I-Indian Civil Service (ICS) yayiwumgogodla we-Indian yezembuyiselo zezentengiselwano eziphezulu, ezaziyikhoshana elincane, ezivelele zezikhulu ezazibusa izwekazi elingamakhulu ezigidi. I-ICS yayingaphezu nje kwesimiso sombuso; kwakuyithuluzi uMbuso waseBrithani owasebenzisa ngalo igunya lawo, waqoqa inzuzo, futhi walondoloza ukulawula enye yezinto zawo eziyigugu kakhulu. Ifa lawo lincintiswa kakhulu. Abanye, limelela isibonelo sokuphatha kahle, ngokuhleleka. Abanye, kwakuyinsimbi yesifundazwe samakoloni acindezelayo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okuningi kokuvela kwemisuka, imisebenzi, umphumela, nefa elihlala njalo kwenkonzo ye-Ovilistvil Servil.

Imvelaphi Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando

Izimpande ze-Indian Civil Service zisemishini yokuqondisa ye-East India Company. Eminyakeni yayo yokuqala, inkampani yathembela kubathengisi, amasosha, nabahloli bezinto zokuhlola ukuba balawule izindaba zayo eNdiya. Lamadoda ngokuvamile ayenezimiso ezimbalwa zokuqeqeshwa futhi ayethambekele ekuziqeqesheleni inkohlakalo nasekuzingeniseni. IRegundating Act ka 1773 ne-India's Act ka-India ka-17884 yaqala ukubeka umthetho wobungameli bephalamende nokungenisa izinguquko ezazihloselwe ukunqanda ukuxhashazwa. Nokho, kwakuyi-Charter Act ka-1833 eyaqala inkonzo yomphakathi ngamaNdiya ngezimiso, kanye nesethulo oluvelele lokuhlola ukuncintisana ngo-1853 eyasungula ubuchwepheshe obuphambili bokusebenza.

Ukuhlola kokuqala okuncintisanayo kwe-Indian Civil Service kwenziwa eLondon ngo-1855, kuphethwe yiKhomishane yeNkonzo kaNoval emisha eqanjwe ngokutsha. Lesimiso kwakuwukusuka okukhulu ekumisweni okusekelwe emnyango ngaphambili. Ukuhlola i-syllabusi kwakunzima, kuhlanganisa izilimi zakudala, umlando, izibalo, umthetho, nezomnotho zezombangazwe. Isilinganiso senkathi sabekwa ngeminyaka engu-18 kuya kwengu-23, futhi ukuhlolwa kwaklanyelwa ngamabomu ukusekela abazofunda ezikoleni zomphakathi namayunivesithi, ikakhulukazi iOxford neCambridge. Lokhu kwadala inkonzo eyayifunde kakhulu, eyayifunde kakhulu, eyaziwa kakhulu, futhi ithembekile kakhulu eBritish Cover. Isimiso sokuhlola savulwa kumaNdiya ngo-1864, futhi umzalwane wokuqala waseNdiya kwakungu-Satrandrathrath Tagre, umzalwane wembongiza.

Ukuzivuselela Nokuziqeqesha: Ukulungisa Isakhelo Sensimbi

Inqubo yokukhetha i-ICS yayidume kakhulu. Ababezokhethwa kuphela unyaka ngamunye kumakhulu abacela izicelo. Abaphumelele baqeqeshwa kakhulu eHaileybury College kwaze kwaba ngo-1858, futhi kamuva eOxford, eCambridge, naseYunivesithi yaseLondon. Izifundo zagcizelela izilimi zakudala, i-jurisprudence, umlando wamaNdiya, nezilimi zaseNdiya ezinjenge-Sanskrit, i-Bengali, nePersia. [FLT] Ukuqeqeshwa kwaklanyelwa ukudlulisela ulwazi, kodwa ukugxilisa iziqu zemisebenzi, ukungakhethi, nenkonzo yombuso.[FLT]

Ngemva kokudlulisa ukuhlola nokuqeda isikhathi sokulingwa kwabo, ababuthiwe bathunyelwa eNdiya, lapho baqeqeshwa khona ngokwengeziwe ekuqondiseni isifunda, ezimisweni zemali, nasemasikweni endawo. Isikhulu esincane, ngokuvamile esiseminyakeni yamashumi amabili, sasibekwa ephethe isifunda esinamakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu. Lomthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu owenkathi yobusha wawuyisici esivelele se-ICS. Uhlobo oluvelele lwenkonzo lwalusho ukuthi sakhanga izingqondo eziqhakazile eBrithani, kodwa futhi sahlala cishe simhlophe, sinkwesilisa, futhi sisezingeni eliphezulu kuze kube sekhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka.

