Ukulandisa kwentando yeningi yaseMelika akunangquzulwano emlandweni wezinhlangano zayo zamalungelo abantu. Lena akuyona indaba yokuhlangana okungaguquguquki, okuphelele, kodwa umzabalazo onamandla, ngokuvamile onobudlova wokwandisa imingcele yenkululeko nezakhamuzi. Inhlangano yaphakathi kwekhulu lama-20 yayingesona isenzakalo esisodwa kodwa yayiwumvuthwandaba wesikhathi eside, ukumelana nokukhashelwa kokushintshwa kwe-constanton kanye nokuncitshiswa kwe-Crow. Ithonya layo laguqula kabusha inqubo yokubusa kwaseMelika, ukuqaphela kwabantu bayo, kanye nencazelo yentando yeningi. Ukuqonda iUnited States namuhla, ukuhlukana kwayo, izifiso zayo, kumelwe kuqale kuqonde amandla okuguqula nokulwa kwenkululeko nokuhlala njalo kwenkululeko yomphakathi.

Izimbangela Zokwenqaba: Umlando Omude Wenhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu

Isimiso esivamile se-Civil Rights Movement sivame ukuqala ngo-1955 Brown isinqumo noma u-19555 Montgomery Bus Boycott. Nokho, izimpande zayo zidlulela ekuhlulekeni kokulungisa. Isithembiso se 13th, 14th, neSichibiyelo se 15 seSichibiyelo sacinywa ukuyekelelwa kwangonyaka ka1877, okwahoxa amabutho ezwe amabutho aseNingizimu eNingizimu. Kulo lwawo, isimiso sobuphekula bezinhlanga zavela, saphoqelelwa yi-Klan, eyamiswa [[FLT:] Pyless.[FLT] V [FLD:3], futhi sagcinwa ngokuhlanganyela ngezikweletu nezikweletu. Lolu "Ndia" aluzange luhlangane nomphakathi waseMelika uzwane. I-An-Bregne.

Icebo le-NAACP, elenziwe ngokucophelela nguCharles Hamilton Houston noThur Good Marshall, laliwukuhlasela okude ezisekelweni ezingokomthetho zokwahlukana. Ukunqoba kwabo Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954] yayiwushintsho oluphawulekayo, isho ukuthi izindawo zemfundo ezihlukene zazingalingani ngokwemvelo. Lesi sinqumo, nakuba sahlanganyelwa no"ukumelana nomthetho"kuvela ezifundazweni zaseNingizimu, sanikeza isigaba somkhankambiso wezelo oqondile nomthetho wokuthatha isinyathelo. Ukubulawa kwe-Emmatt Till ngo-5555 nokweh'ukuxoxiwa kwababulali bakhe okulandelayo, kwabonisa ukuthi izinkantolo zodwa zazingenakukhipha ubulungisa. Isigaba sasiwuhlela isigaba sempi.

Izwi Lenhlangano: Abaholi, Abahleli, Nabacabangi

I-Civil Rights Movement yagunyazwa izinhlobonhlobo ezicebile zabaholi. Kusukela epulpiti kuya emkhakheni we-partum, kusukela emtatsheni wezincwadi zomthetho kuya kumphathi wezokudla, amazwi ahlukahlukene aveza isidingo esivamile sesithunzi. Amafilosofi abo ahlukene anikeza injini yengqondo enamandla eyaqhubekisela phambili.

UDkt. Martin Luther King Jr. noMphathi Wesimilo Ongalufuni Ubudlova

UDkt. King wavelela ekuveleleni kwesizwe phakathi neMontgomey Bus Boycott, kodwa ifilosofi yakhe yokumelana nobudlova yayisekelwe ngokujulile okholweni lwakhe lobuKristu nasemfundisweni kaMahatma Gandhi. Waphikisa ngokuthi umgomo wokubhikisha wawungewona ukululaza umcindezeli, kodwa ukumkhulula ngamandla aguqulayo okuhlupheka nothando. Njengomholi weNgqungquthela yamaKristu yaseNingizimu (SCLCC), iNkosi ehlelile imikhankaso eBirmingham naseSelma eyaphoqa isizwe ukuba sibhekane nokuhluleka kwaso kokuziphatha okuhle. Inkulumo yakhe "Inephupho" ngoMarch ngo1963 eWashington isalokhu iwuphawu oluchazayo lwephupho. Inkosi kamuva ishintshela eMnyango Yabantu Abampofu, ibhekisa phambili embusweni yezomnotho nakuphikisa iMpilweni ye-Vietnam, yabonisa umbono wayo.

