Umqondo wamalungelo omphakathi uyisisekelo sokusebenza komphakathi wentando yeningi. Iqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu banesivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho, kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, ubulili, inkolo, ukukhubazeka, noma ezinye izici. E-United States, lamalungelo awayona nje imibandela; aklanywa, achazwe ngamandla, futhi achazwe ngamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni: isikhulu, umthetho, nokwahlulela. Ukuqonda indlela igatsha ngalinye elisiza ngayo ekutholeni amalungelo omphakathi, futhi indlela elihlolana ngayo, kubafundi, nakuzo zonke izakhamuzi eziboshelwayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima ephawulekayo yegatsha ngalinye, izenzo ezivelele, nezingathí namacala, futhi sixoxa ngezinselele eziqhubekayo nendima ebucayi yemfundo yokulondoloza amalungelo ezakhamuzi.

Ukubukeza Amalungelo Omphakathi

Amalungelo omphakathi angamalungelo abantu abathola ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo futhi bakhululeke ekucwaseni okusekelwe ezicini ezivikelwe njengesizwe, ibala, imvelaphi yobuzwe, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, nenkolo. Lamalungelo ahlanganiswe eMthethweni we-Cystitutions. Ngokuyinhloko eMthethweni wanamuhla (]], Thupha okuyishumi nanhlanu nanhlanu, neziyishumi nanhlanu [ishumi nanhlanu, neshumi elinesishiyagamu esisekelwe engqimbeni somthetho wamalungelo omphakathi.] [nasezingeni elingokomthetho]] [isisekelo somthetho wanamuhla uhlala esisekelwe esimisweni sokuthi uhulumeni kumelwe uphathe zonke izakhamuzi ngokulinganayo futhi uzivikele ekucwani kwazo zombili izikhulu zomphakathi nangasese. Amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni anezibozo zomthetho ngamunye ezithinta amalungelo omphakathi, futhi achaza intuthuko sezinhlangano zomphakathi.

Igatsha Eliphethe Namalungelo Omphakathi

Igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa nguMongameli, ngokuyinhloko linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho nokusebenzisa izinqubo ezivikela amalungelo omphakathi. Leligatsha lihlanganisa izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngokuhlola izikhalo, ukukhipha imithetho, nokuqinisekisa ukuvumelana nemithetho elawulayo. Izindima eziyinhloko zegatsha eliphethe zihlanganisa:

  • Ukudala nokusebenza kwezinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi , njenge-[[[FT:2] Active Opportunity Commission (EOC), uMnyango Wezelungelo Lomthetho, kanye noMnyango Wezemfundo weHofisi Yamalungelo Omphakathi.
  • Iziqondiso zezikhulu ezivimbela ubandlululo emsebenzini kahulumeni, ekuthatheni, nasezinhleloni. Ngokwesibonelo, I-Executive Order 11246 [1965] [izinkampani ze-FLT] [i-FLT] [i-FLT]] zafuna ukuvuma ukuthathwa kwezimboni zikahulumeni, futhi kamuva iziqondiso zandisa isivikelo se-LGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye.
  • Ukumisa amajaji angokomthetho nezikhulu zezinhlangano abachaza futhi baphoqelele umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi. Ukumiswa kukamongameli kungahlela isiqondiso samalungelo omphakathi amashumi amaningi eminyaka.
  • Ukubeka indawo yokuqala yesizwe ekunyanzelweni kwamalungelo omphakathi ngokusikisela kohlelo lokuhlela imali, ukuqondisa kwezimiso, nezimemezelo zomphakathi.