Abazobhapathizwa babhekana nobandlululo lweze-Indian. Kwadingeka ukuba bahlole eLondon, umsebenzi obizayo nonzima kakhulu. Labo abaphumelela babevame ukunikezwa imisebenzi ehloniphekile, bakhokhelwa ingcosana kuleyo eyakhelwe iBrithani, futhi baphathwe izisulu zobuhlanga nezingahambi eziphakathi kwama-albudia nezindawo zomphakathi. Naphezu kwalokhu kungathi zingaba yizithiyo, inani elincane kodwa elibalulekile lamaNdiya angena e-ICS ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka leshumi elinesihlanu namashumi amabili, akha izikhundla eziphambili ezazizodlala indima eyisihluthulelo kamuva emzameni wenkululeko neposi yezenhlala.

Indima Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Isikhulu sesifunda, esaziwa futhi ngokuthi iMagi yoMqulu noma i-Foourth Magistrate, sasiyi-inchpin yesimiso sokuqondisa sonke. Ngasinye sezifunda ezingaba ngu- 250 zase-Indiya sasingaphansi kwegunya lesikhulu esisodwa se-ICS esahlanganisa isikhulu esiphethe, inzuzo, nemibuso yokwahlulela. Lokhu kubekwa kwegunya kwakuyisinqumo somklamo wamabomu, okwenza ukuba kutholwe ngokushesha nangempumelelo emasimini amakhulu, ahlangene kakhulu nokukhulumisana okulinganiselwe.

Iminikelo Yemali Nokuphathwa Kwezwe

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wesikhulu sesifunda kwakuyiqoqo lemali yezwe, elakha izimali ezinkulu zikahulumeni wamakoloni. Izimiso ezintathu ezinkulu zezwe zokuxhasa imali — i-Sender Seatingment eBengal (1793), i-Ryotwari system eMadras nase Bombay, nesimiso seMahalwari eNyakatho ye-Indiya — zonke zaziklanywe futhi ziphethwe yizikhulu ze-ICS. i-Sedersettement, yasungulwa nguLord Cornwallis, yamisa inzuzo yomhlaba engxenyeni ye-petuity, yakha isigaba se-zamindars (ingiza) phakathi kwezwe nepulani. IRyuatrootri, i-Promontss, i-Mawarnbergorgated, i-magentray ephethe inzuzo yemali ngokuqondile eMawaternadies.

Lezi zimiso ngokuyisisekelo zalungisa ubunikazi bomhlaba, izindlela zokusebenza, nezindlela zokulima kulo lonke elaseNdiya. Isikhulu se-ICS sasiphethe ukuhlolwa kwezwe ngokuningiliziwe, ukuhlolwa kwenhlabathi nesivuno, ukukhokha inzuzo, ukuqoqwa kwezinga lemali, nokuqoqwa kwemali. Lena kwakuyindlela eyinkimbinkimbi, enzima, futhi ngokuvamile ephikisanayo. Iqoqo lemali lagunyazwa ngezindlela zokuthatha ifa lenhlabathi, kuhlanganise nokuthumba impahla, ukuvalelwa kwemibhanqwazo, nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali, ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso zemali ezisezweni ezisontweni ezisezindaweni zasemaphandleni, izimali nendlala.

Umthetho Nohlelo Nezindima Zokwahlulela

Isikhulu ngasinye se-ICS sasisebenza njengemantshi, siphethe amandla amakhulu obugebengu nobulungisa bezakhamuzi esifundeni. I-Penal Code ka-1860, i-Code of Criminal Procediture ka-1861, kanye noMthetho we-Indian Evinic Evinice ngo-1872 wakha uhlelo olufanayo olungokomthetho ezwekazini elingaphansi. I-ICS imajista yabekwa icala lokuphenya ngobugebengu, ukuqulwa kwemiya, ukuqulwa kwemiya, nokudluliswa kwemiqathango. Lenhlanganisela yesikhulu, amaphoyisa, nemibuso yanamuhla yaphula izimiso zokuhlukanisa imibuso, kodwa yathethelelwa ngesimiso sombuso samakoloni njengokufanele ukusebenza nokulawula.[FLT]

Impikiswano ka-Ilbert Bill ka-1883 yadalula ngokucacile ukungezwani kobuhlanga okusesimisweni sokwahlulela. Umthetho wahlongozwa ukuba kuvunyelwe amajaji namajaji amaNdiya ukuba azame izikhonzi zaseYurophu emacaleni obugebengu. Ukuhlongoza kwabhekana nokuphikiswa okunzima komphakathi waseBrithani eNdiya, kuhlanganise nezikhulu eziningi ze-ICS, ezathi zazizolulaza udumo negunya lohlanga olumhlophe. Lomthetho ekugcineni wadluliswa ngendlela ehlanekezelwe kakhulu, uvumela abeLungu ukuba bafune icala liqulwe abahluleli bejaji okungenani ingxenye yabo ababengabaseYurophu. Lempikiswano yabonisa ukuthi isigaba esijulile sesigaba sesigaba sesigaba sesigaba se-ICS kanye nesifundazwe esibanzi.

