Isisekelo Sokukhetha

Inqubo eqaliswe ngokwezomthetho yokusebenzisa iBill of Rights kuhulumeni nakohulumeni bendawo nge-Act Procession Claus yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Lemfundiso yavela emncintiswaneni wemithetho-sisekelo omde kahulumeni ngokuthi izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zibophele uhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela. Barron v. Baltimore [1833], iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi i-Bill of Rights isebenza kuhulumeni wombuso.

Inkathi yokushintsha yafika [ Group v. New York (1925), lapho iNkantolo imemezela ukuthi “inkululeko yokukhuluma neyokucindezela) evikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala esithathwe kumthetho weSiphakamiso esinguMkhandlu (iphakathi kwamalungelo omuntu siqu kanye nenqubo efanele yeNguquko ye 1450 ekhuselwe yinqubo ekhubazekayo.” Lokhu kwavula umnyango wecala ngenkampane yecala ngenkampane. Ngamashumi ambalwa alandelayo, iNkanto ekhethekile ekhethekile ehlanganisa cishe yonke imibandela yemithetho yelungelo ye-Gredestry, kuhlanganise nemithetho yezentengiselwano yesine ([FLD [FT:]].[3][5], [5], i-Fogggg [4],[4], i-evom], i-Fognum], i-evoct.[4],[4][4], i-Exvoluv[4], i-Fo

Le nqubo yayingewona wonke; amanye amalungiselelo, njengelungelo leSichibiyelo Sesibili lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali, afakwa emuva McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010]). Okubangela lezi zinqumo isimiso sokuthi ilungelo kumelwe libe “lisekelwe kakhulu ekwakheni kwethu inkululeko emisiwe” noma“ lisekelwe ngokujulile emlandweni nasesikweni salesi sizwe” ngaphambi kokuba libophelele izifunda. Lendlela ye-pramyatic yenza ukuba umthetho ulwelo lwemithetho yezomthetho ukulondoloza.

Ukuzihlukanisa Kwamanani Nesichibiyelo Sesine

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka. Ngaphambi kokuba ubufakazi bezemidwebo bube bukhona, iNkantolo Ephakeme ebekwe katz v. United States [1967]) [iSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo sixhomeke ekutheni ukufinyelela komuntu kuxhomeke ukuthi “ukulindela okunengqondo komuntu siqu.” Lendinganiso ibonise ukuthi uyabugxeka ubuchwepheshe banamuhla. [[FLT:] [FLT]] Rilez v. California [20] (20], iNkathi iNkanto ehlangene ukuthi amaphoyisa awana nje angakwazi ukuhlola okuqukethwe yingcingo engena imvume, iqaphela ukuthi imishini enjalo iqukethe “izinto zokuphila." eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, [FLT]] vPrencer.[5]]0]0]02]06, umbiko womthetho owengeziwe womthetho wesimetho womthetho wesimezo wesimezo.

Lezi zinqumo zibonisa indlela ukukhetha umbhalo we-minuber okudinga ngayo ukuhlanganiswa ngokulandelana kwenkathi yonyaka. Ikhono likahulumeni lokuthola izinto “ezihlolayo.” Ikhono lokuxhumana okuyimfihlo, ukwaziswa okugcinwe efwini, nemetameter ezinhlanganweni zenkonzo ye-intanethi iphakamisa imibuzo engeke iphendulwe ngokugcwele ngemibhalo yeshumi elinesishiyagalombili nesithupha kuphela. Izazi ziye zaphikisana ngokuthi iSichibiyelo sesine kufanele yini sifakwe ekuhlanganiseni izindlela zokuhlola, njengokufinyelela kukahulumeni omkhulu ekwazini ukwaziswa okugcinwe yizinkampani zobuchwepheshe. Inkantolo izimisele ukuvumelanisa ukulindelekile kwe-prendation (okwenani eline) kwe-prentaprivation kuhlale kuyimoto ekufanele isetshenziswe kuhulumeni ngenxa yamalungelo olwazi eyimfihlo.

Izishaya-mthetho zezwe ziye zathatha isinyathelo. Izifunda-mazwe eziningana ziye zamisa imithetho yazo ye-athom ye-octronic Communications Act yase California (CELECPA), edinga imvume yokungena kukahulumeni ekuxhumaneni ngemishini ye-electronic nemininingwane yendawo. Lemithetho ayincikile eSichibiyelweni sesine kodwa kunalokho yenza izivikelo ze-stal ezivikela isibuko futhi ngezinye izikhathi zidlule izimfuneko zikahulumeni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umsebenzi wemithetho kahulumeni ombaxa-mthetho ungaphoqelela iNka ukuba i-mfa ye-mfantswana ye-atry ye-tective short ngaphansi kweSiphenduxwe se-14, iqinisekisa isivikelo somthetho esisemthethweni phesheya kwezwe.

