Izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho zithinta cishe zonke izimboni. Nakuba izimpikiswano zezentengiselwano nezimpoqo zingagwegwesi kunoma yiziphi izingxabano ezibangelwa ukusungula izinto, ukusungula, kanye nenani lobuchwepheshe. Kusukela ezingeni ezingokomthetho zokudayisa ukudayiswa kohlobo lwe-edumetic nolwezikhangiso lwemisebenzi yokuqala, lezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho zithinta cishe zonke izimboni. Nakuba ukuxoxisana nokuququda kungaxazulula izimpikiswano eziningi ngaphandle kokuhileleka kwenkantolo, ukuhlelwa kwemizwana okuqinile kokuncintisana kwemizwano yomphakathi kubalulekile uma amaqembu engenakufinyelela isivumelwano. Inqubo ye-omfantulls org / inqubo efuna ukuzwa kwemithetho ekhethekile noma izikhulu ezifuna ukubukwayo, imicimbi engokomthetho, futhi ikhiphe imibandela engokomthetho engokomthetho, futhi iqhubeke iveza imibandela yomthetho ye-IP futhi igcine ubuqotho bezinto ezingokwenhlala kuyo. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela yomphakathi esisebenza ngayo.

Ukuqonda Ukunqandwa Kwemvelo Endaweni Yemvelo

Ukuqambana kwe-IP kubhekisela enqubweni engokomthetho engokomthetho enziwa ngamajaji noma amajaji angakhethi. Ngokusho i-jaji noma amajaji .Izixazululo phakathi kwamaqembu azimele mayelana namalungelo awo, izibopho, noma izikweleti. Enkundleni ye-IP, lezimpikiswano zingahlanganisa ukumangalelwa kokujeziswa, imibuzo ephathelene nokufaneleka noma ukugunyazwa kwemvume noma uphawu, izimpikiswano ngokubekwa kwemvume noma ukusungulwa kwesakhiwo, noma iziphakamiso zokuphula izivumelwano eziyimfihlo. Ngokungafani nokuvinjelwa kobugebengu, okulethwa nguhulumeni futhi okungaphumela ekuboshweni noma ekuboshweni, ukumiswa kwemifela ezindaweni ezilimele ukulimala, ukuhlelwa kwemvume yokunqandwa okuqhubekayo, ukuhlelwa kwemvume yokuncishwa kokuphazanyaniswa kwezivumelwano, nokuca amalungelo engokomthetho.

Ukuhluka Komthetho We - IP Owesigebengu

Isilinganiso esincane sokwephulwa kwe-IP , esinjengendinganiso yangamabomu yokukhipha amaphepha noma ukukhomba amaphawu okubangela izijeziso zobugebengu. Nokho, izingxabano eziningi ze-IP zingokwemvelo. Indinganiso yomthetho womthetho iwubufakazi obuqanjiwe (kunokuba akunjalo), obuphansi kunezinga lobugebengu elingenakungabaza okunengqondo. Ukunqandelwa komthetho womthetho futhi kunikeza izinkantolo eziningi zamakhambi avumelanayo: izindleko zemali (inzuzo ezisebenzayo, inzuzo, noma inzuzo enengqondo), imiyalo (isikhashana noma ehlala njalo), futhi kwezinye izimo inciphaza izindleko zomthetho. Lokhu kwenza izinkantolo zibe nezinkantolo eziyinhloko zemali ezisezingeni eziqondiswe ekuqondisweni.

I - discrialial Framess nezinkantolo Ze - IP Ezikhethekile

E-United States, amacala agunyaziwe nawamalungelo ombhali awela ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni kuphela, kuyilapho izimpikiswano eziyimfihlo zokuhwebelana zingabekwa enkantolo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni, kuye ngokuthi kushiwo yini. Amazwe amaningi asungule izinkantolo ze-IP ezikhethekile noma izigaba phakathi kwezimiso zawo zokwahlulela zokusingatha ubunkimbinkimbinkimbi balezi zimo. Ngokwesibonelo, iUnited Kingdom’s Intetatalitating Inprise Momement Court (IEC) inikeza intervement, izindleko zemali yempahla encane, kuyilapho iNkantolo ye-U. iNkantolo ye-Federal yezokukhampatho yezentengiselwano engokomthetho izwa zonke izikhalo ezisemthethweni ezweni lonke. [i-FUdictivession:]

Ukubukeka Okuvamile Kwe - IP

Impikiswano engokomthetho ngokuqondene nempahla yengqondo iqhubekela phambili ngezigaba eziningana ezihlukene, ngayinye eklanyelwe ukuhlanganisa izindaba, ukuqoqa nokuhlola ubufakazi, futhi ekugcineni ixazulule impikiswano. Nakuba imithetho eqondile ihluka ngokwemithetho, isisekelo sihlala sivumelana ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho ovamile nezomthetho wezwe. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kusiza abaphethe amalungelo kanye nezingasetshenziswa ekuhloleni izindleko, izingozi, namathuba abalulekile ahilelekile.