Imisebenzi Yomphakathi Nosizo Lwendlala

Izikhulu ze-ICS zazingamele imisebenzi eminingi yomphakathi, kuhlanganise nokwakhiwa nokulungiswa kwemigwaqo, amabhuloho, imisele, izimiso zokunisela ngenkasa, izitimela, izintambo zocingo nezakhiwo zomphakathi. Le misebenzi yezakhiwo yayibalulekile ekuhambiseni kwamabutho, ukuthutha impahla nezinto ezishisiwe, kanye nokuphatha izwe. Izikhulu eziningi ze-ICS zaziziqhenya kakhulu ngalezi misebenzi zokuthuthukisa, ezazizibona ziwubufakazi bezinzuzo zokubusa kwaseBrithani.

Nokho, umlando we-ICS ekunikezeni usizo lwendlala uxubene kakhulu futhi uphikisene. I-Orissa Nzala enkulu yango-1866, iNyaka Enkulu yango-1876-78, neNzala yaseNdiya ka-189990 yabulala izigidi zabantu. Imizamo yosizo kahulumeni yathathelwa isikhathi eside, yanganele, futhi yacindezelwa umbono okhona we-laiszez-fuire nemithetho yezezimali ebekwe kuqala ekulondolozeni iqoqo lemali. I-Plantings Codecs, eyasungulwa yizikhulu ze-ICS enjengoSir Richard Temple futhi kamuva eyahluzwa nguSir John Woodhead, yabeka isakhiwo semisebenzi yokusiza, ukusakaza amabele, nokusekela inzuzo. Nokho, imithetho yayivame ukusetshenziswa kabi, futhi ukusabela ekuncipheni kwendlala kwakugxekwa kakhulu, njengoba nje kwasemuva kuka-Benageon, izibalo ezimbili zabantu, ezabalelwa ekubeni kube nezingozi, eziyizigidi ezintathu, ezihlanganisa wonke amakolo, ezihlanganisa isilinganiso seze.

I - ICS Nezomnotho ZaseNdiya

I-Indian Civil Service yayiyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokuthola izimali zezomnotho. Imali eyaqoqwa izikhulu ze-ICS — ezweni, empumelelweni, e-opium, emasikweni, nakwezinye imithombo — yaxhasa i-British Indian Army, imishini yokuqondisa, nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zezakhiwo. Ingxenye enkulu yalemali yabuyiselwa eBrithani futhi njengemali yehlawulo yezikhulu zaseBrithani eNdiya, ikhokhelwa impesheni, nezindleko ze-Indiya Office eLondon. Intengiselwano yezentengiselwano yemali engenisa imali enkulu emfunkweni kazwelo, yalawulwa futhi yalawulwa futhi yalawulwa izikhulu ze-ICS.

Izimiso zezomnotho ezasungulwa yi-ICS zaklanyelwa ukunikeza izithakazelo zaseBrithani. Izimiso ze-taff zamazwe aseBrithani zazivumela ukusungulwa kwezinto ezenziweyo, zilulaze imboni yamaNdiya. Izinga lokushintshana kwe-rupee lamiselwa ukuzuzisa abathuthi baseBrithani nabanikazi bezimali. I-raynethi, enye yezifemu ezibonakala kakhulu zokubusa kwamakoloni, yazakhelwa ngokuyinhloko ngenjongo yokulungisa izinto kanye nezokuhwebelana — ukuthuthelisa amabutho ngokushesha ukunqanda ukuhlubuka nokuthutha izinto ezingakhi (ibhithini, i-jute, i-iti) ezikhuphuleni zokuthumela kwamanye amazwe. Imiphumela yale ezomnotho yaseNdiya yayimisweni enzima kakhulu futhi inzima kakhulu, yayinengxenye ekuncipheni kwezeni kwezentengo yezentengo yemisebenzi, nokunga yobuswa kwemisebenzi yezentengo.

