Ukuqonda Ukuqamba Amanga Kombango

Ukubekwa kwecala komphakathi kuwumgogodla wesimiso sobulungisa baseMelika sokuxazulula izingxabano zangasese ngaphandle komthetho wobugebengu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lempi ihilela ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukulimala komuntu siqu, ukungezwani kwempahla, noma ukuhlukana kwebhizinisi, ukuhlahlelana kwezentengiselwano kunikeza inqubo ehlelwe kahle, inkantolo ehlelwayo yokufinyelela isinqumo esingokomthetho. Umgomo awusona isijeziso (njengasezicaleni zobugebengu) kodwa ukwenza iqembu elilimele lihambe ngokukhokha impoqo, ukukhipha imiyalo, noma ukukhipha izahlulelo zezelo zezelele. Ukugadla lenqubo kungaba yinqubo enzima ngoba ihilela imithetho eqinile ebophayo, imikhawulo, nezinqumo zamaqhinga ezingenza noma ezinqamlelweni. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhamba ngokubanzi kwempi yomphakathi phakathi kohambo oluphakathi komphakathi nokuthatha isigwebo.

Kuyini Ukuqamba Amanga Ngombango?

Icala eliyinhloko liyinqubo abantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, namanhlangano kahulumeni ahluleka ngayo ukwenza umsebenzi ongokomthetho noma ukuvikela amalungelo abo angokomthetho enkantolo. Ngokungafani namacala obugebengu, lapho uhulumeni emangalela khona umuntu ngokwephula umthetho, amacala ezakhamuzi aqalwa ngeqembu elizimele (ummangaleli) elimisa izivumelwano zezezimali, ukuphambana kwempahla, ukundlululwa kwempahla, ukuphambana kwempahla, nokugcinwa kwezempahla kolwazi njengesahlukaniso nelungelo lokugcina umntwana. Inqubo ilawulwa yimithetho eyinkimbinkimbi yemithetho ye-&82; i-Federal Reaults (igliance, ukubekwa kwecala, imbubhithi yemithelo), ukuviswa kwemithetho yezentengo yezentengo yezwelo, ukuviswa kwemithetho yezentengo yeze, nokuhluleka kwemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho, noma ukukhokhwawa, njengoba ihlulelwa, noma ihlulelwa, izivumelwano somthetho somthetho somkhaya.

Ukuhlaziywa komphakathi akusona isenzakalo esisodwa kodwa ukulandelana kwezigaba ezihlangene, ngasinye ngezinjongo zaso nezinselele. Nakuba izimo eziningi zihlala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, wonke umuntu kufanele aqonde ukuthi inqubo ingenzeka kanjani ukuze enze izinqumo zolwazi ngenqubo, ukuhlaziywa, ukuhlelwa, kanye nenani lempahla. Izigaba eziyisithupha ezinkulu yilezi: ukubekwa phambili, ukuncengwa, ukutholwa, ukuqulwa, ukuqulwa, nokulandelelana kwangaphambi kwenqubo. Sizoxoxa futhi nangezindlela zokuphikisana ngenye indlela (ADR) izindlela ezivame ukunqamula isikhathi.

Izinga Lomthetho Wombango

1. Isisekelo esingaphambili: Isisekelo

Ngaphambi kokuba ibhukwana elilodwa lifakwe enkantolo, amaqembu avame ukwenza imisebenzi yangaphambi kokumiswa kwecala. Leliqophelo libaluleke kakhulu ngoba limisa incwadi egunyaziwe yakho konke okulandelayo. I-literaff ̱ ummeli uzoqoqa amaqiniso, athole abamangalelwa abangase baphawule, athole inzuzo engokomthetho, futhi ahlaziye umonakalo. Ingxenye ebucayi yale ngxenye iyincwadi ewuhlamvu olubhalwe phansi olubhalwe phansi [ isicelo esisemthethweni esibhalelwe iqembu eliphikisayo eliveza iziphakamiso nokufuna ikhambiso, ngokuvamile ngendiva umkhawulo. Incwadi efuna ukukhonzwa kusebenza izinjongo ezimbili: ingabangela ukuhlalisa ngaphandle kokuphothwa, futhi uma icala likhomba inkantolo, libonisa ukuthi inkantolo ewuphikisayo.