Ukukhohlisa Nokuhola: Ukulungisa Ingxabano

Icala liqala lapho ummangalelwa ethi uphikisiwe noma ufuna isimemezelo samalungelo noma esinye isikhalo secala elifanele. Ukukhononda kumelwe kumise isisekelo esingokomthetho secala, kuphawule i-IP ngelungelo ephumayo (umz., inombolo esemthethweni, ukubhalisa, noma umsebenzi osemthethweni), futhi ihlonze izenzo eziqondile zokuphula umthetho noma ukuziphatha okungalungile. Ummangalelwa ube esefaka impendulo, aphendule impikiswano ngayinye futhi aphakamise noma iziphi iziphetho zokuzivikela, njengokungagunyazi, njengokungagunyazi, ukusetshenziswa ngokungakhethi, noma izintambo zommangalelwa. Ezimweni eziningi, ummangalelwa angase aphikise amahele, afune isimemezelo esingawahluzi noma amelene nokuvivinyanisa i-IP. I-IP egunyaza nezikhohlo.

Ukutholakala Nobufakazi

Ukuthola izinhlelo ngokuvamile kuyisimo esithatha isikhathi esiningi sokuhlobana nokubiza kakhulu kwe-IP ezimweni zomphakathi. Izingxenye ngazinye zingacela amabhukwana, ukubuza, ukuvuma, nokufaka kofakazi. Ezimweni ezisemthethweni, ukushintshisana kwamaphepha obuchwepheshe , ukuchaza, ukuchaza, nokuhlela, kanye nezincwadi zezincwadi zokucwaninga ezibonisa izicelo zomuntu. Ukuthola i-electroniction (ukufihla) kuye kwaba okubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba amaqembu kumelwe akhiqize imiyalezo, kanye nezinye izingxoxo zemishini ezingaveza ubufakazi bokuchachachacha ngamabomusholo noma ulwazi lwe-IP. Izicelo zokuthola izicelo ngokuvamile ziwumba ngokushisa. Imishini ye-procraclue eyimfihlo iyithuluzi lokulalela eU. I-USPigrounign, lapho ichaza khona i-procracture iziphazation zenkantolo ze-Plactive. [ignfign]

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambi Kwezikhathi: Ukucacisa Izindaba

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, amaqembu avame ukuthatha amafayela aklanyelwe ukuxazulula ezinye noma zonke impikiswano ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuzwa sobala. Ukunyakaza kwesahlulelo esifingqiwe kubalulekile kakhulu: uma inkantolo inquma ukuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela nganoma yiliphi iqiniso elibonakalayo, umahluleli angase akhiphe isahlulelo njengendaba yomthetho, aqede ngokuphumelela. Ezinye izinyathelo ezivamile zangaphambi kwempi zihlanganisa ukuthatha izinyathelo zokulahla ukumangalela, ukuthatha inyathelo lokudlulisa indawo, ukuthatha imiya ngokususa ukukhipha ubufakazi obungochwepheshe (Izinkantolo ze-Daubertry eU.S.), kanye nokuthatha imicimbiso yokulinganisela ubufakazi obuthile. Ubuciko bunganciphisa kakhulu izindleko zesigaba sangaphambi kohlelo.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Nokwahlulela

Uma icala liqhubeka liqulwa, abahilelekile banikeza ubufakazi babo kanye nezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho kulokhu kuthatha ibhentshi noma ijaji. Ukuqulwa kwecala le-IP kuvame ukuhlanganisa ubufakazi obungochwepheshe bokwakha, ukuphikiswa, ukuhlaziywa, ukulimaza, isimo sobuciko bangaphambili. Icala lingathatha kusukela ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kuya emasontweni ambalwa, kuye ngasemasontweni ambalwa, kuxhomeke ekutheni kuyinkimbinkimbi. Ekuphethe, inkantolo ikhipha isahlulelo esingahlanganisa ukuphambanisa ukuchanyuselwa noma ukuphazanyiswa, ukufaneleka kwe-IP, kanye nekhambi elifanele. Isinqumo singaba yisinqumo esibophakamelayo, esihambisana nokudluliswa.

