Indima Yokuhlola Nokulinganisela Ekuvikeleni Ukukhululeka Kombango

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukufakwa kwamandla kunoma yiliphi igatsha elilodwa likahulumeni. Ngokuhlukanisa igunya phakathi kwesikhulu, i-progional, ne-cated, lesisimiso sikha uhlelo lokuqondisana oluvikela ngokuqondile amalungelo omuntu ngamunye nenkululeko yomphakathi. E-United States, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuye kwasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi leyomithetho, izimiso, nezenzo zezikhulu zihlala zihambisana nesivikelo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela lezimiso ezisebenza ngayo, izisekelo zazo ezingokomlando, izimo eziyinhloko lapho zilondoloza khona inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, nezinselele zamanje ezibhekene nazo.

Ukuqonda Kuyakuhlola Futhi Kulinganisele

Ama-checks nama-accountings abhekisela kumalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo avumela igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni ukuba lilinganisele amagunya amanye. Isimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elingathatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokuhlolwa noma ukuvunyelwa elinye igatsha. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwamagunya, njengoba kushiwo nguMontesquieu futhi kamuva yi-Framers of U.S. Constitution, kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukubusa ngonya nokugcina [[FLT: 0] inkululeko ekhethekile [. Igatsha ngalinye linemisebenzi ehlukile kodwa linamathuluzi okuhlola amanye: imithetho ye-Provition yenza, isikhulu seze, futhi isikhulu sabaphathi somthetho siyawachaza. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kuvinjelwa, ngisho nakubekwa kwenkululeko.

Amagatsha Amathathu Nezinhlayiya Zawo

Imishini eqondile ifakwa embhalweni woMthetho-sisekelo futhi iye yacwengisiswa ngokusetshenziswa. Ngezansi kufushaniswe ukuthi igatsha ngalinye lisebenzelana kanjani namanye:

  • Igatsha eliphetheyo: Liphethe uhulumeni wahulumeni futhi liyale amabutho, kodwa alikwazi ukumemezela impi (iKonsorgen iphethe lawomandla). UMongameli angawukhipha umthetho, kodwa uMkhandlu ungadedela i-veto neningi eliyisithathu. UMongameli umisa futhi amajaji angokomthetho namalungu ekhathena, afanelwe ukuqinisekiswa yiSigebengu.
  • [[QT:0] Igatsha elisemthethweni:[ UKhongolo lwenza imithetho, lulawule uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, futhi lunamandla okukhipha nokukhipha izikhulu eziphethe nokwahlulela. ISigele siqinisekisa izivumelwano nokumiswa, futhi zombili izikhundla zingaqhuba uphenyo lwezenzo zezikhulu.
  • Igatsha eliphethe i-Judicial : Izinkantolo zichaza imithetho futhi zinegunya lokubukeza []. [igunya lokushaya imithetho noma iziyalezo eziphethe eziphula umthetho. Abahluleli bamaFederal basebenza ukumiswa kokuphila konke, bayivikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, kodwa igunya labo lingaphansi kwemithetho ye-athonsi.

La mandla ahlangene aqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu uyolandisa futhi avikele inkululeko yomphakathi ngokufuna ukuba amagatsha asebenzelane futhi avume izinto ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe izenzo ezibalulekile.

Imibhalo Engokomlando Nesisekelo

Abasekeli boMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. basebenzisa kakhulu ukuhlola okungokomlando nohulumeni ohlukene. Bafuna ukulungisa ubuthakathaka beZihlokwana zeConfederation kuyilapho begwema ukunqwabelana kwamandla ababewabona ezindaweni zaseYurophu. Isimiso samuva sokuhlolwa nokulinganiswa salotshwa izincwadi eziningana eziyinhloko namathonya efilosofi.

Isihluthulelo samadokhumende Omlando

  • IMagna Carta (1215): yamisa isimiso sokuthi umbusi ungaphansi komthetho, ulinganisela amandla ombuso azimele. Yasungula inqubo efanele iqinisekisa ukuthi kamuva uMelika uthonye izivikelo.
  • IBhili yamaNgisi yamaLungelo (1689): Ukubekwa kwephalamende kuqinile futhi kwabekwa amalungelo anjengokhetho oluvamile, inkululeko yokukhuluma ePhalamende, nemithetho enqabela ukujeziswa ngonya.
  • ISimemezelo saseVirginia samalungelo (1776): salawulwa uGeorge Mason, samemezela amalungelo abantu angokwemvelo nokubaluleka kokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, sithonya ngokuqondile iBhili Lamalungelo ase-U.S.
  • I-Federalist Papers (1787-1788): Uchungechunge lwezinqumo lukaHamilton, Madison, noJay ukuphikisana ngokuthakathwa komthetho-sisekelo. Umdwebi wezincwadi No. 51 ngokudume ukuthi “imfuno kumelwe yenziwe kanjani ukuba ilwisane nesifiso sokuvelela” ngemishini nangesilinganiso.
  • UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. noMbuso wamalungelo (1787-1791): UMthetho-sisekelo wakha isakhiwo sebhungane elingu-3, futhi izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zivikela ngokuqondile inkululeko yomphakathi njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, ingqungquthela, nenqubo efanele.