Iseluleko sokuzivikela, lapho sithola incwadi efunwayo, sizohlola izinsolo, izinqubo zomshuwalense (uma zikhona), futhi siluleka ikhasimende ngethuba lokuchayeka. Izingxabano eziningi zixazululwa kuleliqophelo ngokuxoxisana, ukuhlanganisa, noma ukuhlanganisa izimemo ezifakwe ezivumelwaneni. I-Predigratigation futhi ihlanganisa ukugcinwa kobufakazi: zombili izinhlangothi kumelwe zikhiphe izimemezelo [[[FLT: 0]] ukuvimbela ukubhujiswa kwezincwadi ezifanele, ama-imeyili, kanye neminye imininingwane. Ukwehluleka ukulondoloza ubufakazi kungaholela ekubopheleleni izijeziso ezibuhlungu, kuhlanganise neziyalezo ezimbi zejaji.

Ukuqeda Isikhalo

Uma imizamo yangaphambi kwempi ihluleka, ummangaleli uqala ukumangalela ngokufaka [[FLT: 0] ububanzi benkantolo efanelekile. Isikhalo siyisisekelo esiveza i-Platoff̱ isiqubulo. Kumelwe sibe nenkulumo emfushane nengacacile yenkundla Ù ububanzi (indawo ephezulu-yokugcina neyomuntu siqu), isikhalo samaqiniso abonisa i-patraff sinelungelo lokukhululeka, futhi isidingo sokwahlulela. Ngaphansi kwe-[FLT:] [FLT:] [FLT] [5] [FF:FFF:] nenani eliphansi] izilinganiso zomthetho kanye nesomthetho womuntu siqu, i-USPromet. [iggne.] isikhulu esincip.[Flas]

Isikhalo sifakwa kanye amamons, eyincwadi yenkantolo eyazisa ummangalelwa ukuthi uyamangalelwa futhi kumelwe aphendule phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe (izinsuku ezingu-21 enkantolo kahulumeni, nakuba imithetho kahulumeni ihlukene). I-patracttiff kumelwe isebenzise lamaphepha ommangalelwa ngokuvumelana nemithetho engokwesiko i̬ ngokuvamile ngokunikeza iposi eqinisekisiwe, noma ngenqubo yobuchwepheshe. Inkonzo efanele iyimfuneko engokomthetho yezenzo zomthetho-projective; inkonzo engalungile ingabambezela ukukhishwa noma ngisho nomphumela ngokuxoshwa.

3. I - Ilvier’ Isabela

Uma eseqediwe, ummangalelwa unefasitela elilinganiselwe lokuphendula noma ukuphendula ngenye indlela. Ukusabela okuvame kakhulu yilokhu:

  • Impendulo: Ummangalelwa uyavuma noma aphike impikiswano ngayinye ekukhonondeni. Ukwehluleka ukuphika ukumangalela kungaphathwa njengokuvuma. Impendulo ingahlanganisa futhi [ izisekelo eziqinisayo[ [umk., umthetho wokulinganiselwa, ukunganaki okunesandla, isikhala esinesandla okumelwe sincengelwe ngokuqondile.
  • Ukukhipha: Ummangalelwa angaphikisa ngokuthi isikhalo asisho isikhalo esingokomthetho (Umthetho we-Feral 12(6)(6) noma ukuthi inkantolo ayinagunya lokulawula. Uma ivunyelwe, icala lingase lisuswe ngaphandle kobandlululo (ukuvumela i-flal) noma ngobandlululo (ukweqa i-parigation yesikhathi esizayo).
  • [[FLT: 0] Ikholiji: Ummangalelwa angazisholo ngokumelene nomphathi we-paltiff, enze ummangalelwa abe ummangalelwa kulezozimo. Lokhu kuvamile ezimpikiswaneni lapho izinhlangothi zombili ziqhephukile.