Ukunxusa: Ukuphela Nokufika Kwangaphambili

Nganoma yimuphi umkhakha wecala ungadlulisa isinqumo senkantolo equlunayo. Izikhalo zilinganiselwe empikiswaneni yomthetho, hhayi eqinisweni, ngaphandle kokuba ukutholwa okuyiqiniso kwenkantolo ephansi kunephutha. E-United States, izikhalo eziningi ezigunyaziwe ziya eNkantolo yamacala e-Federal Friestal, kuyilapho izicelo zomgunyazo nezigunyaza izikhungo zilandela izinkantolo zesifunda. Ukudlulisa amacala kungaba inqubo ende, kodwa izinqumo ezicaciswayo ngokuvamile zicacisa izindinganiso ezibalulekile zomthetho, zinikeza isiqondiso sezezezomthetho we-IP yesikhathi esizayo futhi zithuthukise ukusungulwa komthetho we-IP.

Ukubaluleka Kokunqandwa Kwempahla Yomphakathi Ngokuphoqelelwa Kwezinto Ezifundwayo

Ukuqamba umbango kusiza imisebenzi eminingi engenakuthathelwa indawo esendaweni ezungezile ye-IP. Ngaphandle kwenqubo ethembekile yokuqinisekisa, amalungelo akhethekile anikwa abasunguli, abadali, kanye nemishini angalahlekelwa inani labo. Ikhono lokumangalela ukugxambukela alilona nje ikhambi lokulimaza esikhathini esidlule.

Ukuzifihla Nokuthuthukisa

Ithuba lokubekwa kwecala lomphakathi likhubaza abangase baphazanyiswe ekukopisheni noma ekusebenziseni kabi imisebenzi evikelwe. Uma amabhizinisi azi ukuthi umnikazi wamandla angathola umyalo owandulelayo wokunqanda umsebenzi noma ukubuyisa umonakalo omkhulu, basengozini kakhulu yokutshala ukucwaninga kokuqala nentuthuko kunokusekela ukutshala imali kwabanye. Ngakho ukusekela umthetho-mgomo nenkambiso yokuthuthukisa intuthuko kwesayensi nobuciko obuwusizo.

Izindlela Zokwelapha: Ukungahlangani, Umonakalo, Nokunganeliseki Kwenzuzo

Izinkantolo zomphakathi zinendlela ebanzi yokulungisa amakhambi afanelana nezimo. Zombili iziqabuzo zesikhashana ezivimbela imiyalo kanye neziyalo ezihlala njalo, zivame ukunqanda inzuzo yabanye abantu be-IP ngoba ivala ukugxambukela okuqhubekayo emikhondweni yazo. Amakhambi ahlanganisa [[ umonakalo ongokoqobo [ (ukulahlekelwa okubangelwa yi-IP numnikazi), inzuzo (lapho ukudamba okungamethathiwe kungayi e-IP), futhi [FLT:] ukulimaza okungenabukhali, [FFFF:] [5]] [effect:] [empempempe, [enye inzuzo engaphezulu] [e, i-ftruption, i-frust, ingavumela ukukhohdrola okunga, futhi inzuzo, futhi ilungile][3]

Ukumisa Umthetho We - IP Ocacile

Ukwahlulela komphakathi okuye kwakhishwa kusiza indikimba yomthetho we-IP wokwahlulela okuqondisa ukuziphatha kwesikhathi esizayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinqumo zokukwazi ukukhomba (umz., [[FLT: 0]]] ukuhlola okungaphezulu kokubili kokuhlola i-software ] noma ukusetshenziswa okulungile komgunyathi wobukhomfakela (umz., ukusetshenziswa kokuguqula ukuhlaziywa [kuka-"FLT:2]] Google v. NAMELY[FF:3]]) kusungula imingcele ethinta zonke izimboni. Ngakho ukuncitshiswa komphakathi akusoli kuphela ukuxazululwa okusheshayo okunciphisa ukungaqiniseki kwesikhathi esizayo. [FLT:][FLT]

Izinselele Nokucatshangelwa Kwe - IP Engaphucuzeki

Naphezu kwendima yayo ebalulekile, ukuphikisana kwezakhamuzi ngezingxabano ze - IP kubhekene nezinselele ezibalulekile ezingase zinciphise ukuphumelela kwayo, ikakhulukazi kubadlali abancane nakumongo obhekene nomngcele onqamulayo.

