Isimiso Esintekenteke Phakathi Kwamalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa Nokulondeka Komphakathi

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwenkululeko yomphakathi nokugcinwa komthetho bunye bezinselele ezingapheli ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Lokhu kulinganisela akuwona umkhawulo oqinile kodwa kuwukuxoxisana okunamandla okushintshana nobuchwepheshe, umuzwa womphakathi, nentando yezombangazwe. Ukulondoloza ukuhleleka ngaphandle kokudela inkululeko echaza umphakathi okhululekile idinga ukuhlolwa njalo, impikiswano efundile, nokuzimisela ukuvumelana. Lokhu kuhlola okukhudlwana kuhlola izimpande ezingokomlando, izingcindezi zanamuhla, kanye nezici zesikhathi esizayo zalempi ebalulekile, ukudweba ngokomthetho, izimpi zomthetho, imicimbi yezemithetho, kanye nezenzakalo zangempela zezwe.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Salempi

Ukungezwani phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nenkululeko yomuntu siqu kudala kune-United States ngokwayo. Ukumiswa koMthetho-sisekelo kanye nokubekwa kwemithetho yeSigqi samalungelo kwamisa imingcele ecacile ekwakheni umbuso, ikakhulukazi ekuvikelweni kweSichibiyelo sesine ekuhloleni okungenangqondo nasekuqulekeni kanye nesiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo sesihlanu senqubo efanelekile. Lezi zikhuselo zaziwukusabela okuqondile ekuxhashazweni amakoloni aseBrithani njengemvume nezindlela zokuthola usizo.

Ukuvukela KwaseMelika Nesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Abavukeli baqonda ukuthi uhulumeni onamandla, ngisho nokhethwe abantu, wayengaguqula amathuluzi awo okuqinisekisa abaphikisi. IBhill of Rights yayingesona imvume kodwa yayiyimfuneko yokwakha. Yafaka isimiso sokuthi umthetho kumelwe usebenze phakathi kwesimiso sobukhosi bomuntu ngamunye. Lokhu kusungula kwabeka iqophelo lokuhlehla kuyo yonke impikiswano elandelayo ephathelene nokuqapha, imibuso ebophayo, kanye nemingcele kahulumeni.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Ezakhamuzi

Impi yamalungelo abantu ka-1960 yabangela ukuqashelwa okukhulu. Izinhlangano zezokugcinwa komthetho ezifundazweni eziningi zawasebenzisa ngentshiseko amandla azo ukuze zicindezele ukubhikisha okungokomthetho, ukuphoqelelwa kohlanga, nokusongela abashisekeli. Ukungenela kukahulumeni ngokulandelana ngoMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964 kanye noMthetho we-Voting Rights ka-656 kwabonisa ukuthi ukuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi ngezinye izikhathi kudinga ukuba kuqashelwe imithetho yendawo. Lenkathi idalule indida: amaphoyisa angavikela futhi asongele inkululeko, kuye ngokuthi asebenzela bani.

Post-9/11 State sokulondeka

Ukuhlasela kwamaphekula ngo-September 11, 2001, kwabangela ukwanda okungakaze kubonwe kwemishini yokuqapha nokuqapha. I-USA PATRIOT Act, edluliswe ngesivinini esiphawulekayo, imingcele ekhululekile yokuthumba, yavumela “izimpawu nokulunguza”, futhi yandisa ukusetshenziswa kweNational Security Letters. Lezi zinguquko zavunyenyiswa ngesidingo sesivinini nokufihla imfihlo ekulweni kwezenzo zobuphekula, kodwa futhi zakha nezakhiwo ezingokomthetho eziphikiswa abagxeki bezimpikiswano namuhla, okwenza ukuba iqoqo lemininingwane yezimiso ezithinta izigidi zabantu abangezona izinkolelo.

Izinselele Zanamuhla EQelweni Lezentengiselwano Elilondekile

Izinga lokuqoqwa kokwaziswa, ukunemba kwamathuluzi okuhlola, nejubane lokulungisa ukwaziswa kubangela amathuba nezingozi.