Isigaba sokudlulisa ukuqamba ukuqamba ukuqamba ukuqambana. Uma impendulo isifakiwe, icala lidlulela eqenjini elingenisa inzuzo: ukutholakala.

4. Ukutholakala Kwayo: I - international reformation transformation

Ukuthola ukuthi injini ye-injini yokuthola i-conomentia. Ivumela abantu ngabanye ukuba bathole ubufakazi hlangothi olunye naku-olwesithathu ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, iqede izimangaliso nezindawo ezikhuthazayo. Ukuthola izinto kubanzi: amaqembu angathola ukwaziswa nganoma yiziphi izinto ezingezona ezihlobene nanoma yiliphi iqembu i̱ ifuna noma isivikelo futhi ilingana nezidingo zendaba (Umthetho Wesiferaliyo 26(b)(1). Amathuluzi okutholakele yi:

  • Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngokubhala ngaphansi kwesifungo. Izinkantolo zeFederal zilinganisela ukuba uphenyo luba 25 (kuhlanganise izingxenye ezingaphansi), kodwa imithetho kahulumeni ingahluka. Izivumelwano ziwusizo ekutholeni ukwaziswa okuyisisekelo njengamagama ofakazi, ukubala izindleko, nokuhlukanisa imibhalo.
  • Izicelo zempumelelo: Izicelo zokwenza amabhukwana, ulwazi olugcinwe nge-tektroniki (ESI), nezinto ezibonakalayo. Kulwazi lwanamuhla, i-ESI (ama-Email, amaza engeziwe, imiyalezo yemibhalo, imidaba yokuthola i-Slack system) ngokuvamile zihlanganisa ukutholakala okukhulu. I-paries kumele i-ESI futhi iyenze ngendlela esebenzisekayo.
  • Izindawo: Umbuzo womlomo weqembu noma wofakazi ngaphansi kwesifungo, obhalwe yintatheli yenkantolo noma umshini wevidiyo. Izikhombi ziyithuluzi lokuthola elinamandla kakhulu ngoba zivumela ukulandela imibuzo futhi zivumele ummeli ukuba ahlole ufakazi i̱ ukubukeka nesiqinisekiso. Ubufakazi obugunyaziwe bungasetshenziselwa ukunikeza ubufakazi ekwahlulelweni noma ukusekela isahlulelo esifushanisiwe.
  • Izitatimende ezilotshiwe okumelwe aphikise noma azivunywe. Ukugunyaza kunganciphisa izimpikiswano zokulingwa ngokususa amaqiniso angaphikiswanga.
  • [ I-Subpoenas:[ isetshenziselwa ukuphoqelela ama-ovalue ukuba akhiqize amabhukwana noma avele ezindaweni ezigciniwe.

Ukuthola ngokuvamile kuyisigaba esibiza kakhulu nesithatha isikhathi. Izimpikiswano ezivamile ezingokwezimpikiswayo ngobukhulu, inzuzo, nomthwalo wezicelo. Izinkantolo ziye zaqapha kakhulu ukulingana, futhi amaqembu kumelwe asebenze ngokubambisana ukuze agweme izijeziso. Icebo lokuthola ngokuvamile liyadingeka ekuqaleni kwecala, ngokuvamile engqungqutheleni ehlela i-actrial nejaji.