Izenzo Eziwumqondiso Oyinhloko Emlandweni

Omongameli abaningana baye basebenzisa amandla okubusa ukuze bathuthukise amalungelo omphakathi ngokuphawulekayo:

  • umongameli uHarry S.Truman wakhipha u-Educative Order 9981 ngo-1948, wahlukanisa amabutho ahlomile.
  • Umongameli Dwight D. Eisenhower wasebenzisa amabutho kahulumeni ukuphoqelela isikole ukuba sikhuthuze isikole ngemva kweNkantolo Ephakeme Brown v. Ibhodi lemfundo[ isinqumo, ngokuphawuleka kakhulu eLittle Rock, Arkansas.
  • umongameli Lyndon B. Johnson wasayina uMthetho wamalungelo omphakathi ka-1964 kanye noMthetho we-Voting Rights ka-1965, emthetho, futhi waphoqelela ukuphoqelela kwabo umthetho oqinile ngoMnyango Wezobulungisa.
  • Umongameli u-Back Obama uvikelo olwandisiwe lwe-LGBTQ+ abantu abasebenza nomnyango wemisebenzi, basekela ukuphindiselwa kwe-“Ungabuzi, Ungathengi,” futhi bakhipha iziqondiso ngamalungelo ophakanyiswayo ezikoleni.
  • umongameli Joe Biden wakhipha iziyalo eziphetheyo ngohlanga, amalungelo okuvota, ne LGBTQ + ukulingana, futhi wamisa ikhabethe elingokomlando elingafani nelokwahlulela.

Igatsha eliphethe futhi linamandla omthetho ongenza buthaka ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, futhi lingahlobisa imithetho emisha kuKhongolo. Nokho, izenzo zalo zokuphoqelela zingaphansi kokubukezwa kokwahlulela nokuphathwa kwengqungquthela.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho Namalungelo Omphakathi

Igatsha lemithetho ``Ikhonrever') linomthwalo wokwakha imithetho echazayo nevikela amalungelo abantu. ISishaya-mthetho singamisa imithetho enqabela ukucwaswa, ukumiswa kwezimiso zokugcinwa kwemithetho, nokuxhasa izinhlelo zamalungelo abantu. Futhi linamandla okulungisa uMthetho-sisekelo, nakuba lokhu kudinga ukulawulwa okukhulu. Izindima eziyinhloko zeSishaya-Myalo zihlanganisa:

  • Imisa umthetho wamalungelo abantu ophawulayo [ omisa isivikelo esikhulu, njengomthetho we-Civil Rights Act ka-1964, i-Voting Rights Act ka-1965, i-Fair Howard Hosword Act ka-1968, kanye namaMelika noMthetho wokukhubazeka ka-1990.
  • Ukuhlela imithetho ekhona [ ukusingatha izindlela ezintsha zokucwasa (ngokwesibonelo, i-Lilly Better Beatty Fair Pay Act ka-2009] i-lilly Beart Fay Pay Act yandisa isivikelo ekukhokheni ukucwasa.
  • ukuvala amacala nokuphenya ngokwephulwa amalungelo omphakathi yizinhlangano zikahulumeni, ohulumeni bakahulumeni, nezinhlangano ezizimele. Amakomiti eSigeqe namaKhathene angafaka ofakazi nezincwadi.
  • Ukuqinisekisa noma ukwenqaba umongameli kuhulumeni wejaji nezikhulu, kuhlanganise noMphathi-mikhosi we-Attorney kanye nomphathi we-EEOC, ngaleyo ndlela kuthonya ukugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi iminyaka eminingi.
  • [ Ukuguqula izimali [ zomthetho wamalungelo omphakathi, imfundo, nezinhlelo zomphakathi, ezinganika amandla noma ziphazamise imizamo yegatsha eliphethe.

Izenzakalo Ezinkulu Zemithetho

UMkhandlu uye wamisa imithetho eminingana echaza amalungelo abantu:

