Table of Contents
Ukuqonda Ukuxhumana Njengomthetho Wangaphakathi
Ukukhipha imvume kukhule kusukela ekhonweni lesinqumo eliphikiswayo laba ikhomba elikhulu lomthetho womphakathi. Kunokuba kuphoqelelwe amaqembu ukuba angene enkantolo, ukukhipha imvume kunikeza inqubo ehlelwe kahle kodwa evumelanayo lapho abaqondisi abangakhethiyo besiza abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano ukuba bazenzele izixazulu zabo. Lesibonelo esibambisanayo siphakamisa igeleze ngokunciphisa umthwalo emadokisini aseminyene kakade. Isithembiso sokukhipha izigwegwe sixhomeke emakhonweni aso okuguqula izingxabano zibe yizimpikiswano, iguqulele abaphikisi ekubeni iziphetho zibe yizinkinga.
Ezindabeni eziningi, ukuquliswa kwezindaba akusakhuthazwa nje kuphela, kuyadingeka ngaphambi kokuba icala liqhubeke liqulwa. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo zesifunda zikahulumeni wase-U.S. zinika imvume yokulawula izindaba ezithile zomphakathi, futhi amazwe anjenge-Australia ne-United Kingdom aye ahlanganisa ukuxhumana nemithetho yawo yenqubo yomphakathi. Lokhu kuveza ukuqaphela okukhulayo ukuthi i-ligitation, nakuba kubalulekile kwezinye izingxabano, ngokuvamile kuyahluleka, kuyakhandla, futhi kuyasinqanda ngokomzwelo.
Indlela Imithombo Ehluke Ngayo Ekumangaleni
Ukuze siqonde indima ye-mediation, kumelwe siqale siqonde izici zayo ezihlukanisayo. Umehluko oyisisekelo uwumdlalo we-zero-sum: omunye uyaphumelela, omunye ulahlekelwa. Uma kuqhathaniswa, u-Mediation uhlose ukuzuzana. Umlamuleli akanikezi sinqumo; kunalokho, uqondisa izigigaba ekuhlanganeni kokuthi izihloko eziyisisekelo ziqondene. Lomehluko oyisisekelo uveza zonke izici zenqubo, kusukela ekulahlekelweni nasekuhlelweni kwesikhathi kobungane nobunzima obungokomzwelo.
| Factor | Litigation | Mediation |
|---|---|---|
| Decision maker | Judge or jury | Parties themselves |
| Formality | High (rules of evidence, procedure) | Low (informal, adaptable) |
| Confidentiality | Public record (with exceptions) | Private and privileged |
| Time to resolution | Months to years | Days to weeks |
| Cost | Very high (attorney fees, experts) | Moderate to low |
| Control over outcome | Imposed by court | Negotiated by parties |
Isimiso Esingokomthetho Sokumiswa Komthetho Wangaphakathi
I-mediation isebenza phakathi kwesimiso esingokomthetho esihlukahlukayo ngemithetho kodwa sihlanganyela izimiso ezifanayo. E-United States, i-Uniform Medition Act [UMA] inikeza isilinganiso sezimfanelo zemfihlo nezomlamuleli, ezithathwa ziphelele noma ngokwenxenye yimibuso eminingi. Isivumelwano se-European Union [Mediation Directive (2008/52/EC) simisa izindinganiso ezincane ze-evices zesivumelwano somphakathi nezokuhwebo, kuhlanganise nokugcinwa kwezivumelwano eziningi. Lemithetho iqinisekisa ukuthi izivumelwano ezilalelayobutehliyo zithwala ubunzima obungokomthetho kuyilapho zivikela ubuqotho benqubo.