Ukudla Okuningi Nokunqwabelana Kwezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Izinhlelo zokuqapha eziningi, kuhlanganise nalezo ezambulwa u-Edward Snowden ngo-2013, zabonisa ukuthi izinhlangano zokuhlakanipha kanye nezinhlangano zomthetho zingaqoqa i-metadata yezokuxhumana yalo lonke umphakathi ngaphandle kokusolana komuntu. Isisekelo esingokomthetho salezinhlelo (-USA PATRIOTT Act). I-USA PRIOTIOT 215 ye-USA i-US idingida iminyaka eminingi kuze kube yilapho inguquko yayo elinganiselwe eUSA INFUVANDR ka-2015. Kodwa iqoqo lezinhlangano eziningi liyaqhubeka ngaphansi kwezinye iziphathimandla, njengoMthetho weSishayamthetho 12333, obubusa ukuhlakanipha ngaphandle kwemvume yenkantolo ye-FISA. USSI impikiswano engundoqo iyaqhubeka: ingabe uhulumeni kudingeka abuthelekele yonke into ukuze uphekula ubuphekula, noma lokho okungasese okuzenza imibuso isivikelo kuqhubeke?

Inqubo Yokubikezela Nemithetho Yomthetho

Amathuluzi ocingo olusetshenziswayo amaphoyisa asebenza ngokubhula ngokubona kusengaphambili awehlela ukuqashelwa kobugebengu ebusweni, kwaye yathembisa ukwenza ukugcinwa komthetho kube okunempumelelo kakhulu nokunenjongo. Ngokwenqubo, la manani alandelanayo avame ukufana futhi andise amasu akhona. Ukwaziswa kokuboshwa ngokomlando kufakwa njengezindawo ezikhomba izibalo eziyingozi ngokungenakulinganiswa, kwakha indinganiso ejulisa ukungalingani. Naphezu kokubukeka kokungathathi hlangothi kwezobuchwepheshe, lezi zimiso ziphakamisa izinkathazo ezinkulu zenkululeko yomphakathi. Ilungelo lokukhululeka ekufuneni okungacabangeli okungakholekiyo lisongelwa uma uhlelo lwekhomputer, hhayi isikhulu esingumuntu, sinquma ukuthi ubani ozohlolwa ngaphandle.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamandla Nokulandisa

Ukufa kukaMichael Brown, u-Eric Garner, uGeorge Floyd, nabanye abaningi kwabangela ukubhikisha kwembulunga yonke ngobudlova bamaphoyisa. Imfundiso yokuvikeleka okufanelekayo, evikela izikhulu ezinkantolo zomphakathi ngaphandle kokuba zeqe “umthetho omiswe ngokusobala”, iye yagxekwa njengesithiyo sokulandisa. Imizamo yokuguqula noma ukuqeda ukuvikelwa kokuzivikela okufanelekayo iye yanqandwa ezindlini eziningi zombuso naseSixvandleni sase-U. Okwamanje, amakhamera endikimba kanye namabhodi abaphathi bezomthetho abekwe ezindaweni eziningi, kodwa ukuphumelela kwawo kuxhomeke ekubekeni obala, ekuqinisekiseni, nasekuthembeni umphakathi.

Izinkundla Zempi Ezingokomthetho

Ukwenza imithetho kuyinkundla eyinhloko lapho kuhlanganiswa khona ukulinganisela phakathi kwenkululeko nokulondeka.

Umthetho We - USA Ophathelene Nezinqumo Zawo

Ngo-2001, i-PATRIOT Act yandisa ikhono likahulumeni lokuhamba ngentambo, ukuthola amarekhodi ebhizinisi, kanye nama-astveril angewona amagugu. Amalungiselelo ayo amaningi ayengezesikhashana kodwa ayegunyaziwe ngokuphindaphindiwe. I-USA INFUX Act ka-2015 yamelela udwendwe olungavamile, oluqeda iqoqo elikhulu locingo lwezimetameta ngaphansi kwe-Ctempost 215. Nokho, abagxeki baphawula ukuthi isenzo salondoloza ezinye iziphathimandla eziningi zokuhlola futhi sasungula ezintsha, njengamandla okuqoqa imetam ye-metam ngesikhathi sangempela ngaphansi kwe-Nguqulo-PROGUS, ehlasela abantu abangebona ukuthi i-US.

