Ukuqonda Isisekelo Se - Agency KaHulumeni

Umqondo wokuvikela kwenhlangano yombuso unezici eziyinhloko ekuhlaziyweni kwemithetho yaseMelika, okuguqula indlela abakhohlisi abafuna ngayo ukulwa nezinhlangano zikahulumeni nendlela lezo zinhlangano ezivikela ngayo. Nakuba izimiso zokuqala zikhona emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, izinhlelo zanamuhla zidinga ukubekwa ngokucophelela kwezimiso zomthetho, izenzakalo zokwahlulela, nokuhlela izimiso zomphakathi. Kubaphathi bezomthetho, abaphathi bezezezinkampani, nabafundi bomthetho ngokufanayo, ukuyiqonda kahle le mfundiso kubaluleke kakhulu lapho kuqulwa icala, ukunxusa, noma ukudluliswa kwemithetho yomthetho.

Umthetho uqaphela ukuthi ukugonyelwa kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni kungenza imisebenzi yazo ebalulekile ngaphandle kosongo olungapheli lwamacala angaqeda imithombo yomphakathi noma enze izinqumo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umthetho uqaphela ukuthi ukugoma okunganqandwa kungashiya imicimbi elimele ngaphandle kokuyibuyisela, kudala ukucindezeleka okuye kwasiza izishayamthetho nezinkantolo ukuba zilinganisele ngokulingana ngemithetho eguquguqukayo nangaphandle. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okunganqamukiyo kwalemfundiso, ukusekela kwayo okungokomlando, izindlela ezihlukahlukene okuthathwayo, ukunqanda kwayo okungalawuleki okungakho, kanye namasu asebenzayo okuvimbela ukufinyelela kwayo, nokusebenzisa lendawo eyinkimbinkimbi.

Umsuka Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Kokuhlolwa KoMbuso

Imisuka Engokomlando Ekungahlangani KoMbusi

Imfundiso yokuvikela ubukhosi ilandela uhlu lwayo lozalo lweziphetho zokuzivikela komthetho wesiNgisi, lapho inkosi yamakhosi ingenakumangalelwa khona ezinkantolo zayo ngaphandle kwemvume. Lesimiso sanqamula i-Atlantic futhi samukelwa amazwe aseMelika, ekuqaleni sivikela ohulumeni bohulumeni ezinyatheloni eziningi zomphakathi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, unya olunamandla olunamandla olubangelwa yizinguquko eziphelele, futhi amazwe aveza ukuthi izenzo zokuvikela ukunqanda ukulwa kwemithetho ethile yezindaba. Uhulumeni walandela ngokuhambisana noMthetho kaFederal Tort Acties ngo 1946, owavula umnyango wokuthatha imingcele yokulwa nomthetho wokulwa no-United States ngaphansi kwezimo eziqondileyo.

Isimiso sokuzivikela senhlangano yoMbuso siyinzalo eqondile yalezizimiso zokuzivikela komzimba. Uma uhulumeni udala izinhlangano ezizofeza imisebenzi yokuqondisa, yokuphatha, noma yokusebenza, lezo zinhlangano zidla ifa lokuzivikela kukahulumeni. I-gnute icacile: izinhlangano zisebenza njengezikhali zikahulumeni, futhi zizenza zingayifuni injongo yazo kanye leyo ezasungulwa ngayo. Nokho, indawo yanamuhla ikude kakhulu neyunifomu, njengoba umbuso ngamunye usuye wasungula icebo lawo lokuchaza izinga lenhlangano yokuzivikela kanye nezimo ezingaphansi kwayo.

Ubuhlobo Nezinguquko Zanamuhla

Phakathi nekhulu lama-202, imibuso eminingi yayisimise umthetho wokuthi noma ihlangene noma ishintshwe ukuzivikela komthetho. Lemithetho ngokuvamile yadala umsebenzi ombaxa-nye wemithetho, eminye imibuso ilondoloza ukuvikeleka okubanzi kuyilapho eminye ithathelwe ukuvimbela okubanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Hulumeni ka-Hulumeni yaseCalifornia i-Act imisa izinqubo eziningi zokuveza izinkulumo ngokumelene nezinhlangano zomphakathi, kuyilapho iNkantolo ye-Anties Act yaseNew York inikeza umlweli wesiselo wamandla athile kodwa igcine imingcele eqinile. Umphumela uyindawo engokomthetho lapho ukugobeka umehluko okungaqondakali komthetho ngolimi lwe-station noma imisebenzi ethile ekhethekile yenhlangano esebenzayo.

