Ukuthunyelelwa Kwesimiso Senkantolo Yasembubhini

Isimiso senkantolo yezakhamuzi siwumgogodla wesinqumo sempikiswano ezindabeni ezingezona ezobugebengu. Sinikeza indawo ehleliwe lapho abantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni zingaxazulula khona izingxabano ezisukela ezivumelwaneni eziphukile kuya ekulimaleni komuntu siqu. Ngokungafani nezinkantolo zobugebengu, ezigxile ekujeziseni amacala amelene nombuso, izinkantolo zomphakathi zizimisele ukuxazulula izingxabano futhi zinikeze amakhambi ("intengo) yemali noma ukusebenza okuthile. Ukuqonda lesimiso sibalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile empikiswaneni engokomthetho, kanye nakubafundi nabafundisi abafuna ukuqonda okungokoqobo ukuthi ubulungisa busebenza kanjani ngaphandle kwenkundla yobugebengu.

Iyini Isimiso Senkantolo Yangaphakathi?

Phakathi nendawo, isimiso senkantolo yomphakathi sisingatha ukungaboni ngaso linye phakathi kwamaqembu azimele. Icala liqala lapho elinye iqembu (ummangalelwa) lifaka isikhalo komunye (ummangalelwa) eveza iphutha elingokomthetho. Umgomo awukona ukuthumela othile ejele kodwa ukulungisa okuboniwe ukuthi unecala, ukuphoqelela, noma ukuvimbela ukulimala kwesikhathi esizayo. Umthetho womphakathi uhlanganisa uhide lwemisebenzi yabantu: kusuka kumninindlu ophikisanayo ngendawo efaka ukuvikelwa enkantolo emelene nokuvikelwa kwezinhlangano eziningi.

Izinkantolo zomphakathi zisebenza ngaphansi kwendikimba yomthetho owaziwa njengenqubo yomphakathi, ehlela imithetho yokufaka, ukuphonsa, nezindaba ezikhangayo. Lemithetho iyahlukahluka ngokwemithetho kodwa ihlanganisa izimiso ezivamile, njengemfuneko yokuba umbhishobhi afakazele icala lakhe nge- ukuma kwe bufakazi ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu kunokuthi isimo sezenzakalo siyiqiniso.

Isimiso Senkantolo Yombango

Inhlangano yezinkantolo zomphakathi ixhomeke ekutheni icala liqulwa yini enkantolo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni. isimiso ngasinye sinezikhundla zaso siqu, kodwa ngokuvamile kokubili sihlanganisa izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala, izinkantolo eziphakathi, nenkantolo yokugcina yezindawo zokukhokha.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala (Isenzakalo Sokuqala)

Izinkantolo zecala zilapho kuqalwa khona amacala omphakathi. Ngokuvamile zibizwa khona ngokuthi izinkantolo eziphakeme, izinkantolo zesifunda, kuxhomeke egunyeni. Enkantolo kahulumeni, izinkantolo zeSithili sase-United States, inkantolo zeSigodi. Ngalelizinga, umahluleli uzwa ubufakazi, uhlola ofakazi, futhi unqume amaqiniso. Icala lomphakathi eliya enkantolo likwenza lokho phambi kwejaji, nakuba noma iliphi iqembu lingathatha icala elivuna icala lebhentshi lapho ijaji linquma khona.

Izinkantolo Eziphakamiso (Ukubukeza Kwangaphakathi)

Uma iqembu likholelwa ukuthi inkantolo yecala yenza iphutha elingokomthetho (ngokwesibonelo), ivumela ubufakazi obungakholeki noma isebenzise umthetho ngokungeyikho). Kulelo hlelo, lena i-United States Courts of Applications, ehlukaniswe yaba yizifunda eziyi-13. Izinkantolo ze-Applate aziwaphikisi amaqiniso; zibukeza amaphutha omthetho. Zingaqinisekisa, ziphendule, noma ziphendulele icala emuva enkantolo yecala ukuze ziphinde ziqulwe.