UMalcolm X Nokukhishwa Kobukhosi Obunsundu

UMalcolm X wanikeza indawo enamandla yokuphikisana nefilosofi ye-King uxterism. Njengomkhulumeli wesizwe wesizwe sesizwe samaSulumane, washumayela ukuzithemba kwabamnyama, ukuqhosha, nelungelo lokuzimela yena ngokwakhe ngokumelene nobudlova bobuhlanga. Wayilahla ngokudume kakhulu i-March eWashington njenge "Intence Washington," ephikisa ukuthi inkululeko yeqiniso ayinakunikezwa umcindezeli kodwa kumelwe ithathwe abacindezelelwe. Ukuhlukana kwakhe nesizwe samaSulumane ngo 1964 kanye nohambo lwakhe lokuya eMecca wahoza ukuba amukele i-odollance eyabanzi eMecca, isakhiwo samalungelo abantu. Ukubulawa kwakhe ngo-1965 kwaqeda izwi eligxekayo, kodwa ithonya lakhe kumshicileli we-Black Powercelse kanye nokwazi ukuzwa kwabantu bohlanga.

Abaklami Abangaphelele: U - Ella Baker, uFannie Lou Hamer, noJohn Lewis

U-Ella Baker, umhleli nomeluleki ohlakaniphile, wayekholelwa "kubuholi beqembu eliphakathi" esikhundleni sobuholi obungokwesiheha, obuholayo bobudoda. Wasiza ekutholeni i-Students Nonligth Coordinating Cooding Committee Committee, eyaba yi-steroid joints jove. UFannie Lou Hamer, owayekadecpper, owasungulwa i-Missississippis Free Democratic Par, futhi wafakazeleka phambi kwe-1946 Democracratic National Convention ngempine yesizwe esaba impatho enonya enzima ayikhuthazelela ukubhalisa i-votis. Isibindi sakhe sadadadadamba ukuhlanganisa ukuhlangana kweRty ye-okrase. [F] Izindaba ze-ogcoms.[0] Eziphambili zalempele zomlando: John Lewis, ilungu se-SCC neNst, ilungu lenkululeko, washaywa kakhulu, washaywayo

Izincwadi Eziyisisekelo Zezenzakalo

A. Philip Randolph, inhloko yeSikhungo soBuzalwana saseSleeping Car Porters, wayengumphathi wenhlangano omdala. Usongo lwakhe lokuhlasela uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt ngoManyaka ka-1941 eWashington ngokuphoqelelwa ukuba asuse imboni yokuvikela. Bayard Rustin, uchwepheshe nomphathi oseduze weNkosi, wahlela umhla ka-1963 eWashington. Njengendoda engungqingili, uRustin wasebenza ngokungakhathali naphezu kokuphoqelelwa ethunzini. Iminikelo yabo isikhumbuza ukuthi lenhlangano yayingaveli nje kuphela ngezikhulu zokuzivikela, kodwa futhi nomsebenzi owenziwe ngokuhleleka kahle, wokulungisa nokuhlanganisa i-mifelano.

Ukuyala Ngokungakunaki: Ukungaqhubeki Ngobudlova Ekwenzeni

Ukuthatha isinyathelo esiqondile ngokuqondise kwakungeyona indlela elula kodwa kwakuyisu elibaliweyo, elinonya eliklanyelwe ukudala ukushukuma komzimba. Njengoba iNkosi yabhala ku "i-lett yase Birmingham Jail," umgomo kwakuwukuphoqelela umphakathi ukuba ubhekane nezimpikiswano ebezinganakwa isikhathi eside. Isu lalincike ekuzimiseleni kwababhikishi ukuthatha ubudlova ngaphandle kokuphindisela, ngaleyondlela lidalula ukuziphatha okubi kwalesi simiso lapho usebenzisa ukucindezela kwezomnotho nokungokombangaleso sikhathi.