Ngaphezu kokushintsha kwezinga likahulumeni, umthetho kahulumeni umisa isakhiwo sawo siqu. Ukuqonda ukuthi la malungiselelo kahulumeni asebenzelana kanjani nezimfundiso zombuso ezivikela uhulumeni kuyawagxeka amacala ahlangeneyo asebenza ngesilinganiso semisebenzi yawo, kodwa aqukethe okungalinganiyo, kuhlanganise nokuthi avela emisebenzini yokuzinqumela, amatort, nemisebenzi emazweni angaphandle. Ukuqonda indlela la malungiselelo kahulumeni asebenzelana ngayo nezimfundiso zomthetho ezivikela ukuvikela kuyingozi kuyadingeka kakhulu emacaleni ahlangene nezinhlelo zesifunda sezwe noma izinhlangano ezithola izimali zikahulumeni ezixhaswa yi-othorts.

Izinhlobo Zokungahlangani Ngemininingwane

Ukungalawuleki KoMbusi

Ubukhosi obuvikela izikhali buyindlela ebanzi kakhulu yokuvikela, ukuvikela umbuso ngokwawo, futhi ngokuhlanganisa izinhlangano zawo − ekumangalweni ngaphandle kokuba kunikezwe imvume. Ukuvuma kungathatha izindlela eziningana: umthetho ogunyaza ngokuqondile isudi, i-aspectiver, noma isinqumo sikahulumeni sokuhileleka emsebenzini we-propritio ongaphansi kwezikwele ezifanayo nabadlali basese. Ezindaweni eziningi, umbuso kumelwe uvume ngokusobala ukukhonzwa; abakhokhi bagwewa futhi bathathwe kalula yizinkantolo.

Uma kubhekiswa ezinhlanganweni, ukuvikela kombuso kusebenza emisebenzini kahulumeni eyisisekelo enjengokugcinwa komthetho, imfundo yomphakathi, ukuqondiswa kwentela, nemithetho yendawo ezungezile. Uma inhlangano isebenza kulezindawo ezibanzi, abakhohlisi babhekene nezithiyo eziphakeme ekutholeni ukuthi inkampani ingaqulwa. Nokho, ukuthambekela emashumini eminyaka amuva kuye kwaba ukulandisa okukhulu, imibuso eminingi yandisa iziphakamiso zayo zokufuna ukuthatha intela noma ukumisa abaphakeli bezindawo ezinjengezingozi zezimoto, izingozi zezimoto, izindleko zezimoto, kanye nemisebenzi yezokwelapha ezibhedlela zomphakathi.

Ukugoma Okungokomthetho

Izikhulu ezingokomthetho ezivikelayo zivikela izikhulu zikahulumeni nezisebenzi eziboshweni lapho zenza imisebenzi ewumthetho engokomthetho engaphansi kwegunya lazo. Isizathu siwukuthi izikhulu kumelwe zikhululeke ukusebenzisa isahlulelo ngaphandle kokwesaba incithakalo engokwezimali, ikakhulukazi uma izinqumo zazo zihilela ukucatshangelwa kwezimiso noma imibuzo emisha engokomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U. ikhiphe iziqephu ezimbili zokuzivikela okungokomthetho: ukuvikeleka okuphelele, okusebenza emisebenzini ethile enjengezenzo zokwahlulela nezinqumo zomshushisi, kanye nokuzivikela okufanelekayo, okuvikela izikhulu ezisebenza ngokholo oluhle nangendlela engaphulani amalungelo acacile agunyaziwe noma omthetho.