Izinkantolo Eziphakeme (Ukudluliswa Kwecala)

Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni ibizwa ngokuvame ngokuthi inkantolo ephakeme yezwe (izeNew York ibiza inkantolo yayo yokuqulwa kwecala ngokuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme (iphuzu elivamile lokudideka). Esimisweni sikahulumeni, iNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu iyinkantolo yokugcina. Izwa ingxenye encane kakhulu yamacala abekwayo, ikhetha lawo aphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho. Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu zibopha zonke izinkantolo eziphansi ezisebusweni bayo.

Ukuze ungene kakhulu egcekeni likahulumeni, vakashela i U.S. izinkantolo ezingokomthetho zesakhiwo.

Inqubo Yenkantolo Yasembusweni Eningi

Ukuphila kwendaba yomphakathi kulandela indlela enqunyiwe, nakuba izimpawu zesikhathi zihlukahluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe ebunkingeni, ekulawuleni imingcele, nokuthi ikuphi lapho izigaba zihlala khona. Ukuqonda isinyathelo ngasinye kusiza ababhekene nalokho okuzolandela.

Ukukhononda

Le nqubo iqala lapho amabhodi abhaliwe futhi ifaka isikhalo enkantolo efanele. Ukukhononda kumelwe kusho ngokucacile isisekelo esingokomthetho sesivumelwano, ukuthatheka, ukunganaki) futhi kuchaze usizo olufunwayo (njengemali echitshiwe noma intela. Izindleko zokuphonsa iyasebenza, futhi umkhangisi kumelwe anqume ukuthi angacela yini icala lomsizi.

Inkonzo yenhlelo

Ngemva kokubhala, ummangalelwa kumelwe amezise ngokomthetho ummangalelwa. Lokhu kwenziwa ngenqubo, okuvame ukuhlanganisa ukuhambisa ikhophi yesikhalo kanye nesicelo esifuna ummangalelwa ukuba aphendule. Imithetho yenkonzo efanele iqinile; inkonzo engafanele ingaholela ekuxoshweni. Ngokuvamile inqubo yochwepheshe noma ukudlulisa lo msebenzi.

Ukusabela Kwemlweli

Ummangalelwa unesikhathi esilinganiselwe (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingama-21-30) zokubhala impendulo. Impendulo iyavuma noma iphike isambathelo ngasinye futhi ingaphakamisa isivikelo esiqinile `njengesinqumo sokulinganiselwa noma sokuzithathela isodwa. Ummangalelwa angafaka futhi isinyathelo sokuxosha (ngezinye izikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi idemurr) ephikisa ngokuthi ngisho noma yonke into umbhishobhi uthi iyiqiniso, akukho kugomela okusemthethweni.

Ukuthola

Ukuhlolwa kuvame ukuba yisigaba eside nesibiza kakhulu. Bobabili bashintshanisa ukwaziswa nobufakazi ukuze bakhe amacala abo. Amathuluzi avamile okuthola ahlanganisa:

  • Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izakhiwo:[ Ubufakazi bomlomo obuthathwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, ngokuvamile obubhalwe.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izicelo zokuveza: Izicelo zamabhukwana, ama-imeyili, noma amanye amarekhodi.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izimemo zokugunyaza: izisho okumelwe olunye uhlangothi zivume noma ziphike.

Izinkantolo zikhuthaza amaqembu ukuba ambisane lapho kutholakala ukuthi kulungile, futhi amajaji angakhipha izijeziso zokuxhashazwa.