5. Izinyathelo Zangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, kungaba yinoma imuphi umkhakha othatha isinyathelo ukuze axazulule icala noma alola umbuzo. Okubaluleke kakhulu yisimo sokwahlulela ngokufingqa , esicela inkantolo ukuba ilawule ukuthi akukho ukuphikisana okuqotho nganoma yiliphi iqiniso elibonakalayo nokuthi umkhakha onyaka unelungelo lokwahlulelwa njengendaba yomthetho. Uma ikhona, icala liphela ngaphandle kovivinyo. Ukwahlulela okufingqiwe kuyithuluzi elinzima lokulahla izinto ezingafanele noma isivikelo, kodwa kudinga irekhodi elicacile ekutholeni izinto. Eminye imisebenzi evamile yangaphambi kokuhlolwa ihlanganisa:

  • Ukuhamba nge - limine: Ukukhipha ubufakazi obuthile ekuqulweni kwecala (isib., izithombe ezibonisa ukucwasa noma inzwabethi).
  • Imizamo yokuphoqelela ukutholakala: Ukuphoqa lowo omelene naye ukuba avumelane nezicelo zokuthola izinto.
  • Ukuhamba ushintshe indawo: Uma ukusakazwa kwangaphambi kwezindawo noma ezinye izici kwenza ukuqulwa kwecala okufanelekile kube okungenakwenzeka endaweni yokuqala.

6. Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala lisinda ekwahlulelweni okungacatshangelwe, liqhubekela phambili ecaleni. Icala liyisinqumo somphakathi sempikiswano, lapho uhlangothi ngalunye luveza khona icala lalo kumahluleli (icala lezehlo) noma ijaji.

  • [ Izinkulumo ezivulayo:[ Ummeli ngamunye unikeza ubufakazi abazobunikeza.
  • I-Plaintiff ’ i-seante-in-preser:[ I-paltiff ibiza ofakazi futhi idlulise imibukiso. Ufakazi ngamunye uphenya ngokuqondile, uhlola ngokuphambanisa, ukubuyisela, nokubuye udlulise.
  • [[UMTL:0] Defendant ’ i-heather-heather: Ummangalelwa unikeza ubufakazi bakhe nofakazi.
  • Ukuveza nomshoshaphansi: kunciphe ubufakazi obengeziwe bokuphikisa amaphuzu amasha aphakanyiswe ngapha nangapha.
  • Izimpikiswano ezivezayo: Ama-Attorney afingqa ubufakazi futhi aphikisa ukuthi kungani ikhasimende lawo kufanele linqobe.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Iziqondiso ze-JURT:[ Umahluleli uyala abahluleli-jaji ngomthetho osebenzayo.
  • Ukuqulwa kwecala nesinqumo: Ijaji (noma umahluleli ekuqulweni kwebhentshi) linquma amaqiniso bese likhipha isinqumo.

Ukuqulwa kungathatha usuku noma amasonto ambalwa, kuye ngokuthi kuxhomeke ebunkimbinkimbini. Icala lomphakathi lidinga isinqumo somphakathi esihlanganyelweyo kuphela ezicabeni zomphakathi ngaphandle kokuba abameleli bavumelane ngenye indlela; imithetho kahulumeni iyahluka. Ngemva kwesinqumo, inkantolo ingena ekwahluleleni [ okusho ukukhululeka: ukulimala kwemali, umthetho, isahlulelo sokukhipha isahlulelo, noma inhlanganisela ethile.

7. Ukuhamba Nokukhanga Kwangemva Kwempi

Ngemva kokwahlulela, iqembu elilahlekelwayo linezindlela ezilinganiselwe zokukhetha. Bangase bafake unyawo lwemithetho yangemva kokwahlulela, njenge ingcingo entsha. (isekelwe emaphutha noma ukuziphatha okubi) noma isibopho sokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho (JOLL)[[FLT:], iphikisa ukuthi lesi sinqumo asinele ngokomthetho. Le mithetho inemibandela eqinile (cishe izinsuku ezingu 28 enkantolo kahulumeni). Uma iphiwe, iqembu lingase lidlulisele enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo azibuyeli; zigxile emaphutha angokomthetho awenziwa uma uma umahlulelwa. Inkantolo ibukeza umlando, izwa izimpikiswano, futhi ibhale umbono, noma iyakuphinde iphikiswa, noma inqubo yezinyanga.