Izindleko Eziphakeme Neziqhubeka Ngebanga Elide

I-IP ibiza kakhulu. Izindleko zokuthola, ofakazi abangochwepheshe, kanye nemisebenzi yokuzihlela zingaba nezigidi zamaRandi kalula ukuze kuqalwe indaba esemthethweni. Izindleko ezincane neziphakathi kwe-(STMEs) kanye nabasunguli ngabanye bangase bakuthole kuvimbela ukuphoqelela amalungelo abo, ngisho noma inzuzo yawo inamandla. Lokhu kungaholela ekuphumeleni ezindlekweni zezimali eziqhutshwa yizimali kunokuba kufakwe ngokomthetho. Izindleko zokukhuluma ngezindleko zihlanganisa ukutholakala kwezinqubo [ ezincane ezishaya imvumeni ezithile (g., i-U.S. ibhodi elincane le-ocesteryboard) ne-onqabela i-omfa yohlobo lwe-USCC.

Ubunkimbinkimbi Bezobuchwepheshe Nendima Yobufakazi Obuqaphile

Izimpikiswano ze-IP zivame ukudinga ukuba inkantolo iqonde imiqondo ethuthukisiwe yezesayensi, yezobuchwepheshe, noma yezobuciko. Abahluleli nabahluleli abangaqeqeshiwe kumelwe bathembele kakhulu kofakazi abangochwepheshe ukuze bachaze amagama, ukuhlaziywa, nokuphikiswa kwemiklamo engaphambili. Indima yokugcina amasango enkantolo (_ifuna ubufakazi obungokolwazi buthembekile nobubalulekile.). Inkantolo ePhakathi ye-U.S. i-ONkakhulu yenze isinqumo [FLT:]] . [FT][3]

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwesiphambano Nezinselele Zokuvinjelwa

Ilungelo lempahla eliyikho nje indawo, kodwa ukuphazamisa ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa amazwe amaningi. Umkhiqizo owodwa ungakhiqizwa kwelinye izwe, uthengiswe kwelinye, futhi usebenzise isoftware esungulwe kwelinye i-operater. Ukuhlomelana kwesizwe kwelinye izwe kungase kunganikezi ukukhululeka ekuphazamiseni umsebenzi kwelinye izwe. Nakuba izivumelwano ezinjengeTRIPS Aption ne-Parconition elinganiselwe yase Paris, izimiso zokuphoqelela zihlala zihlukene. Isitolo (aphonsign projects) quences ezikhethe isilinganiso esingcono kakhulu sokufuna kwazo. Izivumelwano eziwumhlaba wonke njenge-atribitration ne-WPONT'sss zingenza inqubo yokunquma ehlangene yempikiswano yempikiswano ebanzi, kodwa lezi zidinga ukuvumelana kweqembu. [FLD:][FPTP][1]

Enye Impikiswano: Ukukhipha Isinqumo, Ukukhipha Isinqumo, Nokwahlulela Kwangasese

Ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko nokungabethi-shintshwa kwemvume, izingxabano eziningi ze-IP zixazululwa ngesinqumo esihlukile sempikiswano (ADR). I-Mediation, lapho umsizi ongathathi hlangothi esiza izingxabano ukuba zihlangane, kungasiza izibopho ukuba zilungise ibhizinisi futhi zinikeze izixazulu zokusungula izinto ezingagunyazi. I-Arbitration, lapho ummeli wasese we-IP ephikisanayo ekhipha isinqumo esibophekayo, unikeza ukufihla inqubo, futhi ngokuvamile inqumo. Ezinye izimboni zihlanganisa iziphakamiso zokuvala imishane ezivumelwano. Nokho, i-ADR ingase ingakufaneleki lapho iqembu lidinga isenzakalo esingokomthetho noma lapho usizo luphuthuma. Umthetho womphakathi ne-ADR lunikeza ukuvumelana ngokubambisana; izinkantolo ezingokwahlukene futhi zikhuthaza ngisho nokuvinjwa kwezezindaba.