Amazwe omthetho wezwe anjengeJalimane, iFrance, neJapane anezindlela zokulungisa izinqumo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-French Code of Civil Procediture ivumela abahluleli ukuba bahlongoze ukuxhumana nganoma isiphi isigaba, futhi i-German Mediation Act (2012) iveza izimfuneko zokufaka isiqinisekiso somlamuleli. Lokhu kuchuku okusemthethweni kunikeza i-paccofingst ukuqiniseka ukuthi ukuxhawula akuyona indlela yokuxhawula yangemva kodwa enye eqashelwayo enemiphumela ebophayo.
Izimpawu Eziyinhloko Zinwetshiwe
Ukuhlanganyela Ngokuzithandela
Ukukhipha imvume ngokuyisisekelo kungokokuzithandela. Nakuba ezinye izinkantolo zingayala amacala ukuba abe khona esiqenjini sokuqala sokuqulisana, iziqu aziphoqelelwanga ukuba zifinyelele isivumelwano. Zingahamba noma kuliphi iqophelo futhi ziphishekele ukuphoqelelwa. Lokhu kugobeka kunciphisa ukwenqaba futhi kukhuthaze ukuthenga okuqotho. Nokho, kusho futhi ukuthi ukukhipha isikhala kungahluleka uma omunye umuntu engazimisele ukuxoxa ngokholo oluhle.
Ukufihla Indaba Nelungelo
Imfihlo i-mestal of areastruction. Okushiwoyo phakathi nezikhathi zobulungu noma iziqephu ezihlangeneyo ngeke kusetshenziswe njengobufakazi ecaleni. Lokhu kukhuthaza izingxoxo ezivulekile, eziqotho ngaphandle kokwesaba imiphumela yokuziphindisela kamuva. Ezimisweni eziningi, abalamuleli abavunyelwe ukunikeza ubufakazi ngokuqukethwe yizikhawu ze-memo. Izinkantolo zivame ukusekela lelilungelo, nakuba ngaphandle kokusongela ubudlova noma isenzo sobugebengu esiqhubekayo.
Isithakazelo esisekelwe kwi-vs. Amalungelo asekelwe ekugxileni
I-ligation yamasiko isekelwe kumalungelo: amaqembu amisa izimvume ezingokomthetho ngaphansi kwezimiso noma izimvume. Ithatha indlela ehlukile. Isekelwe ethakazelweni, isho ukuthi ihlola izidingo eziyisisekelo, izifiso, kanye nezinkathazo zohlangothi ngalunye. Ngokwesibonelo, empikiswaneni yebhizinisi, iqembu lingafuna ukukhokhwa kwemali (ilungelo), kodwa isithakazelo sawo singaba inqubo eqhubekayo noma isimiso esisha sokukhokha. I-Media iveza izithakazelo, ivule umnyango wezikhambiso zemisebenzi edlula kude nalokho okungahlelwa yinkantolo.
Izinzuzo Zokusakaza Ngokujula Okukhulu
Izindleko Nemithombo
Imali yokukhokha idla imali enkulu. Izindleko zemali ekhandwayo, uchwepheshe wobufakazi, izindleko zokuthola, nezindleko zokukhokha inkantolo zinganezela ngokushesha. I-Mediation ngokuphawulekayo inciphisa lezi zindleko. INhlangano yaseMelika Bar ibika ukuthi amacala awumlamuleli axazululwa ngezindleko ezivamile eziyi 50-60% ngaphansi kwezezimo ezikhandlekile ezifanayo. Amabhizinisi amancane nabantu, lokhu kubiza okuhlukile kungawenza umehluko phakathi kokuhamba entweni esemthethweni nokuthola isinqumo esilungile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhokha imithombo yezindaba esemthethweni ngemisebenzi ephakeme, kusiza wonke ubulungisa.