Le zincwadi zamisa isiko lokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni okuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye — okuyisiko eliqhubeka liguquka ngencazelo yokwahlulela nangezenzo zomthetho.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemishini Yamasheke Nokulinganisela

Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kucacisa indlela inkululeko yomphakathi evikeleka ngayo ngosuku lwenyanga.

Ukuqondisa Nokuhlela Okungokomthetho

UKhomishane uqondisa igatsha eliphethe ngokuqulwa kwezindaba zekomiti, ukuhlola, namandla esikhwama. Ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti ye House Judicary ingalalela ukuxhashazwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi okungase kwenziwe yizinhlangano zomthetho. inqubo iye yasetshenziswa ngokungenalusi kodwa ihlala iyisivikelo esibucayi ekusebenziseni amandla angekho mthethweni angathi sína: Indlu ingahlasela uMongameli, uMongameli ongumsekeli, noma ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi “ubugebengu obuphakeme nabasebenzi abangafanele,” futhi iNxazululo lwezi.

Isikhulu Sawo Nokusayina Kwawo

UMongameli angamisa umthetho odluliswa yi-Congress, avimbele izikweleti ezingase ziphazamise inkululeko ekubeni umthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaMongameli baye basebenzisa kakhulu [ izinkulumo ezimisayo [ ukuveza izimpikiswano noma izincazelo zemithetho emisha emisha. Nakuba kunezimemezelo eziphikisayo, ukusayinwa kwezandla kungabonisa ukuthi umphathi ngeke aphoqelele amalungiselelo abheka ukuthi akagunyazi umthetho, asebenza ngokuphumelelayo njengesekeli womthetho.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Namandla Enkantolo

I-examplor inhloliso yokwahlulela enamandla kakhulu ukuhlola kokwahlulela, okusungulwe kuMarbury v. Madison (1803). Leligunya livumela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuba zimemezele imithetho noma izenzo zokubusa ngaphandle kwemithetho. Uma umthetho usongela inkululeko yomphakathi njengemingcele ebekwe emazwini noma ekufuneni okungenangqondo, kungathiwa ukhona umuntu ongalifuna enkantolo. Izinqumo zeNkanto ephakeme zimisa isibopho, ziphoqelele amanye amagatsha ukuba avumelane. Ngokwesibonelo, inkantolo ibusa Mirand v. [FLT] (196]) ifuna amaphoyisa asole amalungelo awo, ukuvikela ngokuqondile ilungelo lokuzimela i-Genegamestric.

Izinhlelo ezimisayo

Amandla eSigele okuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kubahluleli bamazwe, amalungu ombuso, kanye neziphathi zezinhlangano zinikeza isheke ezinqumweni zezisebenzi eziphethe. Ngokuzifaka emadodeni ezibophweni zenkululeko yomphakathi, iSigele singavimbela abazohlolwa abangase bamelane namalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ngokufanayo, ukuqashwa kwesivumelwano kudinga ukuvota okungama-3 amabili, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izivumelwano zomhlaba jikelele azizithathi izivikelo zasekhaya.

Ukuhlola Icala: Ukuhlola Nokulinganisela Ekuvimbeleni Inkululeko Yangaphakathi

Umlando waseMelika unezibonelo eziningi lapho isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela silondoloza ngokuqondile noma sandisa inkululeko yomphakathi.Lezi zimo zibonisa ithonya elingokoqobo lemithetho evimbelayo.