Kuzisebenzi zenhlangano kahulumeni, ukuvikeleka okufanelekayo kuyisivikelo esivame kakhulu. Ezinzweni zamalungelo omphakathi ezalethwa ngaphansi kuka-42 U.S.C. ngo1948, umlindi we-poliff kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukuziphatha kwesikhulu kwaphula ilungelo elalimiswe kahle ngesikhathi sokwaphulwa. Uma ilungelo lingamiswanga ngokucacile, uma isikhulu esinengqondo besingakholelwa ukuthi ukuziphatha kungokomthetho, kuzakuhambisana. Lendinganiso ibangele ukuhlaziywa okukhulu futhi ihlale iyisihloko esiphikiswayo, nabagxeki bethi livikela izikhulu ekuphenduleleni nasekusekeleni izikhulu ekulondolozeni ukuthi kubusa okuphumelelayo.

Imisebenzi Kahulumeni Nemisebenzi Yezezindaba

Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zomthetho wezezomthetho wezenhlalakahle wenhlangano yezomthetho wezwe umehluko phakathi komthetho kahulumeni nowe-proprietary. Umsebenzi kahulumeni ungowemisebenzi elungile futhi engokwemvelo, njengesivikelo samaphoyisa, ukucima umlilo, nemfundo yomphakathi. Uma inhlangano isebenza kuhulumeni, igcina isivikelo esingekho i-pactritary. Ngokungafani, umsebenzi we-propinetietary ungaba khona kanye ne-$nay) futhi ngokuvamile isetshenziswa yizinto ezizimele, njengokusebenza kwe-pareactive, ukuhola igalaji, noma ukuphatha i-galobo. I-proprietary. Ngokuvamile i-'i-sholoactiverry''''''''''''''''''''''', isebenza i-propriertivery' isebenza isebenza njengebhizinisi elizimele.

Umehluko kahulumeni-propritary ungasetshenziswa kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha eliphethe ichibi lokubhukuda lingase lihileleke emsebenzini wokubhukuda owenziwe ngomphakathi kwelinye izwe kodwa umsebenzi kahulumeni kwenye indawo, kuye ngokuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zawuphawula kanjani umsebenzi onjalo. Ochwepheshe ngokomthetho kumelwe bacwaninge ngokucophelela umthetho wombuso ohlobene nomthetho, futhi uma kungenzeka, ukwenza izenzakalo zangaphambi kokuba kubhalwe imisebenzi efanayo yenhlangano. Lokhu kuhlola ngokuvamile kuwumphumela womphumela wokuthatha inqubo yokuqala, njengoba ukuthola ukuthi umsebenzi uhulumeni ungaphumela ekuxoxisweni okusekelwe ekuvikeleni komthetho, kuyilapho ipropiertary ikuvumela icala ukuba liqhubeke.

Ukuhlangana Kwesimiso Esingokomthetho Esibusayo

Ukungezwani Kwezwe

Ngenxa yokuthi i-United States inesimiso esimbaxambili sobukhosi, ukuhlaziywa kokuzivikela kudinga ukunakwa kokubili umthetho kahulumeni nombuso. Amanxusa e-Federal ngokuvamile avikelwa ukuzivikela okuzimele kwe-United States, okungaphenjelelwa kuphela yisenzo soMkhandlu. I-FTCA iyimoto eyinhloko yokufaka iziphakamiso ngokumelene nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, kodwa iphoqelela isithiyo esiphawulekayo esisemgangathweni, kuhlanganise nemfuneko yokulawula ekhandlekayo kanye nomthetho weminyaka emibili wemingcele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni zineminyango yazo ekhethekile ehlukile: ngokwesibonelo, iSikhungo se-Tennessee Aguise angakhonzwa nge-te njengezinhlangano ezizimele, kuyilapho i-Federal Politiventiums Corporation iphethe imithetho ekhethekile ngokumelene nayo.

Umthetho kahulumeni uhluka kakhulu. Ezinye izifundazwe, njenge-Texas neGeorgia, ziye zalondoloza ukuvikelwa okubanzi ngokomlando kwabezomthetho abangenwa yiziphazamiso, kuyilapho ezinye, njenge Washington neFlorida, ziye zamisa izenzo ezibanzi zokuthi i-tort izikhali zokuvikela ukunganaki okuningi. Izifunda ezimbalwa ziqede ngokuphelele ukuvikela kombuso ekulweni nezifo, nakuba zingalondoloza ukuvinjelwa ngenxa yezenzo ezithile zenhloso noma ukuveza iziphakamiso zemithetho yenkolo. Kuwo wonke ama-lipigant, isinyathelo sokuqala kunoma isiphi isimo esimelene nenhlangano yombuso ukuhlukanisa icebo lokulawula i-station nokunquma ukuthi isebenza yini ekulweni namaqiniso athile ashiwoyo.