Abaphathi Be - ICS Abaphawulekayo

I-Indian Civil Service yaveza inani elikhulu labantu abaphawulekayo, kokubili abaseBrithani namaNdiya, abamisebenzi yabo ikhanyisa ubunkimbinkimbi benhlangano. Phakathi kwezikhulu zaseBrithani, uSir John Lawrence, owakhonza njengoKhomishane Omkhulu wePunjab futhi kamuva njengoViceroy, wayengumuntu oyinhloko ekuhlanganinini kokubusa kwaseBrithani ngemva kokuVukela kuka-18557. USir Henry Lawrence, umfowabo ovelele, wayeyisikhulu esivelele esafa sivikela i-British Resincy eMancred Nownow. Sir Richard Temple wayengumphathi wendlala enkulu, nakuba izimiso zakhe zazigxekwe kakhulu. USir Arthur Hirtzelth noSirlcolm Setton zaziyizikhulu zase-Indiya e-London.

Izikhulu zamaNdiya ezavelela zihlanganisa iSayendrath Tachore, eyaphula umngcele wobuhlanga ngo-1864. Sir S. Das noSir B. N. Rau zazingabaphathi abadumile ababefeza indima ephawulekayo ekuhlolweni komthetho-sisekelo. V. P. Menon wayengumphathi oyinhloko we-Sardar Patel ekuhlanganiseni amazwe ezwe ngemva kokuzimela. USir C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar wakhonza njengeDiyan of Travan, futhi wayengumuntu ophakeme kwezombangazwe zase-South India. La zikhulu zaseNdiya i-ICS, kuyilapho zikhonza izwe lasebuthweni, ngokuvamile elinobuzwe elinobuzwe futhi lisebenzisa izikhundla zamazwe azimele ekulungiseni inguquko.

IMISEBENZI Nentshumayelo

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-Popul Service yase-India nombango wokuzibusa babuphikisana kakhulu. Kwesinye isandla, i-ICS yayiyithuluzi okwathi ngalo ukuphikisa kwaseBrithani, abashisekeli bejele, futhi balondoloza ukubusa kwamakoloni. Abaholi besizwe abanjengoBal Gangadhar Tilak, uMahatma Gandhin, noJawaharlal Nehru baboshwa futhi baqulwa i-ICS. Lenkonzo yayiyisisulu esiyinhloko sokugxekwa kwesizwe, ihlaselwe ngokuthi "isihlebo sombuso" nanjengenhlangano eyayisusa amaNdiya emahhovisi aphezulu kakhulu naphezu kwezimfanelo zabo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izikhulu eziningi zaseNdiya i-ICS zaziyisekela buthule injongo yobuzwe. Ezinye zalondoloza ukuxhumana nabaholi be-Indian National Congress. Ezinye, ngemva komhlala-phansi, zangena kwezombangazwe futhi zakhonza kuhulumeni ozimele waseNdiya. Ingxabano phakathi kokukhonza uhulumeni wamakoloni nowe-Chelmford ka-19191979 kanye noHulumeni waseNdiya womthetho we-1935 yandisa ngokuqhubekayo ukumelelwa kwamaNdiya kumphathi we-prizimu nendlu yomthetho, kodwa i-ICS yahlala iyindawo ehlala i-British emazingeni aphakeme kuze kube yinkululeko. Lokhu kuphikisana phakathi kokukhonza isifundazwe saseNdiya futhi izifiso zakhona kwakuyinkinga engcono emalungwini enkonzo.

Ukuwohloka Nokushintshelwa Enkonzweni Yokuphatha YaseNdiya

Ukuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili nokuvela kwenkululeko ngo-1947 kwaphawula isigaba esibulalayo seNkonzo ye-Indiya Yesizwe. Uhulumeni weLabour eBrithani wazibophezela ekuzimeleni kwamaNdiya, futhi i-ICS yalimala phakathi konyaka ka-1946-1947. Izikhulu eziningi zaseBrithani zathatha umhlala-mhlala-phantsi noma zashiya iNdiya, kuyilapho izikhulu zaseNdiya zakha umnyombo wenkonzo yezoburhulumente waseNdiya (IAS), owamiswa ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 312 soMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya. IAS zazuza ifa elikhulu lalesi sakhiwo, i-ethos, i-ethos, nezithethe ze-ICS: isimiso somthengini, isakhiwo, isakhiwo, ukugcizelela kwezembutho wezezwe jikelele, kanye nesibopho sokungathathi zombangazwe.