Marbury v. Madison (103)

Nakuba ngokuyinhloko liphathelene namandla okuhlaziya kokwahlulela, lelicala laveza ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme ingasichitha isenzo soMkhandlu. Yabeka isisekelo sazo zonke izivikelo zokwahlulela ezilandelayo zenkululeko yomphakathi, ngoba yanikeza izinkantolo igunya lokuchaza uMthetho - sisekelo ngokumelene nezenzo zomthetho noma zezikhulu.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Lesi sinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme savumelana nesinqumo samemezela ukuhlukaniswa kohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi ezingakhethi, sigumbuqela imfundiso “ehlukene kodwa elinganayo”. Isinqumo sasiyinhlolo - mbono yokwahlulela ngokuqondile emithethweni kahulumeni eyayiphoqelele ukucwaswa kobandlululo, futhi saphoqelela igatsha eliphethe ukuba liphoqelele ukukhipha izivumelwano (umz., ngeNational Guard eLittle Rock). Isinqumo siveza indlela ijaji elingavikela ngayo amalungelo omphakathi ngisho nalapho amanye amagatsha ephuza ukwenza okuthile.

United States v. Nixon (1974)

Phakathi nehlazo laseWatergate, uMongameli Nixon wabiza ilungelo eliphetheyo lokugodla amakhasethi. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi uMongameli akangaphezulu komthetho futhi kumelwe avumelane ne-pachena. Lesi sinqumo saqinisekisa amandla omphathi wokuhlola ukufihla isikhulu futhi siqinisekise ukuvikela okuyinhloko kokubusa kwentando yeningi nenkululeko yomphakathi.

URade (1973)

Ngokuqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokukhipha isisu, iNkantolo yawulahla umthetho weTexas ovimbelayo wokukhipha isisu. Isinqumo sabonisa indima yokwahlulela ekuvikeleni ukuzibusa komuntu ngokomthetho kahulumeni, nakuba sabangela nempikiswano eqhubekayo yezombangazwe. Iseyisibonelo esinamandla sokuhlola isenzo somthetho wegatsha esingaphazamisa inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

INkantolo Ephakeme yathi umshado ongokobulili obufanayo uyilungelo eliyisisekelo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Lesi sinqumo sachitha imithetho kahulumeni nezinguquko ezazilinganisela umshado kwimibhangqwana ehlukene engokobulili obuhlukile. Isinqumo sasebenzisa ukubukezwa kokwahlulela ukuze kuvikelwe isivikelo esilinganayo namalungelo afanele, okusho ukuthi kokubili umthetho kahulumeni kanye nezinyathelo zokuvota ezazinciphise inkululeko.

Izinselele: Korematsu no - United States (1944)

Akuzona zonke izindlela zokuhlola nokulinganisela eziphumelelayo. Korematsu, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuhlolwa kwamaJapane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, ibhekisela ekufuneni izikhulu nemithetho yokulawula imfuno yezempi. Lelicala manje lilahlwa kabanzi njengokuhluleka kwejaji ukuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi. Iqokomisa ukuthi ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuphumelela kuphela lapho igatsha ngalinye lisebenzisa amandla alo ngamandla nazimele.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela

Naphezu komthetho - sisekelo, ukucindezela kwamanje kusongela ukuphumelela kokuhlola nokulinganisela ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomphakathi.

Ukuhlanyiswa Kwelanga Ne - gridlock

Ukwehlukana okukhulu kuvame ukuholela ekugogekeni kwemithetho noma ekuqondiseni izikhali. Uma i-Congress kanye noBuphathi bulawulwa yiqembu elifanayo, ukuhlola kwemithetho kungantengantenga njengoba abenzi bomthetho beqopha ukwethembeka komthetho ngokulandelana kokulandisa komthetho-mthetho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhulumeni ohlukene ungaveza i-slectrock evimbela izinguquko ezidingekile ukuze kuvinjelwe inkululeko. Umphumela uyisimiso esingase sihluleke ukusabela ekusongeleni njengokuhlola okukhulu noma ukuqapha.

Ukufinyelela Kwesikhulu Esiphethe Nesihloko Senhlangano

Omongameli banamuhla baye bandisa amandla okuphatha ngeziqondiso zezikhulu, iziqondiso zesizwe, kanye neziqu zegunya elikhulu. Imfundiso yesikhulu sokuphatha i-posit ukuthi uMongameli unegunya eliphelele phezu kwegatsha eliphethe, lingase lishaye indiva ukuqondisa kwemithetho. Uma iziyalezo zezikhulu zivimbela inkululeko yomphakathi − njengokuvinjelwa kokuhamba noma ukugadwa okungenamthetho − izinkantolo kanye noMkhandlu kumelwe ziphendule ngokunganaki. Nokho, ukulibala noma ukungathandi ukwenza isenzo kungavumela ukuphazanyiswa.