Izingxoxo Nemihlangano Yangaphambi Kwesenzakalo

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, noma yiziphi izinhlangothi zingahlanganisa izinqumo ukuze zifake imibandela noma zilahle ngokuphelele. Ukuthatha isinqumo esifushanisiwe kubonisa ukuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela ngamaqiniso, ngakho umahluleli kufanele alawule njengendaba yomthetho ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala. Izinkantolo futhi ziphethe izingqungquthela zangaphambi kwecala ukuze zixoxe ngesimiso, ukuxazulula impikiswano, nokungaphikiswa.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala lingaxazululwa noma lingaphendulwa, liqhubekelwa ecaleni. Icala lihlanganisa izinkulumo ezivulayo, ukubhekisa phambili nokuhlola ofakazi, ukufakwa kwemibukiso, nokuphetha izimpikiswano. Ngemva kokuba abahluleli bethathe amabomu, kukhishwe isinqumo. Ecaleni lebhentshi, umahluleli uveza okutholakele kokuyiqiniso neziphetho zomthetho.

Ukwahlulela Nezinyathelo Zangemva Kokuthola Isigwebo

Ngemva kwesinqumo, inkantolo ingena ekwahluleleni. Umkhandlu olahlekile ungase uthathe isinyathelo sangemva kwecala, njengokuthatha isinyathelo sokuqulwa kwecala elisha noma ukuthatha isinyathelo sokwahlulela naphezu kwesinqumo (JNOV), uphikisa ngokuthi akukho jaji elinengqondo elalingafinyelela leso siphetho.

Ukukhanga

Uma ukuthatha isinyathelo ngemva komthetho kuhluleka, umkhandlu olahlekile ungadlulisa icala enkantolo ephakeme. Ukudlulisa amacala kugxila emaphutheni angokomthetho, hhayi ezimpikiswaneni eziyiqiniso. Inkantolo ihlola umlando wecala futhi ibhale iziphakamiso ezimfushane, futhi ingase izwe izimpikiswano zomlomo. Ingaqinisekisa, ibuye iphendule, noma ilungise icala.

Kumqondisi wenqubo yomphakathi ngokwezwe, I-Legal Information Institute eCornell inikeza umcebo omuhle kakhulu.

Izinhlobo Zamacala Angaphakathi

Izenzakalo zombango zihluke kakhulu.

Izimpikiswano Ezihlangene

Abaxhasi bayizithembiso ezigcinwa ngokomthetho. Uma omunye ehluleka ukwenza igebe, kubizwa ukuthi igebe elidiliziwe, kanti omunye angase avume ukulahlwa noma asebenze ngendlela ekhethekile. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izingxabano ngezivumelwano zebhizinisi, izivumelwano zemisebenzi, nokuthengwa kwezindawo.

Ukulimala Nobuhlungu Bomuntu Siqu

Amathoyi ayiziphazamiso ezibangela ukulimala. Izingozi zomuntu siqu zingaphansi komthetho owenziwe ngempoqo, kuhlanganise nezingozi zemoto, ukungasebenzi kahle kwezokwelapha, isikweleti somkhiqizo, kanye nesibopho somthetho. I-pottiff kumelwe ifakazele ukuthi ukunganaki noma isenzo sommangalelwa ngenhloso kwabangela ukulimala kwawo.

Ukungqubuzana Kwempahla

Izindawo zihlanganisa ukuba nempahla, imingcele, ukuqashwa, nezivumelwano zokuqashwa. Zihlanganisa ukungezwani kwezindawo ezihlala kuzo, ukuphambana, nokuthenga izinto ezimbi.

Umthetho Womkhaya

Izinkantolo zomkhaya zisingatha isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukusekela izingane, antimon, ukutholwa, nobudlova basekhaya obuvimbela iziyalezo.

Izingxabano Zomsebenzi

Ukuphoqelelwa kwemisebenzi kuhlanganisa ukuqedwa ngokungafanele, ubandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga noma ubulili, ukuphulwa kweholo nehora, nokuphulwa kwezivumelwano ezingahambisani nesivumelwano. Amacala amaningi anjalo agcinwa ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni noma kahulumeni emelene nobandlululo.

Izenzo

Eqenjini, oyedwa noma ngaphezulu wamangalela iqembu elikhulu elalimala ngendlela efanayo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukukhwabanisa ngezikhwama, imikhiqizo ekhubazekile, nokukhwabanisa kwabathengi. Izenzo zekilasi zingaveza ukuphumelela okuphawulekayo kweqembu kodwa zidinga ukuvunyelwa inkantolo.