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Civil Rights Act ka-1942 (Izihloko Mina ngo-XI) zanqabela ukucwaswa kwezindawo zomphakathi, umsebenzi, izinhlelo ezixhaswe uhulumeni, nokuhlelwa kwesikole. Yadala futhi i-EOC futhi yanika uMnyango Wezobulungisa amandla okuqulisa icala.
  • Umthetho weVoting Rights ka-65 wavimbela ukucwaswa kohlanga emikhubeni yokuvota, kuhlanganise nokuhlola ukufunda nokubhala, futhi wadinga amagunya alawulayo nomlando wobandlululo ukuze athole imvume kahulumeni ((“ngaphambi”) ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota. INkantolo Ephakeme yalulaza indlela yokuzihlela Shelby County v. Raker (2013), kodwa iSishayamthetho asikayibuyiseli.
  • Umthetho weFair Hoss Act ka 1968 wenqabela ukucwasa, ukuqasha, nokuxhasa izindlu ezisekelwe ohlangeni, enkolweni, ezweni, nakubobulili obubodwa, ukuma komkhaya, nokukhubazeka.
  • AmaMelika anoMthetho wokukhubazeka ka 1990 (ADA) anqabela ukucwaswa kwabantu abakhubazekile emsebenzini, izindawo zomphakathi, ezokuhamba, kanye nokuxhumana ngemishini.
  • IMatthew Shepard noJames Byrd Jr. Veta Crimes Prevention Act ka-2009 yandisa umthetho kahulumeni wenzondo yobugebengu obuhlanganisa ubugebengu obubangelwa ubulili obungokoqobo noma obucatshangelwayo, indlela yobulili, ubulili, noma ukukhubazeka.

UKhongolose futhi lunamandla okudlula umongameli we-veto ngevoti eyizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu, njengoba kwenza ngo-2021 ukuqeda ukuncishiswa kwe-National Defense Ivolution Act(*) izindleko zelungelo lokulwela amalungelo ezakhamuzi azivamile ukubekwa phansi. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, uMkhandlu uthathe umthetho omusha kodwa awuwunaki umthetho mayelana namalungelo okuvota, inguquko yamaphoyisa, ne-LGBTQ + ukulingana, uqokomisa ukulwela amalungelo omphakathi okuqhubekayo kwezombangazwe.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela Namalungelo Omphakathi

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho noMthetho-sisekelo, nemithetho yalo ingaba nemiphumela ejulile nehlala njalo emalungelweni abantu. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni − kusukela ezinkantolo zesifunda kuya eNkantolo Ephakeme() ixazulula izimpikiswano ngokubaluleka kwemithetho yamalungelo omphakathi kanye nokubekwa komthetho-mthetho wezenzo zikahulumeni. Izindima eziyinhloko zejaji zihlanganisa:

  • Ukubheka imithetho nezenzo zokuphatha ukunquma ukuthi ziyavumelana noMthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zingamisa imithetho yokulahla icala noma zisekele izivikelo.
  • [ Ukuqeda amacala abantu ngamanye [ kulethwa abantu abanikeza amalungelo omphakathi, kuhlanganise nobandlululo lwemisebenzi, ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, nokuthola imfundo noma ukuvota ngokungenakulinganiswa.
  • Ifaka izimpawu eziqondisa izinkantolo eziphansi kanye namacala esikhathi esizayo. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziyabopha ezweni lonke futhi ngokuvamile zihlela izinga lamalungelo omphakathi ezizukulwaneni.
  • Imithetho yokukhipha [ ukunqanda ukucwaswa okuqhubekayo noma ukuyala izenzo zokulungisa, njengokuhlela ukususa isikole noma ukuvota futhi.

Amacala Aphakeme Abalulekile Enkantolo

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhipha izinqumo eziningi eziphawulekayo ngokuphathelene namalungelo omphakathi. Ezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu zihlanganisa:

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) — kumenyezelwe ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi ezingezona ezisemthethweni, kugumbuqelwe imfundiso ye elinganayo. [1896]
  • i-flover v. Virginia (1967) — Imithetho kahulumeni evimbela ukushada kwezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene, iqinisekisa ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada ngaphansi kweSivikelo esilinganayo neNkathi ka-Claus.
  • ROE v. [[FLT] — Yaqaphela ilungelo lowesifazane lomthetho-sisekelo lokukhetha ukukhipha isisu, nakuba yalawulwa ngokweqile [[FLT:] Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [2022], ibuyisela umagazini ezindabeni.
  • bergefell v. Hodges (2015) — umshado osemthethweni owenziwe ngokomthetho ezweni lonke, uphethe ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sidinga izivumelwano zemibhangqwana exhunyiwe.
  • Shelby County v. Hoker (2013) — yachitha indlela esetshenziselwa ukunquma ukuthi yimaphi amagunya adinga ukuvela kwamandla kahulumeni ekuvotelweni, ngokuphawulekayo i-Voting Rights Act. Lendaba ibonisa ukuthi i-jadicary ingavikela futhi ilinganise amalungelo omphakathi.
  • [FLT] Bostock v. County [2020] — Wathatha lesosihloko VII soMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964 wenqabela ukucwasana komsebenzi ngenxa yendlela ehlukile noma ubulili, ukunqoba okukhulu kwe-LGBTQ+ amalungelo.