Ushintsho lwalungathatheki. Ukwahlulwa kwezwe laseNdiya kwadala izinselele ezinkulu zokuphatha, njengoba i-ICS ne-IAS babephoqeleka ukuba bathuthe phakathi kwezifunda ezintsha zaseNdiya ne-Pakistan, ngokuvamile ezimweni eziyingozi. Ifa le-ICS e-IAS libonakala enkabeni eqhubekayo yomqoqi wesifunda, imibiko eyimfihlo yaminyaka yonke (i-ACRS) esetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya umsebenzi, nokugcizelela inkonzo njenge "isifushalo se-steel" sesizwe. Nokho, i-IAS isebenza emoyedwa ngokwezombangazwe — i-democricial, i-recial, i-revity esemthethweni enikezwa ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, nomphakathi okhuthele kanye nemithombo yezindaba.

Ifa Nezinso Ezingokomlando

Ifa le-Indian Civil Service liseyindaba yempikiswano enzima engokomlando. "self" ukulandisa okuthandwa yizikhulu zaseBrithani njengeLord Lloyd futhi kamuva kwaqanjwa abanye abahlaziyi bangemva kwe-Colonian, kugcizelela indima ye-ICS ekulondolozeni ukuqina, ukuvimbela ukonakala, nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle. Kulokhu, i-ICS, yayiyingcina yengcina eNdiya phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezindawo nesiphithiphithiphithiphithi. Imibiko eyasungulwayo, imibiko yezembulo, imibiko, imibiko yokuhlola, ukuhlola — yenza indawo yokwaziswa okungavamile ngomphakathi wamaNdiya, umnotho, nomphakathi.

Isikhulu salombono siye sanamandla futhi saqina. Izazi ziye zaqokomisa ubuphoqelelo, ukukhishwa, nobandlululo lobuhlanga lwe-ICS. Umsebenzi obuswa ngaphandle kwemvume yentando yeningi. Izikhulu zasebenzisa ukwahlulela okukhulu, ngokuvamile ngokungabekezeli okukhulu. Izimiso zezomnotho ezasungula iBrithani ecebile neNdiya elimpofu. "steel fam" zaziyikhonso yejele — isimiso esiklanyelwe ukuphika ukubusa kobukhoma bamaNdiya nokugcina ubunye bekolo. Indlala, ukumelana nokwehlukana, ukuxhaphaza okungokongokongoko kwezomnotho — zonke lezi zinto zazihambisana nomlando we-ICS.

Ucwaningo lwanamuhla luye lwafuna ukuhlolwa okucacile. Izikhulu ze-ICS zazingenayo imibono ehlukene kakhulu, kusukela kubalandeli abaqotho ku kuya kubashisekeli abanozwela. Inkonzo yayiyithuluzi lokuhlela nokucindezela, lokuthuthukisa nokukhipha. Izakhiwo zokuphatha ezazakha — isimiso sesifunda, isimiso somthetho, izinhlelo zemali, ukubalwa kwabantu, imisebenzi yomphakathi — kuyaqhubeka kuhlelwa ukubusa kwezwe laseNdiya elizimele. Ukuqonda i-ICS kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuphikisana nokuguquguquka kwe-DNA yezombangazwe nezokuphatha kwanamuhla.

Imithombo yangaphandle esetshenziswa kulesi sihloko inikeza umongo nemininingwane eyengeziwe. Emlandweni nasemhlelweni we-ICS, i-WRIPIP ukungenisa i-Indiya Office Common Service inikeza ukucaciswa okubanzi. [[[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] izihloko ezithi Britanica [[FLT][FLT]] [[FLT]] [FLT] inikeza isifushaniso esifingqiwe futhi esiqinile. [[FLT] [FLT] [FFFLT] i-FFFF] inguquex'.[FFFT]

Isiphetho

I-Indian Civil Service yayingenye yezinhlangano zezobuphathi ezinamandla kakhulu nezinethonya elikhulu zekhulu leshumi namashumi amabili. Kwakuyithuluzi uMbuso waseBrithani owabusa futhi wakhipha ingcebo ezweni laseNdiya cishe iminyaka eyikhulu. I-ICS yashiya uphawu olungenakucimeka ekwakheni izakhiwo ze-India, izimiso zomthetho, nezakhiwo zezomnotho. Ifa layo liyinkimbinkimbi futhi lincintisana — ingxubevange yempumelelo nokucindezelwa, ukuthuthuka nokuxhaphaza, ukuhleleka nokuphatha ngempatho. Inkonzo yayiwumkhiqizo wesikhathi sayo, ihlanganisa amandla nokwehluleka okukhulu kokuziphatha koMbuso waseBrithani. Ukuqonda iNkonzo ka-Cuniversil akuyona indlela yokulwa noma ukulahlwa kwecala, kodwa kudingekile ekuqondeni umlando omude wokubusa kwezwe lanamuhla nezinselele ezihlala zikhona, nenani elikhulu, nezwe elibusayo.