Imithetho engokomthetho yezindaba eziyimfihlo zikahulumeni

Ikhungathekile yi-inaction kahulumeni, izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho yazo siqu neyokuguqula amaphoyisa. I-Electronic Communications Ancy Act yaseCalifornia idinga imvume yokuthola i-electronic nemininingwane yendawo. I-Illinois Bimetric Information Answectal Act (BIPA) ilinganisela ukuqoqwa kwemisebe ye-biometric. Lemithetho kazwe idala umsebenzi onzima ongase ube nzima ukuba umthetho ulwenze ungene kodwa futhi unikeze iziviviselo oluqinile. Ukungabikho komthetho wezindaba ezibanzi zezindaba zomphakathi kusho ukuthi ukulinganisela phakathi kwenkululeko nokulondeka kunqunywe ngokwezinga likahulumeni.

Ukumiswa Kwezinguquko Kwamaphoyisa

I-George Floyd Justice in Policing Act ka-2021, eyadlula ku-2021 kodwa yamiswa eSigele, yayizovala izibambi, ukuvinjelwa okulinganiselwe, nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa okugunyaziwe okuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwegunya. Nakuba ingazange ibe umthetho, amalungiselelo ayo aye athathwa njengemithetho yezindawo ezithile nomasipala. Ukwehluleka kwenguquko yezwe kugcizelela ukuhlukana okujulile kwezombangazwe ezizungezeni zokulinganisela isidingo sokusebenza ngokuphumelela kwezakhamuzi ekuxhashazweni.

Ukwethenjwa Umphakathi Negebe Elingokomthetho

Lapho imiphakathi ibheka ukugcinwa komthetho njengokungafanele, okungalawuleki, noma okungenakulinganiswa, ukubambisana kuyawohloka futhi kubangela ukulondeka.

Izinkulumo Ezingenangqondo Ezidayiswayo Nemibono Eshintshayo

Izindaba ezingamahora angu-24 nezokuxhumana ziye zandisa kokubili izenzakalo zokuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa nemizamo yokuguqula. Amavidiyo okuboshwa ngobudlova noma ukudubula angathatha igciwane, abangele ukuthukuthela okusheshayo nokufuna ushintsho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izindaba zezisulu zobugebengu zisetshenziselwa ukuphikisa ukuqiniswa kwemithetho. Lendawo yokwaziswa ehlukene yenza kube nzima ngomphakathi ukuba ukwakheka kwemibono okungaqondakali. Ukuthembela komthetho kuye kwehla kanye nemigqa yezombangazwe, namaRepublican aveza ukuqiniseka okukhulu kakhulu kune Democrats noma abantu abazimele, ngokwe-allupling.

Ukuphatha Umphakathi Njengethuluzi Lokulinganisela

Ifilosofi yokwakha ubuhlobo phakathi kwezikhulu nezakhamuzi ukuze kuxazululwe izimbangela eziyinhloko zobugebengu, kuye kwachazwa njengendlela yokulinganisela ukugcinwa komthetho ngokuhlonipheka ngamalungelo. Ubufakazi bokuphumelela kwawo buxubene, kodwa izinhlelo ezigcizelela ukuphumelela kwezinyawo, ukuxazulula izinkinga, nokungaphoqeleli muntu zingathuthukisa ukuqondwa komthetho. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi amaphoyisa omphakathi kumelwe abe qotho kunokuba abonise ubudlelwane nomphakathi. Ngaphandle kokulandisa nokuzenzela izinqumo, ngisho nezinhlelo ezizinzile zingahluleka.

Ukutholakala kokubona ngale nemininingwane

Abasekeli benkululeko yomphakathi baphikisa ngokuthi ukukhanya kwelanga kubulala izibulala magciwane ezingcono kakhulu. Ukutholakala komphakathi emarekhodini amaphoyisa angalungile, ukuthatha ikhamera, nokusebenzisa ukwaziswa okuphoqelelwe kudingekile ukuze kuqashelwe. Izizwe eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho evimbela ukutholakala komphakathi emibhalweni enikeza isiyalo, ukucaphuna izikhalo zezikhulu zezindaba zomuntu siqu. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokubonana nokungafihli kwezikhulu ngokwazo kungokunye okuyingxenye yempikiswano enkulu. Nokho, ukutholakala kocwaningo olukhulayo kubonisa ukuthi uma izinhlangano eziqondisa umthetho ziveza ngokusobala ngezenzo zazo, izikhalo ngokumelene nezikhulu futhi ukuthemba umphakathi kuyakhula.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ezibucayi

Ukuhlola izenzakalo ezithile kwembula indlela izimiso ezicatshangelwayo ezisebenza ngayo ngaphansi kokucindezeleka.