Ijaji futhi lifeza indima ebalulekile e ukugunyaza izindawo zokuhlalisana ngamalungelo omphakathi nemithetho yemvume [ phakathi kukahulumeni nezinhlangano ezimangalelwa ngokucwaswa. Amajaji amabutho ahlola izivumelwano zenguquko zamaphoyisa emadolobheni anjengeMinneapolis neBaltimore, futhi babheka amapulani okungena eqenjini nasekhubazeni ezikoleni nasezindaweni zomphakathi.

Izinselele Zamalungelo Omphakathi

Naphezu kwentuthuko ephawulekayo kuwo womathathu amagatsha, amalungelo omphakathi eUnited States abhekene nezinselele eziphikelelayo nezixazululayo.

  • ubandlululo lwezesayensi luyaqhubeka luthinta imiphakathi encishisiwe ezindaweni ezinjengezindlu, ubulungisa bobugebengu, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nomsebenzi. Ukungalingani kwengcebo, imfundo, namaphoyisa kugxile kakhulu futhi kunzima ukukuqeda.
  • Izambuku kanye ne-rollbacks zenzeka lapho izinguquko ekuholeni kwezombangazwe ziholela ekuphoxekeni komthetho, ukuhlelwa kwemali kunciphisa izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi, noma umthetho omusha ovimbela isivikelo. Ngokwesibonelo, imibuso eminingana iye yamisa imithetho evimbela ukungena kokuvota, ilinganisela ukufundiswa kwemisuka ehlukene, noma ukuhlasela ukungenela kwentsha kwezemidlalo nasempilweni.
  • Ukugcinwa kwemithetho engekho emazweni nasezindaweni kusho ukuthi umthetho ofanayo wamalungelo abantu ungasetshenziswa ngokungafani kuye ngokuthi umuntu uhlalaphi. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zaqinisa isivikelo (umz., zivimbela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ngokwesigaba noma ekwandiseni kwe-LGBTQ+ + amalungelo), kuyilapho abanye beye bamisa imithetho abagxeki abathi ilulaza isivikelo sikahulumeni.
  • Izindaba ezihlanganisayo njengobandlululo lobuhlakani lokufakelwa, ukuhlukumeza nge-inthanethi, nokucwasa nge-algorithm ekuqasheni noma ekubolekeni ziphakamisa imibuzo emisha yamalungelo ezakhamuzi engase ingabhekisi ukunakekela okuphelele. Abenzi bomthetho, izinhlangano eziphethe, nezinkantolo zisaphikisana nendlela yokusebenzisa amalungelo omphakathi emisebenzini.
  • Gridlock kuKhongolo-kanye yenza kwaba nzima ukudlulisa umthetho omusha wamalungelo omphakathi, njenge-John Lewis Voting Rights Advance Act noma i-George Floyd Justice in Policing Act. Lokhu kwandisa umthwalo emagatsheni aphethe nasemahlulelweni ukuze kugcwalise izikhawu.] kodwa babhekana nokulinganiselwa.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuthuthukiseni Amalungelo Omphakathi

Ngokufundisa abafundi ngomlando, umthetho nomzamo oqhubekayo wokulwela ukulingana, imfundo iyithuluzi elinamandla lokuthuthukisa amalungelo omphakathi, futhi bangahlakulela isizukulwane esiqonda ukubaluleka kwamalungelo abantu nendlela yokuwavikela.