Enye Impikiswano

Ngenxa yokuthi ukuphikisa okungokwesiko kuyabiza futhi kuthatha isikhathi, izinkantolo eziningi zikhuthaza noma zifune ukuba amaqembu acabangele noma acabangele isinqumo esihlukile sempikiswano. I-ADR ihlanganisa izinqubo ezihlukahlukene eziklanyelwe ukuxazulula izingxabano ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala eliphelele:

  • I-mediation:[ Ilungu lesithathu elingathathi hlangothi (umlamuleli) lisiza amaqembu ukuba axoxe ukuze afinyelele indawo ahlala kuyo ngokuzithandela. Ukuxhumana kuyimfihlo futhi akubokubopha. Ngisho noma kuhluleka, kuvame ukucacisa uhlangothi ngalunye i-’ izikhundla nezici ezincane zokuqulwa.
  • I-Arbitation: Isiphathi-mgaqo-mgaqo noma indawo elawulayo izwa ubufakazi futhi inikeze isinqumo esibophekayo. Ukuthatha i-Arbit kuvame ukushesha futhi kuyimfihlo kakhulu kunokuqulwa, kodwa ukutholwa kulinganiselwe, futhi amalungelo okudlulisa alinganiselwe kakhulu. Izivumelwano eziningi zihlanganisa izigaba ezibophekile ezifuna izimpikiswano ukuze kuxazululwe lendlela.
  • I-eutrainviery (ENE): Uchwepheshe ongathathi hlangothi uhlola ubuhle becala futhi unikeza umbono ngemiphumela engase ivele, usiza izilinganiso zokuma kwezindawo.
  • Ukuqulwa kwecala: Ijaji lomshoshaphansi lizwa umhumusho ofingqiwe wecala futhi liguqulela isinqumo se-advisory, abaphethe abayisebenzisayo ukuxoxa ngesivumelwano.

I-ADR ingavela noma kuliphi izinga, kodwa iphumelela kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale izindleko ezinkulu. Izinkantolo eziningi zifuna ukuba amaqembu ahlanganyele ekutholeni [[FLT: 0] ukunqabela ukuqulwa kwecala [ ekuqaleni kwesimiso.

Isihluthulelo Sokucatshangelwa Kwalabo Abakhulumayo

Izindleko Nesikhathi

Imali yokukhangisa ibiza kakhulu. Imali ekhokhwayo ekhokhwayo, izindleko zofakazi, izindleko zokugcina, nezindleko eziyimfihlo zingafinyelela emakhulwini ezinkulungwane zamaRandi ngisho nasezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokulinganiselwe. Kubantu abanemithombo elinganiselwe, izindleko zingavimbela. Ukuhlela amalungiselelo emali [lapho ummeli ekhokha ipesenti lokululama] kuvamile ekulimaleni komuntu siqu nasezenzweni ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa azitholakali kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemali ezifunekayo. Ibhizinisi kufanele lihlele izindleko zokulungisa futhi licabange ukuthi amasuba akhona yini ukulungisa izindleko.

Ukulinganiselwa Okuncane

Zonke iziphakamiso zezezwe zinomthetho wokulinganisela .unyaka okumelwe kubekwe ngawo icala. Ukungaqiniseki ngalelo thuba ngokuvamile kuyabulala. Imithetho yokulinganiselwa iyahluka-hluka ngokobuphathi kanye nohlobo lwe-code, kusukela ngonyaka owodwa (ukubekwa kwezinye izifunda) kuya eminyakeni eyisithupha (izivumelwano emazweni amaningi). Izinga lokuqulwa kwecala, njengaleyo engaphansi kuka-42 U.S.C. . 76, iboleka isifunda i-̱ ingumthetho ozilimazayo womuntu siqu wemingcele. Kudingeka ukuba uthintane nommeli ngokushesha ngemva kokuphakama kwempikiswano.