Imfundiso Yesithathu Yesigaba Singaphansi Kokucindezela

Umthetho ongokwesiko . . ukuthi ukwaziswa okuhlanganyelwe ngokuzithandela nengxenye yesithathu (njengenkampani yocingo noma ibhange) akutholi sivikelo sesine esibhekene nezindlela zokwaziswa zanamuhla. Abantu namuhla bahlanganyela inqwaba yokwaziswa namaziko enkonzo ye-internet, amaplat, nabathuthukisi be-menums. I-Calpent [ [1] yayiyindawo enkulu yokuyeka kuleyo mfundiso ye-cellbuntustry, kodwa iNkanto eshicilelwe ukuthi ezinye izigaba zemibhalo ye-milisekondi (umk., okuqukethwe i-imeyili egcinwe nge-pane) ifanelwe isivikelo esifanayo. I-AProultGenetic ingenza ukuba ukubuza noma izikhulu zikamasipala zonke izinombolo eziveza imininingwane ejulileyo yokuphila komuntu. Izinkantolo eziphansi zishiye i-Massachesterston zivuse nalene le-gency: i-gency ekhodiumstism.

Ukukhuluma Ngokukhululeka Emkhathini Ozizizizingisile

ISichibiyelo sokuQala seSichibiyelo sokukhuluma nokwezindaba sekuyisikhathi eside sifakwa ekuhlolweni kwezifundazwe. Kodwa ukusebenza kwaleyonkululeko yasendulo ku-Internet − ikakhulukazi kumasiteshi ezokuxhumana esetshenziswa yizinhlangano zezembutho zezembu jikelele − kuveza isimo esisha sokuxabana. Ezweni elingokoqobo, imingcele yokukhuluma emphakathini ingaphansi kwezindawo zomphakathi ifanele ihlolwe kakhulu. i-Online, uhulumeni we-reman nezincwadi zezezezomphakathi zingasebenza njengesinqumo esilinganiselwe emphakathini. INkantolo ebekwe ekhululekile. I-packham v. eNyakatho ye-Carolina[FLT:] [2017] [20] [20] umthetho owenqabela umthetho osemthethweni owenqabela ubulili obuvela ekungeneni kwezokuxhumana-mphakathi, njengoba “isinqumo sanamuhla.” Isinqumo esivamile sisebenza ngezimiso ze-igemfo-ne ye-nethi ye-comfoccoms mayelana nemithetho ehlukene ye-tom.[Folmaged .[Fol

Impikiswano ephikisa kakhulu iwukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivimbela amapulatifomu angasese (njenge Facebook noma i-Twitter) lapho ekhona ngokusesilinganisweni. INkantolo Ephakeme ibilokhu ikholelwa ukuthi iSichibiyelo sokuqala sisebenza kuphela esinyathelo sikahulumeni, hhayi ekuziphatheni kwangasese. Nokho, njengoba izimemezelo zizama ukumisa imithetho yokuthi amapulatifomu alinganisene, umugqa phakathi kwesenzo sikahulumeni nokulawula ngasese ufihleke. [[FL: 0] [NT] [NCHOIN], LLC[FLY[FL:] [2024]), iNC], iNQUM.[3] i-PURT] ishaya izingxenye ze-toolderthi yeze ngokomthetho yezezezokuxhumana ezivimbela ikhono lezindawo ezithile zokususa izikhundla ezithile, ukuthola ukuthi umthetho uwephula amalungelo ohhhhhhhhhhhwhhwn. Ngokuphikisana nenkulumo esekelwe emkhawini. [FT] Kusukela kuleyo kumthetho] [FRAN.] kuveza i-Ex

Enye imingcele iyindlela yokusebenzisa “ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula” emibuthanweni ye-inthanethi. I-inthanethi yenza kube nokubhikisha okukhulu kwe-mitatho-mdlaligi kanye nenkulumo ehlangene. Ikhono lombuso lokulawula noma ukuphazamisa imihlangano enjalo liphakamisa izinkathazo zesine nezesiHluzi. Ukuhlanganisa i-Grandmentation kuzodinga ukuxoxa ukuthi imibuthano yezobuchwepheshe inelungelo yini lesivikelo somthetho-mfantu kanye nesemzimbeni. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu njengokuthiwa kwemithetho edinga ukuqinisekiswa kwenkathi yezokuxhumana, okungabangela ukuthulisa inkulumo engenagama nento ephakathi kwabantu abadala ababizwa ngokuthi yi-‘intellimetion References eseyidiation. [1]