Amacala Amalungelo Omphakathi

Abantu ngabanye bangase bamangalele izinhlangano zikahulumeni noma izikhulu ngenxa yokwephulwa kwamalungelo azo angokomthetho, njengokufuna okungekho emthethweni nokuthatheka, ukulwa ngokweqile, noma ukubandlulula ngaphansi kwesithiyo esifanayo.

Imicabango Eyisihluthulelo Emthetho Womphakathi

Ukumisa isimiso senkantolo yomphakathi kudinga ukujwayelana nezimiso zomthetho eziningana eziyisisekelo.

Imithwalo Nezindinganiso Zobufakazi

I-paltiff ithwele umthwalo wobufakazi. Ezicaleni zomphakathi, indinganiso ingubukhazikhazi bobufakazi, okusho ukuthi umthathi-yodwa kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi inguqulo yabo iyiqiniso kakhulu kunasebunqiwini bobugebengu. Lena ibhande eliphansi kunendinganiso yobugebengu engangatshazwa.

Izinhlobo Zomonakalo

Izinkantolo zikhokha umonakalo ukuze kukhokhelwe ummangalelwa ngokulahlekelwa okubangelwa ukuziphatha kwakhe.

  • [[I-FLT:0] Ukulimaza: fihla ukulahlekelwa kwangempela njengezindleko zokwelapha, iholo elilahlekile, nomonakalo wempahla.
  • Imiphumela ehlukanisayo: Iklanyelwe ukujezisa ukuziphatha okuxekethile nokuvimbela ububi besikhathi esizayo. Ayivamile futhi iphazanyiswa umthetho wezwe.
  • Umonakalo ongasho lutho: Imali encane ekhokhelwayo uma i-pacttiff ifakazela ukwephulwa komthetho kodwa ingalahlekelwanga kakhulu.
  • Izindlela ezilinganayo:[ Esikhundleni semali, inkantolo ingayala ukuba kwenziwe okuthile (umz., iphoqelela othile ukuba aqede isivumelwano), imiyalo (ukuyeka umsebenzi oyingozi), noma ukubuyisela.

Ukulinganiselwa Okuncane

Icala ngalinye lomphakathi kumelwe libekwe phakathi kwefasitela eliqondile lesikhathi elimiswe umthetho, obizwa njengomthetho wokulinganisela. Inkathi yesikhathi ihlukahluka ngokohlobo lwendawo negunya. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulimala komuntu siqu kungaba nomngcele olingana neminyaka emibili kuya kwemithathu, kuyilapho isivumelwano sivame ukuvumela iminyaka emithathu kuya kweyisithupha. Uma umfebe elahlekelwa isikhathi, icala livinjelwa phakade, futhi lingenanzuzo.

Ukuma NoSue

Kumelwe ukuba isikhulu sezomthetho simile, okusho ukuthi salimala ngokoqobo inkantolo engasilungisa.

Ukuzinzisa Nempi Yempi Ehlukile (ADR)

Icala elikhulu lixazululwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Izingxoxo zokuzinza zingaqala nganoma isiphi isigaba, futhi izinkantolo eziningi zifuna ukuba amaqembu azame ukuthatha isinyathelo noma ukudlulisa imvume. I-media ihlanganisa ummeli ongathathi hlangothi osiza amaqembu ukuba afinyelele isivumelwano sokuzithandela. I-Arbitation iyinqubo ebophayo noma engabophanga lapho isigaba sesithathu sikhipha khona isinqumo. I-ADR yonga isikhathi, imali, kanye nokucindezela okungokomzwelo.