Ukunqunywa Kokwahlulela Nokulinganisela

Inqubo yokumisa amajaji kahulumeni iye yagqashuka kakhulu. Abameli ngokuvamile bakhipha amajaji anezinkomba ezivumelana nemibono yabo siqu, futhi izimpi zokuqinisekisa zeSishaya - mthetho zigxile kuyifilosofi yokwahlulela. Nakuba ukuphila kwazo konke kuvikela inkululeko yokwahlulela, ukuhlukaniswa kwezinqumo kungaholela ekubeni inkantolo ehlukaniswe ngokulandelana kwemibono, okuthinta ukuzimisela kwayo ukuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi ezicaleni eziphikisanayo.

Umbuso Ophethe Nokugunyazwa Kwamandla

Ukukhula kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni kuye kwanika igatsha elikhulu amandla abalulekile. IziKhomishane zivame ukuthumela iziphathi-mandla zokubusa ezimeleni, ezinganikeza imithetho ethinta amalungelo abantu ngokunikeza isibopho esilinganiselwe sentando yeningi. Izinkantolo ziye zahlehlisa ngokusebenzisa “imibuzo yemfundiso” ukuze kudinge ukugunyazwa okucacile kwezinguquko ezinkulu zezomnotho noma zezimiso. Nokho, ukulinganisela kuhlala kubucayi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izenzo zezinhlangano zingaphazamisa inkululeko ngaphandle kokuhlola okwanele.

Ikusasa Lama - wock Namazinga Enkathi Yezinombolo

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha, usongo olusha lwenkululeko yomphakathi lusuka kuqoqo lokwaziswa nokwenza imithetho yemithetho kuya kukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kanye nokuhlola isayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Isimiso esivamile sokuhlola nokulinganisela kumelwe sijwayele ukubhekana nalezi zinselele kuyilapho silondoloza isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuvikela Imfihlo Esikhathini Sokwaziswa

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli, kodwa ukwaziswa kwezenombolo kuveza ubunkimbinkimbi. Izinkantolo seziqale ukusebenzisa “imfundiso yesithathu eyingxenye” ngokuqapha ngokwengeziwe, ziqaphela ukuthi abantu balindele ukuba bodwa ngendlela enengqondo ekuphileni kwabo kwamanani (umz., Riley v. California ekuphenyeni ucingo). Umhlangano kumelwe udlulise imithetho ehleliwe eyimfihlo, futhi i-judiary kumelwe uyichaze ngokunemeva. Ngaphandle kwemishini enamandla, imishini yobuchwepheshe nohulumeni ingawaphula amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu.

Ukuqondisa Imisebenzi Yobuhlakani Ngokungakhethi

Izinhlelo zokuhlola zesizwe, njengalezo ezingaphansi kwe-Freige Surveillance Act (FISA), zisebenza phakathi kwesimiso sobuphathi bobuphathi nokwahlulela. Nokho, i-FISA Court ( FISC [) ziye zagxekwa ngenxa yokungahlolwa. Izinguquko ezandisa ukubonakala futhi zivumele ukubukezwa kokuzibusa zingaqinisa imishini. Igatsha lomthetho futhi kufanele liqondise iziqondiso eziqinile zezinhlangano zobuhlakani ukuze livimbele ukuxhaphaza leyo nkululeko ebandayo.

Ukunika Izakhamuzi Amandla Ngokuhlanganyela Emsebenzini

Ekugcineni, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuxhomeke ekwakhenini uhulumeni. Izikhulu zezikhulu kumelwe zizimisele ukusekela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Izikhulu zingacindezela iSishayamthetho ukuba simelane nokuphambana kwezikhulu noma siqinisekise abahluleli abahlonipha amalungelo abo. Imfundo . .(okubili ezikoleni nayinkulumo yeningi) ibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo ziyakuqonda ukubaluleka kwemibuso ehlukene nendima yazo ekulweleni inkululeko.

Isiphetho

Amasheke nama-aspect worms akuyona isivikelo esizisebenzelayo; idinga ukuqapha njalo nokuvivinya umzimba kwegatsha ngalinye nabantu. Lesimiso siye saqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukubaluleka kwaso ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomphakathi (kusuka ekuhlukaniseni amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu ukuya emishadweni elinganayo. Kodwa isalokhu isengozini yokucindezela kwezombangazwe, ukuvelela, nokunganaki okungokongalawuleki. Ukulondoloza ukusebenza okunempilo kokuhlola nokulinganisela kudinga ukuba wonke amagatsha amathathu amelane noxhaphaze, ukuthi amajaji ahlala ezimele, nokuthi izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ngentshiseko yentando yeningi kuphela ezinqubweni zentando yeningi. Isithembiso senkululeko eboshelwa yiwo wonke uMthetho-Chistom esihlala izizukulwane ezizayo zikhona.