INashville Ihlala Nabantu Nokuqeqeshwa Kwesizukulwane

INashville yahlala futhi yangena kunyaka ka-1960, ihlelwe nguJames Lawson, ifushanisa indlela emisiwe yokubhikisha okungenabudlova. Abafundi abanjengoJohn Lewis noDiane Nash baqeqeshwa kanzima ngefilosofi engenabudlova, badlala izigcawu lapho babeklolodelwa khona, beshaywa, futhi besebenzisa ukudla. Umgomo wabo kwakuwukususa amathebe asemzileni wokudla kwasemini. Lomkhankaso waphumelela hhayi ngenxa yokubhikisha, kodwa ngenxa yokugconwa kwamabhizinisi asedolobheni, okwahlasela abathengisi abadayo. Abafundi base-Nashville baba umnyobo esazi seSNC futhi basakaza lamacebo eNingizimu.

Inkululeko Iyaphela Nomkhankaso WaseBirmingham

IFreedom Rides ka-1961 yavivinya ukuvinjelwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme ngezigungu zamabhasi ezihlukene. Abagibeli babhekana nobudlova besixuku obusabekayo e-Anniston nase-Birmingham, e-Alabama. Umbuso weKennedy waphoqeleka ukuba ungenele, uthumele amaqembu kahulumeni ukuze avikele abagibeli. Nokho, i-Birmingham Campaigne yangowe ka-1963 yaba ukusetshenziswa kwecebo lokungabulali ngokuphumelela kakhulu. Ngokufaka "I-Projectdit C" (Impi) nangokuvumela iKhomisha yamaphoyisa i-Bull Connor ukuba isebenzise izinja zamaphoyisa neziqhumane ezinganeni, i-SCLCCreace yadala izithombe zokungalungi okukhulu kangangokuthi izwe lingakubheki.

Ukusuka Emigwaqweni Kuya EziNcwadini Zemithetho: INguquko Yomthetho

Ukwehla kwalokhu kubhikisha, kuhlangene nokusetshenziswa kwekhono kwezombangazwe kukaMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson, kwaveza umthetho obaluleke kakhulu wamalungelo abantu kusukela ekuvuselweni kabusha. Lemithetho ayizange iluqede ubandlululo lobuhlanga, kodwa yachitha ukwakhiwa okungokomthetho kukaJim Crow futhi yakha amathuluzi anamandla okulwa esikhathini esizayo.

Umthetho Ka - 1964 Wamalungelo Abantu

Lo mthetho ophawulekayo, owadluliswa ngemva kwesiqalo eside emlandweni weSigele, ukucwaswa kobandlululo oluvinjelwe ezindaweni zomphakathi, umsebenzi, nezinhlelo ezixhaswe uhulumeni. ISihlomo salo VII sakha i-Aumelt Accounting Commission. Lesi senzo sasiyimpendulo eqondile kumkhankaso we-Birmingham nase-March eWashington. IZinqolobane zeMaketheli zesizwe ziphethe incwadi yokuqala [[[, isivumelwano samandla enhlangano okuguqula ukubhikisha.

Umthetho Ka - 1965 Wokulwela Amalungelo Abantu

Selma ohambweni lwe-Montgomery, ikakhulukazi ubudlova be "Bloody Sunday" e-Edmund Pettus Bridge, bashaqisa izwe futhi basekela umthetho wamalungelo okuvota. UMthetho we-Voting Rights wango 1965 wenqabela ukuvota ngokusemthethweni njengezindlela zokuhlolwa kokufunda nokubhala futhi ulungiselelwe ukuba umqondisi wezwe (ngaphambi kokumiswa) wezinguquko zokuvota ngomlando wokucwasa. Igalelo lase lishesha: ngo-1968, ukubhalisa okumnyama eMissississippiya kwase kusukile kusuka ngaphansi kwe 7% kuya ku 60%. IVRA ibhekwa kakhulu njengemithetho ephumelela kakhulu engokomthetho kahulumeni (ukuvota) ukudluliswa kwemithetho yokukhetha nomlando wobandlululo. [FLT] Imininingwane yayo ebanzi ethinta kakhulu. [FLT.0]

