi okuchaza ukuba athele uma umbhalo ungaqondakali. Indlela enjalo ingalondoloza amandla ombhalo wokuqala kuyilapho igwema imiphumela yawo enzima kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abagxeki baxwayisa ngokuthi izindawo zokuhlala eziningi zingasusa ukuchaza kobukhomba kuqala.

Isiphetho: Ubufandamentali Nesivikelo Senkululeko Ekhulwini Elisha

Impikiswano ngobuqaba ayixazululeki. Njengoba i-United States ibhekene nezinselele zenoveli zokwenza ukuhlolwa kwemithetho-algorithm kuya ekuhloleni ulwazi olungokokwenziwa kanye kanye nendlela yokuchaza esetshenziswa izinkantolo izohlela izinga lenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. I-listription inikeza ukuheha ukuqina kokuzinza, ukunyathela, nokubekwa ngentando yeningi, kodwa futhi ifaka izingozi ekuqiniseni isizwe kuleyo ndawo yesikhathi esidlule engase ingakhulumi ngokucacile kumaqiniso akhona. Indlela ethembisa kakhulu ingaba indlela yokuqala eqaphela isidingo sokucabanga ngokomlando kuyilapho iqhubeka iveza izinhlelo eziyisisekelo zezimiso eziyisisekelo. Ekugcineni, isivikelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ekhulwini lama-21 leminyaka ngeke incike kuxhomeke kunoma yiziphi ifilosofi eyodwa, kodwa ekuhlakanisweni, nasekuthembeni kwalabo abaphethe amandla okwahlulela.

Ukuze ufundeke ngokwengeziwe ngomlando nohlelo lobuQala, bheka i-National Constitution Center, STUSTURY[, kanye [[FLT:] ne[FLT]V [Vanderbilt Leact Review ye-Impication yesizwe []. Ngaphezu kwalokho, [FLT:] iBorbertum'isihlobor' esesibilikini ne[FLT:] ingxoxo ye-Prolet] ye-partum ye-Dishm-partment yesikhathi sokuqala [FLT] [FLT]]