Ukuqhumisa Kwebhomu EBoston

Phakathi nokuhlolwa kwezelamani ze Tsnarev, ukugcinwa komthetho kwasebenzisa inhlanganisela yokuhlola izindiza, ithala lamalayisense, indawo yokulahla izingcingo zocingo nezithombe ezivela kubantu ababukele. Izithombe zombhekiso osolwayo opholile zazibalulekile, kodwa iziphathimandla zacela umphakathi ukuba uthumele izithombe namavidiyo zokwenza ukubambisana kokuzithandela okuphakamisa imibandela eyimfihlo embalwa kuneqoqo elingenamvume. Ngemva kokuba kutholakale izinsolo, izikhulu zavala lonke idolobha laseBoston amahora amaningi, isinqumo esabangela ukuphikisana ngokuthi igebebese ehlwiweni kwenkululeko yombangokwabantu. I-okhilostbostbe yayiphumelela ngempela, kodwa yabeka isibonelo sezimiso zokuphepha ezinkulu ezingagunyazwa ezingekho ngokomthetho.

Inhlangano Ephilayo Emnyama Inendaba

Kusukela ngo-2014, imibhikisho yeBLM iye yafuna ukuba kubekwe icala lobudlova bamaphoyisa nenguquko yezimiso. Isicelo senhlangano sokuzifaka “ekuvuleni amaphoyisa” siye saqondwa kabanzi; abasekeli abaningi bafuna ukuqondisa ukuxhasa ukuxhaswa kwemali ezinkonzweni zezenhlalakahle kanye nokusabela kwezempilo kwengqondo okunganciphisa umthwalo kubaphathi abahlomile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinhlangano zomthetho ziphikisa ngokuthi ukuziqhayisa ngokwazo kungadala izingozi zokuphepha komphakathi, kubangele ukuxabana kwamandla aphakeme kakhulu nabaqondisi bamademoni. Umbano phakathi kwelungelo lokuhlangana nesidingo sokugcina ukuhleleka kweze kuhlale kuhleli kungenakulungiswa, kanti amadolobha amukela izindlela zokuvuma imvume, izigwebo, nokusebenzisa izikhali ezingasetshenziswangalawuli kakhulu.

Ukuhleleka kwempilo yomphakathi kwe-COVID-19

Lolubhadane lwaphoqelela ohulumeni ukuba balinganisele inkululeko yabo ngabanye mayelana nempilo ehlangene. Ukumiswa kwemithetho yokuhlala emakhaya, izifihla - buso, nokuvalwa kwezebhizinisi ngokungafani, kusukela ezinhlamvwini ezixwayisayo kuya ezingcangweni zobugebengu. Nakuba ochwepheshe abaningi bezempilo baphikisa ngokuthi inkululeko yomphakathi kumelwe ivele okwesikhashana phakathi nenkinga yesikhathi esisodwa esiphakathi kwempi, abaphikisi babheka ukuvinjelwa njengokukhutshekelwa kwemithetho njengokwanda okuyingozi kwamandla kahulumeni. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zasekela iziyalezo ngaphansi “kwesisekelo esiqinile”, kodwa okuhlangenwe nakho kwembula indlela ukulinganisela okungashintsha ngokushesha ngayo phakathi kwezimo eziphuthumayo, futhi indlela okunzima ngayo ukubuyisela amalungelo ngemva kokuba beye bancishisiwe.