Izigcawu Nezihambi

Ngisho nasezifundazweni ezineziphetho ezibanzi, izishaya-mthetho ziye zamisa iziphakamiso ezithile ezihlobanayo. I-raveter evame kakhulu ihlanganisa izingozi zezimoto ezihilela izimoto zikahulumeni. Izifundazwe eziningi zivumela isuthi uma ukunganaki kwezisebenzi zikahulumeni ekushayeleni imoto kubangela ukulimala noma umonakalo wempahla, ziqaphela ukuthi lolu hlobo lweziphakamiso lunikeza isithakazelo esisobala somphakathi sokulandisa. Olunye umphakathi ovamile uvala icala lezakhiwo zikahulumeni, uvumela abasebenzi be-paclate ukuba babuye babuye bavuke lapho belimele izingozi zemoto ezisheshile noma ezinye izingozi zokuthiwa komnikazi wendawo ozimeleyo zidingeke zisetshenziswe.

Ezinye izifundazwe futhi zinezinga lokuvimbela ukuvinjelwa kwezindlela zokwelapha ezimweni zomphakathi noma emitholampilo, umklamo okhubazekile noma ukulungiswa kwemigwaqo namabhuloho, kanye nokuhlola noma ukuvala impahla. Nokho, lezi zinswebhu zivame ukuba namakepisi emonakalo, izimfuneko ezimfushane, nemingcele yezinhlobo zomonakalo olula. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni ungaphazamisa ukuvinjelwa kwezindlela zokwelapha ezingalawuleki kodwa ulinganisele izingozi ezingangokomnotho ezifinyelela ku-R350 000 noma ufune ukuba isamba esifanele sifakwe phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha zokulimala. Ukuqonda lokhu kulinganiselwa kubalulekile ekuhloleni inani elingokoqobo lemali kanye nokuhlela inqubo yokuzingela.

Abavela Ezindaweni Zokuhlola Umbuso

Imali Neziqu Zokuhlobisa

Nakuba abaqondisi bemithetho bevulile umnyango wezenzo eziningi zokunganaki, okubalulekile kusele. Ngisho nangaphansi kwesehlo sikahulumeni esithatha isinyathelo, inhlangano ingalondoloza ukugomela okuvela eminyangweni eqondile − labo abahilela ukukhetha kwezimiso noma izahlulelo zokuhlela indlela yokunikeza imithombo yomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo mayelana nendawo yokubeka ukukhanya kwezimoto noma indlela yokuklama ipaki lomphakathi sibhekwa njengesezingeni eliqondile nelokuzivikela ezingozi. Ngokungafani, ukugcinwa kokunganaki kokukhanya okukhona kwezimoto noma ukwehluleka ukuxwayisa ngengozi eyaziwayo empahleni yophakishini kungabhekwa njengokuwumsebenzi futhi ngaleyondlela kuthathwe njengezinto eziyingozi.

Okunye okuphawulekayo kuhilela amatort ngamabomu. Ezifundazweni eziningi, umgodli wokuzivikela akakhonzi ukucela ukuhlaselwa, ibhetri, ukuboshwa okungamanga, noma ukuhlaselwa ngenhloso kokucindezeleka okungokomzwelo lapho kwenziwa izisebenzi zikahulumeni. Lokhu kukhulunyelwa kungabekelwa isisebenzi ngasinye uma isisebenzi sithatha isikhundla ngaphandle komsebenzi noma ngenonya, kodwa inkampani ngokwayo ivame ukumelana nokuzivikela. Kubantu ababodwa abaye babhekana nokuziphatha okubi ngamabomu kwabadlali bakahulumeni, indlela yokululama idinga ukuphishekela umthetho wesisebenzi ngaphansi kwengxenye yonyaka ka 1983 noma isisebenzi sombuso esifana nayo kunokuba sithathe isaziso esilula.