  • Ukuhlanganisa umlando wamalungelo omphakathi kuwo wonke amabanga ohlelo . Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukutadisha izibalo eziyinhloko njengoMartin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, noCesar Chavez, kanye nabashisekeli abangaziwayo kakhulu kanye nezinhlangano zezenhlalo ezakha umthetho.
  • Ukuveza amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni nezindima zawo eziqondile emalungelweni omphakathi. Abafundi bangahlaziya imithombo eyinhloko enjenge-Civil Rights Act ngokwayo, izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, neyalo yezikhulu ukuze babone ukuthi igatsha ngalinye lisebenza kanjani.
  • Ukuchaza impikiswano yamalungelo omphakathi yamanje [1] njengokungena kokuvota, ukwahlulela kohlanga, amalungelo e-LGBTQ, kanye namalungelo okukhubazeka (ukuhlanganisa wona namasuntswana angokomlando). Lokhu kusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ukuthi ukulwela ukulingana kuyaqhubeka.
  • Ukukhuthaza ukuthembisana komphakathi [ nokuthatha inxaxheba phakathi kwabafundi. Izikole zingakhuthaza ukuhlanganyela ekuhlolweni komgunyathi, engqungquthela yokulingisa, izimpikiswano, nemisebenzi yenkonzo yomphakathi esingatha izindaba zamalungelo omphakathi.

Ukufundisa Izimemezelo Zemfundo Yamalungelo Omphakathi

Ukusebenzisa izindlela eziphumelelayo kungajulisa ukufunda nokucabanga okugxekayo:

  • Sebenzisa imithombo eyinhloko [ — izinhlamvu, izinkulumo, izithombe, amabhukwana enkantolo, kanye nemilando yomlomo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola i-Emampation Proclaturation noma i-copy yamaphuzu adluliselwayo bn v. Ibhodi yemfundo isiza abafundi ukuba baqonde izimpikiswano nemizwelo engemva kwezenzakalo eziphawuliwe.
  • Ukudlala nokulingisa [ — abafundi bangalingisa icala leNkantolo ePhakeme ecaleni lamalungelo omphakathi, bathathe izindima zezishayamthetho ziphikisana nesivumelwano, noma benze njengoba izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe zisebenza ngokumisa umthetho omusha. Lokhu kukhuthaza uzwela nokuqaphela imibono ehlukene.
  • Izikhulumi ezikhangayo — abameli bamalungelo omphakathi, abashisekeli, izazi - mlando, noma izikhulu zendawo zingahlanganyela okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu futhi ziphendule imibuzo yabafundi.
  • Imisebenzi esekelwe ku-community — abafundi bangacwaninga umlando wamalungelo omphakathi emiphakathini yabo, baqhube izigigaba zomlomo nabadala, noma bahlanganyele emishinini yokuvota. Isikhungo se-CUBY Education[ sinikeza imithombo nezinhlelo ezihlanganisa ukufunda kwekilasi nezenzo zangempela zezwe.

Ekugcineni, othisha ngokwabo bayazuza ekuthuthukiseni kobuchwepheshe ngezihloko zamalungelo omphakathi. Izinhlangano ezinjengethi Ukufunda Ilungelo umsebenzi (ngaphambili ukufundisa ukubekezelelana) zinikeza izifundo zamahhala, izidleke ze-webinar, kanye nezinto zekilasi ezihambisana nezindinganiso zikahulumeni.

Isiphetho

Isivikelo nokukhushulelwa kwamalungelo ezakhamuzi kuxhomeke emizamweni eqhubekayo, ehlangene yawo womathathu amagatsha kahulumeni. Igatsha lomthetho libhala imithetho, igatsha eliphetheyo liyawagunyaza, futhi igatsha lokwahlulela liyawachaza futhi liyawasekela. (nangoba futhi linikeza ipesenti kwezinye ezimbili. Lesi simiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela akuzisebenzisi; izakhamuzi eziqaphileyo eziqonda amalungelo azo kanye nezimiso eziwavikelayo. Abafundisi banomthwalo okhethekile wokulungiselela abafundi ukuthatha leyo ndima. Ngokufundisa umlando nezinselele zamanje zamalungelo omphakathi, nangokubonisa indlela igatsha ngalinye elithinta ngayo ukuphila kwabantu kwangempela, zingasiza ngayo ekuthuthukiseni amalungelo afanele futhi ahlale ekhona emphakathini. Ukulwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi kukhulu, kodwa kusekude kakhulu, kodwa futhi kunezinhlalo eziqondiswe izakhamuzi zendawo yokukhothaka.