Imikhawulo Yesikhathi Esizayo

Njengoba umphakathi uguquka, ubuchwepheshe obusha nezingcindezi zezombangazwe ezingokwesayensi kuyoqhubeka kubekela ukulinganisela inselele.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuyenziwe Nemithetho Yokulinganisa

Ukuqashelwa kobuso obune-ai, ukuqashelwa kwezenhlala-khaya, nokubikezela ukugcinwa komthetho kakade sekusetshenziswa yizinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kolwazi lomphakathi noma ukuqondisa kwemithetho. Umthetho we-II ohlongozwayo we-European Union ungazibekela imingcele eqinile ekuzibonakaliseni kwangempela kwezimiso zesayensi yomphakathi, kodwa i-United States ayinakho uhlelo olufanayo lwe-guasensialm. Ingozi iwukuba izimpawu zemithetho yezenzwe ziyokucwasa ngokwesilinganiso, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlukanisa kwenkululeko yomphakathi ukuqaphela nenseleleko. Izimfuneko eziqinile zokubona ukukhanya, izibalo ezizimele, kanye nokungagunyaziswe ekusetshenzisweni kwemvume yokuhlola i-AIP kucishe kube yindawo enkulu yempi elandelayo.

Ukubheka Izindaba Zomuntu Siqu Ngamazwe

Ukuqhathanisa izindlela zokuhlola amazwe ngamanye kungazisa umthetho wase-U.S.. I-General Data Protection Regial (GDPR) inikeza abantu amalungelo aqinile ngemininingwane yabo, kuyilapho i-UK’s Investigatory Power Act (i-Snooper’s Charter”) inikeza amandla aphelele okuhlola ukugcinwa komthetho. Kumazwe entando yeningi anjenge-Jalimane, isivikelo somthetho-mthetho wesiphephelo kanye nesivikelo semininingwane yezokwaziswa esizimele siye savimbela amaphoyisa ukuba achukulule. Ngokuhlola ukuthi iziphi izinto ezisebenzayo nehlulekayo, i-U.S. Abenzi bemithetho bangagwema amaphutha futhi bamukele imikhuba emihle kakhulu njengokufuna izivumelwano zomthetho zokubekwa kwezindawo, njengoba kwenza inkantolo ye-mthetho ye-Jalimane.

Izifanekiso zokuphepha ezigcinwe ngezimoto zomphakathi

Okunye okungasetshenziswa kumaphoyisa angokwesiko yizinhlelo zokuvikela umphakathi ezinganciki kubaphathi abahlomile kuyo yonke inkinga. Ukungenela kwempi okunezisebenzi zezengqondo, abameli bempi yababaleki, nokulungisa izinhlelo zobulungisa kunikeza izindlela zokusingatha ukulimala ngaphandle kokuqinisa isimo somthetho. Lezi zihlongozo zokuziphendulela nokuphulukisa ngokulandela isijeziso, futhi zihlonipha inkululeko yomphakathi ngenxa yokuthi azihileli ukuphoqelelwa kukahulumeni. Imiphumela yangaphambili evela emadolobheni anjengo-Eugenean, i-Oregon (KAHOTS) ne-DENCER (isimiso somthetho) isikisela ukuthi ukuchezukisa izenzakalo eziphansi ezibekwa umthetho zinganciphisa ukuboshwa nokuthuthukisa isijeziso somphakathi. Ukuhlelwa okunjalo kuyodinga ukukhokhwa kwezombangazwe nokuzimisela ukuphuma ekuhleleni imali emalini amaphoyisa, ukunyakaza okuhlala kulokhu kuseyimpikiswa.

Isiphetho: Inkulumo Engapheli

Akukho mpendulo yokugcina embuzweni wokuthi inkululeko okumelwe yenzelwe ukuvikelwa kangakanani. Ukulinganisela akuyona inqubo ethatha indawo kodwa kuyindlela eqhubekayo yokuxoxa edinga isizukulwane ngasinye ukuhlola izingozi zaso, izindinganiso, namakhono. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi uma ukwesaba kulawula, inkululeko ilula ukunikezela; uma ukwethembana kuqinile, amalungelo angavikelwa ngisho naphakathi kwezinkinga. Inselele yomphakathi wentando yeningi ukukha izinhlangano eziphumelelayo nezinesibopho, ezivikela abasengozini kanye neningi. Isibopho somphakathi, ukuqondisa komthetho womthetho, ukuhlola, nokubona izakhiwo zamathuluzi okugcina ukulinganisela. Njengoba ezobuchwepheshe ziqhubeka nokusongela, impikiswano phakathi kwenkululeko yomphakathi nomthetho womthetho iyakukhula ngokuphuthuma kakhulu futhi ibaluleke kakhulu ekulondolomeni kwentando yentando yeningi.