Ijubane Nokwaneliseka
Izikhongozeli ziyanqotshwa. Ezindabeni eziningi, ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi kungathatha izinyanga ezingu-18-36 ukuze kufinyelelwe isinqumo. Ukuthunyelwa kwecala kungahlelwa phakathi namasonto. Inqubo ngokwayo (izinkulumo) kusukela ekuqaleni ukuya esivumelwaneni esayiniwe (ngokuvamile zithatha usuku olulodwa noma uchungechunge lwezingxenye zosuku. Lesivinini sinciphisa ukuncishiswa kwemizwelo nemali emaphathini futhi siwavumele ukuba aphinde aphile futhi asebenze ngaphandle komsila omde.
Ukulawula Iqembu Nemiphumela Ephuthumayo
Kuyo, abameleli banikeza umphumela. Bangahlala ezindaweni ezisingatha izikhawu eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa, imbuyiselo yesikhathi esizayo, ukuziphatha, amalungiselelo okufihla imfihlo, ukuxolisa, noma amalungiselelo ebhizinisi abambisanayo. Umahluleli ulinganiselwe ekukhokheleni umonakalo wemali noma ukukhulula; abalamuleli basiza amaqembu ukuba aklame izinqumo ezivumelana nezimo zawo eziyingqayizivele. Lokhu kwandisa ukwaneliseka. Ukuhlola okuvela ku- I-Harvard Negotiation Project [[ izivumelwano zobameli ziveza amazinga aphakeme okulalela kunezahlulelo zenkantolo ezibekwe ngenxa yokuthi amalungu azizwa enziwe ngokwezimo.
Ukulondoloza Ubuhlobo
Ukuqamba amaphutha kuyalimaza. Imithetho ilimaza ukuthembana, ibhebhethekisa izingxabano, futhi ihlukanisa izibopho. Ngokungafani, ukuxhumana kugcizelela ukukhulumisana nokuhloniphana. Emthethweni womkhaya. "njengesahlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwezingane, noma ukunakekelwa kwabadala"ukuhlinzwa kusiza ekulondolozeni ubuhlobo phakathi kwabazali noma amalungu omkhaya anwebe. Ezentengiselwano, kungathuthukisa ubuhlobo bezentengiselwano, ubuhlobo bezohwebo, kanye nokuxhumana emsebenzini okungabhujiswa ngokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi. Inqubo yesivumelwano ifundisa izigigaba ukuthi zingabubonisa kanjani ukuxhumana ngokuphumelelayo, ikhono elizizuzisa isikhathi eside ngemva kokuba sezipheli.
Inqubo Yokulungisa: Isimiso Esiningiliziwe Sokuhamba Ngezinyawo
Ukulungisa Isimiso
I-media ephumelelayo iqala isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba abahlangene bahlale ndawonye. Inhlangothi ngayinye kufanele iqoqe amabhukwana abalulekile (ama-astry, ama-imeyili, amarekhodi emali) futhi ibone okunye okungcono kakhulu ekuvumelaneni (BATNA). Ukwazi i-BATNA yakho inikeza i-athoracter kanye nokucaca. Ama-Attorney ngokuvamile asiza amakhasi ukuba alungiselele ukufingqa okubhaliwe kwempikiswano kanye nohlu lwamakhambiso. Umlamuleli angacela futhi izinkulumo zangaphambi kokuxhumana ukuze aqonde izimpikiswano eziyinhloko. Abanye abameli baphethe izingqungquthelana eziyinhloko ukuze bamise imithetho yesisekelo futhi bacacise izingcingo ze-logtion.
Ukuvula Inkulumo Nokumisa Isenzakalo
Umlamuleli uqala ngokuchaza inqubo, ukugcizelela ukugcinwa kwemfihlo, nokumisa imithetho eyisisekelo (ukungaphazanyiswa, ukuhlonipha wonke amazwi). Khona - ke lowomuntu ngamunye unikeza inkulumo yokuqala (ngokuvamile imizuzu engu-5-10) uveza umbono wakhe. Lena akuyona impikiswano engokomthetho kodwa ukulandisa kwempikiswano ngokombono wabo. Umlamuleli ulalela ngenkuthalo, uchaza amaphuzu ayinhloko, futhi ufaka imizwelo ngaphandle kokuthatha uhlangothi.