Isinyathelo Sezindlu Esifanele Sango - 1968

Ingxenye yokugcina yemithetho yamalungelo abantu ka-1960, i-Fair House Act, yadluliswa ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa ngemva kokubulawa kweNkosi. Yayenqabela ukucwaswa ekuthengisweni, ekuqashweni, nasekuxhasweni kwezindlu. Nokho, izikhala nokugcinwa kwezindawo eziqinile kusike imingcele yamandla, futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwezindlu kusekhona kakhulu ezindaweni zaseMelika, isikhumbuzo esiphikelelayo sokuthi umthetho wodwa awunakuqeda ukulingana kwamakhulu eminyaka ezakhiwo.

Ukulungisa idemokrasi yaseMelika: Ifa lenhlangano lezombangazwe

I-Civil Rights Movement yawuguqula ngokuyisisekelo umsebenzi wentando yeningi yaseMelika. Yandisa ukubusa kwe-demokrati, yaqeda ukubusa kwe-South ngokwehlukana kwesimiso sezwe, futhi yasakaza amandla ezombangazwe. Nokho, yabangela ukubuya kwesimiso seqembu futhi yaqhubeka ichaza ukuhlangana kwezindawo zaseMelika ezibandayo.

Ukwanda Kwe - Electorate

Ngaphambi kuka-1965, izigidi zama-Black America eNingizimu zakhishwa ngokulandelana enqubweni yentando yeningi. IVoting Rights Act (VRA) yawuguqula ngokuyisisekelo lo mthetho. Yabangela ukuba uhulumeni ulwe ngokuqondile nokucindezelwa komvoti wezinga eliphezulu, imisa isimiso sokuthi ilungelo lokuvota liyilungelo elivikelwe nguhulumeni. IVRA ayigcinanga nje ngokugunyaza amaBlack Potice kuphela kodwa futhi yabeka nesibonelo esasizosetshenziselwa ukuvikela amalungelo okuvota olimi oluncane namanye amaqembu angaphansi.

Ukuhlonishwa Kwezombangazwe ZaseMelika

Isigaba se-Democratic Party silwela amalungelo omphakathi sahlukanisa isizinda saso sesiko saso saseNtshonalanga. URichard Nixon's "Isundo laseNingizimu" noRonald Reagan walandela emikhankasweni yanxusa labo abavoti ngamabomu ngokusebenzisa ulimi olubhalwe ngemithetho esekelwe ezinhlanga olugxile emalungelweni ezwe, umthetho, nenhleleko yenhlala - kahle. Lokhu kuveza ibala lanamuhla lezombangazwe, lapho iNingizimu iyinqaba nesizwe ingumgca ohlukanisayo phakathi kwe-Melika yezombangazwe. Ukuguqula kubonisa indlela inhlangano yobulungisa engaveza ngayo ushintsho oluqhubekayo nenhlangothi olunamandla.

Isiqinisekiso Esiluhlaza Samalungelo Abantu Embulunga Yonke

I-American Civil Rights Movement yaphenjelelwa ezinye izimpi ezingenakubalwa emhlabeni wonke. Inhlangano emelene ne-apartheid eNingizimu Afrika yathola izifundo eziqondile emaqhingeni nasendleleni yayo. Inhlangano ye-Northern Ireland elwela amalungelo abantu ekupheleni kwawo-1960 yazibonakalisa ngokucacile esibonelweni saseMelika. Abaholi abasuka eMbusweni we-Velvet eCzechoslovakia bahlola izindlela zokumelana okungaphazamisi ubudlova ababuswa iNkosi ne-SNC. Inhlangano yabonisa ukuthi inhlangano eqinile, engenabudlova ingabekela inselele izimiso ezigxilile zokucindezela.

I - Agenda Engadukiswanga: Amalungelo Omphakathi Ekhulu Lama - 21

Ukunqoba kwawo-1960 akuzange kuphele isidingo senhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi; yashintsha injongo yayo. Isimiso somthetho esamiswa yilenhlangano manje sinikeza inkundla eyinhloko yempi yamanje. Abashisekeli banamuhla balwela ukuvikela inzuzo yesikhathi esidlule kuyilapho bebhekene nokungalingani kwezimiso okusaqhubeka.