Ukukhetha Inkantolo Efanele

Abamangaleli kumelwe banqume ukuthi kufanele bamangale enkantolo yesifundazwe noma kahulumeni. Izinkantolo zeFederal zinemingcele elinganiselwe: zingazwa amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni (iziqulo zempikiswano) noma izimpikiswano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene lapho imali empikiswano idlula u-R35 000 (igunya lokulawula). Izinkantolo zoMbuso zisingatha yonke enye into. Ukukhetha kungathinta imithetho ehleliwe, izinkantolo, ngisho nezingasese ezingaphansi komthetho (izinkantolo zezempikiswano ezingokomthetho ezisemthethweni wezwe ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene) ezisebenza.

Indima Yomshuwalense

Umshuwalense uvame ukwenza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekumangalelweni komphakathi. Imithetho yomshuwalense wemali ibeka umsebenzi kumxhasi wemali ekhuselwe ukuba avikele ishende elinamacala ayimfihlo. Izenzakalo eziningi ezinkulu ngokuyinhloko ziyimpi phakathi kwezinkampani zomshuwalense ezisezigcawini. Izingxenyana zinesibopho sokufaka isigwebo esifihlweyo. Abameli-police bamelwe baqonde ukukhokhelwa kwabo futhi banikeze isaziso esifike ngesikhathi sezikhambiso zokulondoloza amalungelo.

Ukuzinzisa Izinto Ezinamandla

Icala elikhulu lombango lisukela ku 85% kuya ku-95%. Ukwethulwa kungenzeka nganoma isiphi isikhathi: phakathi nezingxoxo zangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, ngemva kokuthola ubuthakathaka, noma ngisho naphakathi kokulingwa ngemva kokuvulwa kwezinkulumo. Ukumisa izivumelwano ngokuyinhloko kuyisivumelwano phakathi kwamaqembu okuqeda ukumangalelwa kwemithetho evunyelwe (ngokuvamile intengo yemali). Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zisiza ngokukhokha ngokubhekisele ezicabeni zokuxhumana noma ngokuphatha izingqungquthela. Izivumelwano kufanele zilinganisele izingozi zokuqulwa kwecala kanye nokuqiniseka kokukhokha. Ezindabeni eziningi, zinikeza imithetho yokwahlulela (njengemithetho engokomthetho kaFederal 68) ekhokhela izindleko uma iqembu lilahla ukukhokhela ukubophana nokubuyisa okuncane ekuqulweni.

Isiphetho

Ukuveza inqubo ehleliwe kodwa eshukumisayo edinga inqubo ebhekisisayo, ukuthobela iziqondiso, nokubheka izingozi nemivuzo ngendlela engokoqobo. Kusukela encwadini yokuqala efunwayo ukuya ekukhangeni okungase kuvele, isigaba ngasinye sinikeza amathuba okuhlela umphumela (ngoba i-ADR, noma inqubo yokuhlola okunamandla. Nakuba isimiso singathatha kancane futhi sibiza kakhulu, sihlala siyinqubo ethembekile yokuxazulula izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi emphakathini olawulwa umthetho. Kunoma ubani obheka noma ocabangelayo, isinyathelo sokuqala esingcono siwukuthintana ne-ligtor enolwazi engahlola ubuhle, achaze isikhathi sokulungisa, futhi anyusenyuse ekuqondeni izindleko eziningi eziyo ekulungiseni inqubo. Ngokuqonda izinyathelo ezibekwe lapha ukudluliswa kwesinqumo sakhe ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i-Melika Bar Association ̱] Melikan Barc ne- ne-[FLT]FULT] Imithetho ye-Pocratementure[ ku-Cornell LII. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Cental Center yezwe yeNkanto engcono kakhulu eMbusweni wezwe inikeza izinto ezinhle kakhulu ezikhethweni ze-ADR.[FLT]]