Ingxoxo Yamalungu Nezici Ezithakazelisayo
Ngemva kokuvula izinkulumo, umlamuleli usiza ingxoxo ehlangane. Bangabuza imibuzo ephendulwe nge-open ad: “Ungabhekani nomphumela omuhle?” noma ukuthi“ Yini ebaluleke kakhulu eninayo?” Lengxoxo isiza ekususeni ingxoxo ezikhundleni (ngifuna imali engu-R3,50 000”) ezithakazelweni (“ngidinga ukukhokha imali elahlekile futhi ngiqinisekise ukuthi lokhu akwenzeki futhi”. Umlamuleli angabuye ahlanganise izinkulumo eziphambene, akhiphe ukushukuma, futhi akhuthaze ukukhulumisana okuqondile phakathi kwamaqembu.
Ama - caucuse ayimfihlo (i - shuttle Diplomacy)
Mhlawumbe ithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu ekudluliseleni izigwegwe i-caucus. Umlamuleli uhlangana ngokuhlukana neqembu ngalinye (nommeli) ukuze ahlole izihloko ezizwelayo, iziphakamiso, nokunye okungahlolwa. Ku-caucus, abahilelekile bangakhuluma ngokukhululekile ngobuthakathaka endabeni yabo, ukusabela okungokomzwelo, noma ukuzimisela ukuhlehlisa. Umxhumanisi uhlanganisa ulwazi oluhlebezelelwe kuze kube yilapho kuvela isivumelwano esingase sivele (ZoPA). U-Caucus uyimfihlo ngempela; umlamuleli akasambulili uveza ukwaziswa okuhlanganyelwe ngaphandle kwemvume.
Ukuxazululwa Kwezimo Nokuxazulula Inkinga
Uma izithakazelo seziqondwa, umlamuleli usiza izigigaba ukuba zithuthukise futhi zihlaziye izinketho. Lesi simo sifanelekile: iziphakamiso zenziwa, zixazululwe, futhi zicwengisiwe. Umlamuleli ugcina izingxoxo zigxile ezixazululweni ezisebenzayo kunasezikhalweni ezidlule. Bangasebenzisa amasu obuchopho okuchaza amasu, izimo ezicatshangelwayo, noma izimiso eziqondile (inani lezentengiselwano, izimboni) ukudlulisa ukuxoxisana. Ukubekezela nokuphikelela kubalulekile; ukubekezela ngokuvamile kunquma ngokucabanga.
Ukuphothula Isivumelwano
Lapho ababambene bevumelana, ummeli (noma abameli babo) wenza isivumelwano sokuhlala. Lencwadi kufanele ibe sobala, iqonde, futhi ihlanganise wonke amagama aphathekayo: izilinganiso zemali, izikhokhiso zesikhathi esizayo, izenzo, amalungiselelo ayimfihlo, nezinqumo zesinqumo ezibekwayo eziqondene ngokuyimfihlo. Isivumelwano sisayinwa yizo zombili izimpi zesikhathi esizayo futhi sibopha ngokomthetho. Ezindaweni eziningi, siphoqelelwa enkantolo njenganoma yisiphi isivumelwano. Ezinye izimemezelo zezindaba ziveza izinombolo zokuqonda ezingase zifakwe ngokomthetho kamuva.
Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa Kwezimo
Ukulinganisela Kwamandla Nobudlova Basekhaya
Ukulungisa inqubo kusebenza kangcono uma abahlangene befuna amandla alinganayo. Uma uhlangothi olulodwa lunemithombo engaphezulu yezimali, ukucubungula ngokomthetho, noma inqubo engokomzwelo, lenqubo ingashaqiswa. Ezimweni ezihilela ubudlova basekhaya, ukungalingani okukhulu kwamandla, noma ukuhlaziywa kwengqondo, kungase kube okungafanele. Izinhlelo eziningi zokulungisa lezizindaba zingadingi ukuvikelwa njengamagumbi ahlukene, abasekeli abasekelayo, noma ukunqanda ukungalingani okulawula.