Imikhuba Yamuva Nokubukeka Okushintshashintshayo

Indima yokuzingelwa kwemizwa ye - IP iyaqhubeka ishintsha ngobuchwepheshe, ezentengiselwano zomhlaba wonke nangefilosofi yokwahlulela.

Ubuciko Bokwenza Nokusebenza Kwe - IP

Izimiso zokufunda i-Al nomshini ziphakamisa imibuzo emincane mayelana nomsunguli, ukubhala, nokuphikiswa. Izinkantolo ziqala ukuzama ukuthi imisebenzi ye-Al-geneved ingagunyazwa yini futhi ukuthi ukuqeqeshwa kwe-Al kungukuphula umthetho we-IP okhona futhi zidinga ukunqunyelwa komphakathi ukuze kucaciswe. Izinqumo zakuqala, njenge-U.S. iHhovisi lombhali wezithombe ezibhalwe phansi ngaphandle kombhali wabantu, uphawu lokuthi izinkantolo zizoba nendima enkulu ekuchazeni i-IP enkathini ye-AlP.

Ukungalingani komzimba kanye [[FLT: 0] nokusebenza kwesakhelo

Kusukela ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-2014 i-Alice ku-CLS Bank, izinkantolo zase-U.S. ziye zachitha izinhlelo ze-software eziningi nezindlela zebhizinisi ezisemthethweni njengezinto ezikhombayo. Ukungaqiniseki okuye kwaholela ekuhlolweni kokuzimela ngokusemthethweni, kanye nezinkantolo zesifunda ezinyusela izinqumo. I-Federal zungezane neNkanto ephakeme iyaqhubeka icwenga icwethelisa ama-steeter amaphuzu angekho mcazeliciso, nokuhlolwa komphakathi kulokhu kulokhu kuyikhombanga eyinhloko yezinqumo ezingokomthetho ezibucayi.

Ukudayiswa Kwemali Yokuhweba Nokubulala Nge - Internet

Ukukhula kwe-ecommerce ne-commustism kuye kwandisa amathuba okuphikiswa nokuncitshiswa kwemisebe. Izinkantolo kumelwe zisebenzise ukuhlaziya okungokwesiko okungaqondakali kokuxubana ne-mongo entsha, njengokukhangisa okuyinhloko, ukukhangisa ngamagama aphambili, ukuphikisana kwezindawo, nokuthengisa ngethonya. Ukufushaniswa komphakathi futhi kuhlanganisa amakheli e-inthanethi ngaphansi kwe-FUNCT Common-Reconvery Policy (UDRP) nenqubo efanayo, enikeza inqubo yokudasi-adic engaphandle kwezinkantolo ezingokwesiko.

Ukuthenga Nokushintsha Kwezinto Eziyimfucumfucu

Abamangaleli bamaProtent baye bafaka amacala emilandu ngokomlando ezifundeni ezaziwayo ngemithetho eqinile neyamadokisi asheshayo − edume kakhulu eMpumalanga yeTexas. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ku-TC Heartland v. Kraft Foods isendaweni elinganiselwe esizweni sokufaka i-palitiki noma lapho ummangalelwa enendawo yebhizinisi evamile nemisiwe khona, inciphisa ukuthenga. Imiphumela yale nguquko iyaqhubeka nokuzivumelanisa nokuguqula kwemidanti njengemithetho ye-proclective.

Isiphetho

Ukuthungatha imingcele kuseyisisekelo sesinqumo sempikiswano yempahla ekhona. Inikeza inqubo esekelwe enqubeni, esekelwe ebufakazini yokuqapha amalungelo e-IP, ukuthumba izisulu zokugqebezwa, nokucacisa imingcele yamalungelo akhethekile. Naphezu kwezindleko zayo eziphakeme nokuyinkimbinkimbi kwemiklamo, ayikho enye indlela enikeza igunya elibophayo, amakhambi abanzi, nenqubo yomphakathi enikezwa yizinkantolo zomphakathi. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nezentengiselwano zembulunga yonke zidala izinselele ezintsha ze-IP, indima yamajajiji, amajaji, nezikhulu zezekhono ezingosi ezingochwepheshe ziyo ziyokhula ngokuphawulekayo. Kubasunguli, abadali, nabadali, namabhizinisi abafuna ukuvikela izinto zabo ezikhona, ukuqonda inqubo yomphakathi ayindingadingekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezingokolwazi, ukutshala, ukuphikisana nokuphikisana.