Ukulwela Imithombo Yezimila: Isifunda SaseShelby Nangaphezulu

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-2013 i-Shelby County v. UHarder waqeda uhlelo olucacile lwe-Voting Rights Act, ngokuphumelelayo ukunqanda indlela yayo yokuphoqelela ukuphoqelela. Isinqumo sakhipha igagasi lemithetho emisha yokunqanda ukuvota ezweni lonke [``Foltleartical media methoiter'', inqume ukunquma ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, nokukhipha i-vota. Lezinyathelo zishaya i-Black, Latino, ne-Native American Potive. Ukulwa kwesikhathi samanje ukudlulisa i-John Lewiss Revition Revement Actal Act kuyimpendulo eqondile kulokhu kuhlasela ifayiseko ka-6565. [[FFOG]]

Ukuphatha Ngobunono, Ukunyakaza, Nenhlangano Yokubulala Abantu Emnyama

Inhlangano ye-Black Lives Matter (BLM) iye yavela njengeqembu eliphawuleka kakhulu lamalungelo omphakathi ekhulwini lama-21. I-BLM ikhuluma ngobandlululo lobuhlanga olusekwe esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu, kusukela ekubopheleleni kwezinhlanga nonya lwamaphoyisa kuya ekuboshweni kwabantu abaningi. Nakuba i-BLM isebenzisa ukuhlelwa okuhloniphekile, ukufunwa kwayo okuyinhloko kwesithunzi, isivikelo esilinganayo, kanye nokuphela kobudlova obusebusweni buyifa eliqondile elivela ezinhlanganweni ze-Cunivern Rights naseBlack Power. Ukubulawa kukaGeorge Flond, Bremna Taylor, nabanye abangabaliyo baye babangela ingxoxo yomhlaba wonke ngobulungisa bezinhlanga.

Ubulungisa Bezomnotho Nesenzo Esiqinisayo

Igebe lengcebo yobuhlanga, ifa lokulungisa nokucwasa, liseyigebe elibi. UDkt. Umbango weNkantolo WamaProfethi, owawuhloselwe ukuhlanganisa abantu abampofu bazo zonke izinhlanga, wawuyibhizinisi elingakapheli lenhlangano. Namuhla, impikiswano yokuvuma isenzo semfundo ephakeme nomsebenzi iyimpi yomthetho yezentengiselwano. Izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo ePhakathi ehlela uhlanga oluziqapheleyo ziye zabeka umthwalo kwabashisekeli bempi nezinhlangano zokuthola izindlela ezintsha zokuthuthukisa ukwahlukahlukana nethuba. I-NaACP Ukhuselo lwezenkolo luyimpi ephakeme yezentengiselwano ye-kulingana. ihlala isempini ephambili yalempini engokomthetho, ihambisa ukuvuma kwemigomo ye-Thurrall.

Ifa Elisebenzayo: Umsebenzi Ongapheli Wentando Yeningi

I-Civil Rights Movement yayiyinkathi yokuguqula umlando waseMelika, kodwa umsebenzi wayo awukaqedi. Yabonisa ukuthi idemokrasi ayisona ifa elimisiwe kodwa umsebenzi ophilayo, wokuphefumula odinga ukuqapha njalo, ukulwa, nokuzidela. Lenhlangano ayizange imane ishintshe imithetho; yashintsha amagama esizwe ngokokuziphatha, imisa ukuthi ukulingana kwezinhlanga kuyisimo esidingekile emphakathini onobulungisa.

Isiyaluyalu esasibangela, ukuphikelela kokungalingani, nemizamo eqhubekayo yokuvimbela ukuvota izikhumbuzo ezingaqinisekisiwe. Inkokhelo enkulu kunazo zonke esingayikhokha kubaholi namasosha ahamba ngezinyawo aleyonhlangano ukuqaphela ukuthi lo mlilo udluliselwe esizukulwaneni esisha. Umzabalazo wamalungelo omphakathi nenyunyana ephelele ngokwengeziwe uyaqhubeka.