Ukuhlanganisa Amalungelo Ezobuchwepheshe Nenqubo Efanele

Ngaphandle kwemfihlo nenkulumo, ubuchwepheshe budala amalungelo amasha angangeni kahle ezigabani zomthetho-sisekelo ezikhona. Ngokwesibonelo, “ilungelo lokukhohlakala” (elimiswe emthetho we-European Union) alinakho okuqondile okulinganayo ne-U.S. kodwa eminye imithetho kahulumeni idinga amapulatifomu ukuze kususwe imininingwane ethile yomsebenzisi lapho ecela. Ingabe ukuhluleka kukahulumeni ukunikeza inqubo enjalo engqubuzanayo? INkanto edinga inqubo efanelekile emelene nale mithetho, okusho ukuthi uma uhulumeni ephuca umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, kumelwe kunikeze isaziso nethuba lokuzwa. Njengoba ukuphila kwethu kuhamba kuyi-intanethi [1] hlanganise nokuthola isikweletuso, umsebenzi, nemfundo (i-aprithracm) eyenza izinqumo ezisekelwe “engakhonziwayo noma ezisekelwe entweni efanelekile.”

Ku Goldberg v. Kelly (70]), iNkantolo yathi ukuqedwa kwezinzuzo zenhlalakahle kwakudinga ukuzwa kwangaphambi kokuhlelwa. Ngokufanisa, i-algorithm kazwelonke evimbela isakhamuzi ekungeneni kwewebhusayithi kahulumeni noma enqabile ilayisensela enqubeni efanelekile uma umuntu othintekayo engenathuba lokubekela inselele isinqumo. Isinqumo samuva i-algoringment evimbela i-algorialgi yokwethu ekungeneni kwe-webhthi ye-toms.[FLT] V[FLT:][5]] [20]) sithinte ukubaluleka okucacile kwegunyazayo inqubo efanelekile yesimiso sikahulumeni, kodwa inqubo efanelekile yenqubo yezolimi. Ukuba ihlelwe ngokwendlela lokulunga lokubona nokubheka okulungile.[FLT]

Ukudilika kwemininingwane kungenye indawo eveza amalungelo. Izindawo ezingu-40:8 zinemithetho efuna izinkampani ukuba zazise abantu lapho imininingwane yabo ibekwa emuva. Uma umbuso uhluleka ukuphoqelela umthetho onjalo, noma uma umthetho wawo ubuthakathaka kakhulu, ingabe iSichibiyelo seSiphamiso sempahla se 144 asifuni ukuvikela kweSiphakamiso III ngaphandle kokulimala okungakhokhwa. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwelungelo lokuphepha kolwazi kungalinganiselwa ngaphandle kokuba i-partititi ibonise ukulimala okungokoqobo. Nokho, ukukhomba nokukhwaba okuvamile kungenza “20666, iNkanto elungile." iNkanto ewuwo i-menziwayo ye-menziwayo ye-Gastitual II. I-premitence II inganquma ukuthi ukufakwa kwe-projectivesting ku-mesting ingabonisa ukulimala okungokoqobo. Nokho, ukukhomba nokukhohlisa okuvamile kwe-mento engcono kakhulu ekunqumeni i-pregconsole ekugcineni.

Ikusasa Lokuzihlela Ngokukhetha

Ukukhetha ubunye bendlela kulokhu kuyinqubo esebenzayo. Ngekhulu lamashumi amabili, yandisa inkululeko yomphakathi. Ngekhulu lama-20 761, cishe izohlolwa ngobuchwepheshe obungakholeki kwabaHlaziyayo. Le nqubo ingathatha omunye wezindlela ezintathu.

Indlela Yokuqala: Ukuhlobaniswa Ngomzimba

INkantolo ingaqhubeka idweba amalungelo angokwesiko afanayo namanani. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuvikelwa kweSichibiyelo sesine samaphepha nemiphumela kungadluliselwa kuma-imeyili namafaceli amanani; iSichibiyelo sokuqala sokuhlanganisa imihlangano engokoqobo. Lendlela igcina izinkolelo ziqhubeka futhi ibeke izihloko ezintsha ezikhona. Ingozi iwukuthi ukufanisa kungancishiswa kakhulu, kubangele ukudidaniswa kwemithetho noma ukuguquguquka.