Ukuntuleka Kokutholwa Okungokomthetho Nokuqagelwa Kwamacala
Uma kubekwa impikiswano, amaqembu angaphoqelelana ukuba enze amabhukwana nokuphendula. I-medium ayinakho lokhu kutholakaliswa okusemthethweni. Nakuba abahilelekile bengashintshana ngokuzimisela, umkhakha obalulekile angagodlelana amaqiniso abalulekile. Lokhu kungaholela ezivumelwaneni ezisekelwe elwazini olungaphelele. Nokho, abalamuli abanekhono bakhuthaza ukuba kube nokubonana, futhi amaqembu athola okushiyekile kamuva angase aphikise isivumelwano ngezizathu zokukhohlisa noma iphutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhumana akusunguli isandulela esingokomthetho; icala ngalinye linqunywa ngokuzehlukanisa, okungase kube yinkinga kulabo abafuna ukumisa isimiso somthetho.
Akufanelekele Zonke Izingxabano
Ezinye izingxabano zidinga igunya lenkantolo (ngokwesibonelo), izahlulelo ezikhipha isigwebo, imibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho, noma amacala lapho umbambi wecala edinga khona ukukhululeka ngokushesha. Ukuquliswa kwecala futhi akuphumeleli lapho omunye umuntu engazimisele ukuxoxa ngokholo oluhle noma ukusebenzisa lenqubo ukuze abambe isikhathi. Izimpikiswano ezinkulu zomthetho noma amacala ahilela izijeziso zomthetho angase afaneleke kangcono ukubekwa. Noma kunjalo, izinkantolo eziningi manje zinikeza izinkantolo lapho kumiswa khona izinkantolo zokuqala, ngokukhipha imvume.
Izimfuneko Zomlamuleli Nezindinganiso Ezifanele
Ikhono lomlamuleli lithinta imiphumela ngokuphawulekayo. Nakuba izimfanelo zihlukahluka, abalamuleli abaningi abangochwepheshe baphelele izinhlelo zokuqeqesha (umzk., 40 wamahora ayisisekelo okuqeqesha) futhi banamathele kwizimiso zezimiso zezimiso ezinjengethi Izindinganiso Zokuziphatha Zokuba Umameli (evumelana ngokuhlangene ne-ABA, AA, ne-CRCR). Lezindinganiso zimboza ukungathathi hlangothi, imvume engokolwazini, nenhlahlolo. Izigaba eziningi zidinga ukuba abalamuli abasingatha izindaba ezidaliweyo zenkantolo. Ingxenye kufanele zibe nezingxeba zendaba (g. umkhaya, ezohwebo, ezomsebenzi) nendlela yokusebenza.
Ukukhipha imvume ngokuphikisana. Ezinye izindlela zokukhipha icebo lokukhipha izwi ngaphandle
I-Mediation ivame ukuqhathaniswa ne-arbitration, enye indlela ethandwayo ye-ADR. Ku-arbitration, ummeli ongathathi-hlangothi uzwa ubufakazi futhi ukhipha isinqumo esibophekayo. I-Mediation ayibopheki ngaphandle kokuba kufinyelelwe isivumelwano. I-Arbitrotion ingaphezulu kakhulu ukuhlanganisa nokuqulwa kwecala kwangasese. Ezinye izindlela zihlanganisa umthetho obambisanayo (iqembu nabameli abasebenza ngaphandle kokuthatha i-ligagation), ukuhlola kokungathathinti, kanye nokuhlola okuncane. I-Mediation igcina iqembu elikhethekile lilawula lapho linikeza ukuguquka nokugcinwa.