INkantolo Yesigebengu: Umehluko Oyinhloko

Kuwusizo ukuhlukanisa izinkantolo zomphakathi nezigebengu ezikanye nazo. Enkantolo, uhulumeni umangalela umuntu ngenxa yokwephula umthetho. Izigxobo ziyinkululeko − jele, amafashini, ukugwetshwa. Enkantolo yomphakathi, ummangalelwa ungumbhanqwana ofuna imbuyiselo noma ukukhokhwa. Isenzo esifanayo singaholela kukho kokubili ukumangalelwa kwecala lobugebengu nokumangalelwa komthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, umshayeli odakiwe obangela ingozi angabhekana nokumangalelwa kwezelelene ngecala le-DUI kanye nelungelo lomphakathi lezindleko zokwelapha zezisulu.

Omunye umehluko: abamangalelwa banelungelo kumlweli womphakathi uma bengakwazi ukunikeza iseluleko, kodwa abamangalelwa bahulumeni ngokuvamile kumelwe baqashe ummeli wabo siqu. Alikho ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokukhulula ukumelelwa ngokomthetho ezicaleni zomphakathi, nakuba ezinye izinkantolo zinikeza imithombo yosizo lwazo siqu. INhlangano yaseMelika yeBar inikeza izinqolobane nemithombo yempahla yokuthola usizo olusemthethweni olufanele.

Indlela Yokulungiselela Ukuqanjwa Kwesizwe

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungummangalelwa noma ummangalelwa, ukulungiselelwa kungawuthinta kakhulu umphumela. Nazi izinyathelo eziwusizo okumelwe uzithathe:

  • Umbhalo ohambelanayo: Gcina zonke izivumelwano ezihlobene, ama-imeyili, ama-lish, izithombe, nezincwadi. Yenza umngcele wesikhathi sezenzakalo.
  • Ikhontethi i-Attorney: Izindaba eziningi zomphakathi ziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwanele ukuba ziqondiswe ngochwepheshe. Abameli abaningi banikeza ukuhlola kokuqala okukhululekile.
  • Ngaphansi kwentengo: Ukukhokha i-Ligig kungabiza. Imali ye-athorney, izindleko zenkantolo, izindleko zobufakazi ezingochwepheshe, kanye nezindleko zokuthola izindleko zenezela. Cabangela ukuthi ukuxhumana noma ukukhokhela izindleko kuyindlela engcono yini.
  • [ Yazi imigqa efile:[ qaphela yonke imikhawulo egciniwe nemithetho yokulinganiselwa. Ukungabekho isikhathi esimisiwe kungaba yisife kuwe.
  • Gqoka Uhlelekile: Sebenzisa ifayela lecala noma ucingo lwenombolo ukuze ulandele izincengo, ukusabela, nokuyalwa kwenkantolo. Gcina ikhalenda ukuze uzwe ukuzwa nezinsuku ezimisiwe.

Isiphetho

Isimiso senkantolo yezakhamuzi siyindlela ebalulekile yokuxazulula izingxabano ngaphandle kobudlova noma ukuphaphanyiswa uhulumeni. Silinganisa amalungelo abantu ngokumelene nesidingo sokuhlelwa kwempi ngokuhleleka ngezinqubo ezimisiwe. Ngokuqonda isimo sokuqulwa kwecala nezinkantolo ezimisiwe, inqubo yokudlulisa isikhalazo ukuze idlulise, izinhlobo zamacala agcwalisa izigwebo zasenkantolo ngaphandle kobudlova, kanye nemiqondo engokomthetho elawula ukuhlaziywa kwempi, uzinika amandla okuqondisa lesi simiso ngokuqiniseka ngokwengeziwe. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufunda umthetho, ufundisa abanye, noma ulungiselela icala lakho siqu, lolulwazi oluyisisekelo luguqula i-mfanzi engokomthetho enzima ibe indawo ekwaziyo ukugcinwa kuyo ubulungisa lapho ukwahlulela kungalandelwa khona ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngenqubo yomphakathi nangezimiso zenkantolo, hlola i-National Center for State Courts, enikeza ukwaziswa nesiqondiso emikhankasweni yenkantolo yenkantolo yezwe kulo lonke elase-United States.