Indlela Yesibili: Ukudala Amalungelo Amasha

INkantolo ingaqaphela ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bezinombolo budinga amalungelo angenawo acacile amanani eSigqebhezana samaLungelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokubona ngokomthetho noma ilungelo lokukhululeka kupolitiki enqubeni enqubeni enephutha, kungase kubhekwe njengokubalulekile “ekuhlelekeni.” Lokhu kungaba ukushiya umbhalo wokuqala, kodwa inqubo efanelekile yeSichibiyelo seGajimende se 1450 ibilokhu inesilinganiso esingaphansi kwesimo esiqinile (Roe v. , 1973; bergefe. v [FLT],], u-2015], iNkakhulu leNkathi ye-2010]. INkahlulele ukuthi ingulo lena “ilungelo elisha elivundliwe kakhulu" kulokhu kunakho ukuhlangana namashumi eminyaka ambalwa kuphela.[FLT]

Indlela Yesithathu: UHulumeni wesibili

Awukwazi noma awuzimisele ukwenza ngokufanele, iNkantolo Ephakeme ingawashiyela kakhulu amalungelo enombolo ezifundazweni. Izigodlo eziningi kakade zinemithetho eqinisekisa amalungelo emfihlo ayimfihlo. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo waseCalifornia, unelungelo lokufihla imfihlo engatholakali kuMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. Uma amazwe eqhubeka ezama, angakha indawo yokuhlola amalungelo emishini ekugcineni abumba uhulumeni. INkantolo ingakhetha futhi ikhethe ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezizonyusela ukukhushulelwa komthetho sisekelo wemithetho. Lokhu kuyindlela ekhethayo esebenzayo engokomlando: imikhuba yeNkantolo ngokuvamile ithonya inhloso yeNkantolo yamalungelo ayisisekelo.

Izimfune Zenhlangano Nobubusi

Isiqondiso iNkantolo esisithathayo siyoyithinta kakhulu indlela izakhamuzi ezisebenzelana ngayo kokubili nezinhlangano zikahulumeni kanye nezingazodwa. Uma iNkantolo ihlanganisa amalungelo aqinile emishini, izifundazwe ziyodingeka ukuba zithole imvume ngaphambi kokungena kokwaziswa kobuchwepheshe bemishini, ukuphenya amakhalekhukhwini ukuze aboshwe, noma ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuzihambela kobuso ezindaweni zomphakathi. Uma iNkantolo inqaba ukuhlanganisa, umsebenzi wesivikelo owenziwe ngezindlela ezithile uyoqhubeka, ezinye izakhamuzi ezijabulela amalungelo aqinile kanti ezinye azinalutho.

Isichibiyeli sokuqala esifakwa emkhathini we-apply sibuye sibuye sifane. Isinqumo sokuthi izinqumo zesikhulumi zokuhlanganisa i-protop ngokwazo zivikelwe zingalinganisela amandla kahulumeni okulawula imithombo yezindaba yomphakathi. Isinqumo esiphambene nalokhu singabeka iziteshi ezibeka imithetho yokulinganisela engathathi-hlangothi, okungavimbela ukungeyikho okunganembile kodwa futhi okungenza ukuba kuhlolwe ukucushwa. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamalungelo engqungqutheleni kunganquma ukuthi amazwe angawahlola noma avimbele ukuphikisa kwe-inthaneti ngaphandle kokwephula uMthetho-sisekelo.

Okokugcina, inqubo efanele efakwa enkathini yamanani ingadinga izinqubo ezinengqondo lapho i-algoriths ithinta izithakazelo ezibalulekile. Ukusetshenziswa kwesinqumo esizisebenzelayo ekwenzeni izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle, ukuhlola izingozi zobugebengu, nokuhlola inhlalakahle yabantwana kuyakhula. Ngaphandle kokwengamela komthetho- sisekelo, abantu bangalimala ngezimiso ezifiphele ngaphandle kokuzicela. Ukuzimisela kweNkantolo Ephakeme ukwandisa isimiso se- Goldberg v. Kelly kuzoba yi-archyments projective echaza izibalo ze-pagerss.

Ukulingana phakathi kokusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye bekulokhu kuwumsebenzi oyinhloko womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Ukukhetha kunikeza ithuluzi elivumelanayo lokuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo awashiyelwanga esiheni sikahulumeni noma emandleni enkampani. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe buboshelwa kuzo zonke izici zokuphila, umbuzo awuwona [[ ukuba khona futhi lamalungelo ayofakwa [bh1] kodwa [ indlela ne[FLT] lapho [FL:5].impendulo izobumba ikusasa lenkululeko ngenkathi yonyaka.

ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka umbono weNkantolo Ephakeme Kamber v. United States nokuhlaziywa kwemfihlo yobuchwepheshe v. California.