| Method | Type | Outcome | Control |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mediation | Facilitative | Negotiated agreement | High (parties) |
| Arbitration | Adjudicative | Binding award | Low (arbitrator) |
| Collaborative law | Interest-based | Settlement contract | High (parties with counsel) |
| Litigation | Adversarial | Court judgment | None (judge/jury) |
Amacebiso Awusizo Okuthola Izinhlelo Eziphumelelayo
- [[UMTH: 0] Lungiselela kahle. Uqonda isithakazelo sakho, ibhaTNA yakho, namaqiniso amacala. Hlanganisana amafakelane abalulekile kusengaphambili.
- Khetha umlamuleli ofanele. Funa othile onolwazi lwezihloko kanye nendlela evumelana nezidingo zakho (ama-v. ahlaziyayo).
- Woza uvule ingqondo. Ukuthungatha kubangelwa ukuxazulula izinkinga, ukungawini. Zimisele ukulalela nokuhlola izinketho zokwakha.
- [ abenzi besinqumo esihilela u- baqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu onegunya lokuhlala ukhona noma ukhona ngocingo.
- [[QUE:%0] Ukulawula imizwelo. Ukulungisa kungaba okungokomzwelo. Ukwamukela imizwa kodwa gxila emakhambini abheke phambili.
- Yithole ebhalweni. qinisekisa ukuthi noma isiphi isivumelwano sincishiselwe ekubeni ibhukwana elisayinwe, eliphoqelelwe ngaphambi kokushiya isiqephu.
Ikusasa Lokungenela Umthetho Wangaphakathi
Ukuthambekela kokutholana kwemizwa kuyaqhubeka. Iziteshi ze-oDR ze-internet eziphikisanayo ziye zenza ukuba kutholakale ukuvunyelelwa kwezimpikiswano ezisezingeni eliphansi nezingqungqutheleni. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa manje kusiza abalamuleli ngokuhlola izindlela zengxoxo nokusikisela okungase kwenzeke ukubhekana nazo amagama. Izikole eziningi zemithetho manje zinikeza imitholampilo yezemithola nkonzo, futhi inani ekhulayo lezindawo zombuso zidinga ukuqeqeshwa kwabameli abasha. Njengoba izinkantolo ziba yizimo ezikhungo zemali ezikhuthazi ezikhudlekayo futhi amaqembu efuna ngokushesha, imvume encishisiwe, i-mediadia engcono kakhulu emithethweni yemithetho yezakhamuzi emhlabeni wonke. [[FLT:][FLD:1] liqaphele ukubaluleka kwe-ADR ekufinyeleleni ukufinyelela ukungenisa kobulungisa obuncikelwelwe-Melika ye-Mediciedia.[=inxa]
Isiphetho
I-media isendaweni ebalulekile esemthethweni wesizwe, inikeza indlela engalwi kakhulu, ephumelela kakhulu, futhi ekugcineni engcono kakhulu kune-parigamenti engokwesiko. Ngokugxila ezithakazelweni kunamalungelo, ukulondoloza ubuhlobo, futhi unike amaqembu amandla okuzenzela izixazululo zawo, ukuxazulula izimbangela eziyinhloko zengxabano kunokujezisa uhlangothi olulodwa. Nakuba ingakufanelekelenga kuyo yonke indaba, izinzuzo zayo eziwundabhhayo, ijubane, imfihlo, nokulawula. Ngokugxila emfunweni, i-omzankosi, i-omkhakhakha-mthetho, i-mkhakha ithuluzi elibalulekile kubantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, nezimiso zomthetho ngokufanayo. Njengoba umsebenzi ongokomthetho uyaqhubeka uveza, indima yokulawula iyonwe, iqhubeke, kuqhubeke isimiso sobulungisa esixabana nesomthetho esingaxabananga amandla okwahlulela kodwa ngamandla enziwa ngamandla ebhokisi.