Ukuphula Umthetho

Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokunqanda ukuvinjelwa kwezinhlangano igalelo lombuso liphakama lapho ukuzisholo kuhilela ukwephulwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ngaphansi kwesinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme e ] Ex ede Young, ummangalelwa angase amangale isikhulu sikahulumeni esisemthethweni esisesikhundleni saso sokufuna ukunqanda ukwephulwa komthetho kahulumeni okuqhubekayo, kuhlanganise nokuphula umthetho-mthetho. Lokhu kulahla akukuvumeli ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho emonakalweni, kodwa kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zivale ukuziphatha okungagunyaziwe yize izikhulu zikahulumeni, zinikeze ukuhlolwa okubalulekile emandleni kahulumeni.

Kulokho okushiwo yi-Descrection, i-Degree 1983 inikeza imbangela yokumelana nezikhulu zikahulumeni nezikhulu zendawo eziphula amalungelo kahulumeni zisebenza ngaphansi kombala womthetho wezwe. Nakuba lo mthetho ngokwawo ungawahluli amasosha ombuso, iNkantolo Ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi omasipala nezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni zendawo abanalungelo lokuvikela ubukhosi futhi bangamangalelwa ngokuqondile ngenxa yokuphulwa komthetho-mthetho. Nokho, izinhlangano zikahulumeni zihlala zivikelekile ngeSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo sekhulu sezwe ngaphandle kokuba umbuso uvume ukumelana nesimiso sokuzivikela esingokomthetho noma iSishayamthetho. Lokhu kwenza ukuba inqubo yokulwa kwe-mfunda isikhulu ngasinye (e) i-aa komiti efuna ukuqulwa ne-'inqumo ye-somthetho.

Igciwane Le - ultra Lithatha Izenzo

Inhlangano ingalahlekelwa futhi ukuzivikela lapho izisebenzi zayo zithatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kwegunya lazo noma lapho inkampani ngokwayo ihlanganyela ekuziphatheni okungalawuleki − okusho ukuthi, ngaphandle kwegunya elinikezwe umthetho. Uma isisebenzi sikahulumeni senza isenzo esingahlangene kahle nemisebenzi yaso engokomthetho, isenzo singabhekwa njengesiyimfihlo kunokuba sithathwe njengohulumeni, futhi kokubili isisebenzi nenhlangano yamandla ingaba necala. Ngokwesibonelo, iphoyisa elisebenzisa amandla amakhulu phakathi nomthetho owenziwe ngaphandle kwesikhundla sokusebenza, lingase lithathe noma yiliphi inxusa lanoma yiliphi ibhizinisi lokuvikela izisebenzi ezisekelwe ezenzweni zezisebenzi.

Ngokufanayo, uma inhlangano ithatha isinyathelo esivinjelwe ngokusobala ngomthetho noma esiwedlulayo igunya layo eligunyaziwe, izinkantolo zingathola ukuthi ukugonyelwa kwesimiso akusebenzi. Lesi simiso sivame ukusetshenziswa emacaleni ahilela izenzo zokulawula ezimelene nemithetho ethile engokomthetho, noma ezimweni lapho inhlangano izama ukulawula izindaba ezibekwe ngokusobala kwenye indikimba kahulumeni. Ukuziphathisa ngokweqile kudinga ukuhlaziywa kokusebenza kwenhlangano ekwazi ukwenza umthetho nemvume eqondile yesenzo esiyinselele.

Izici Eziphawulekayo Zasezweni Nethonya Lazo

Harlow v. Fitzgerald neNhlohloko eQhebelelayo

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka1982 uHwehlo oluqinile, izikhulu zikahulumeni zinelungelo lokuvikela imfuno ngaphandle kokuba ukuziphatha kwazo kumiswe ngokucacile ukuthi umuntu onengqondo ungazimela indinganiso yokholo oluqinile ngenhloso eyodwa. Ngaphansi phela , zinelungelo lokuvikela ngaphandle kokuba ukuziphatha kwazo kumiswe ngokucacile ukuthi umuntu onengqondo ungazimela kakhulu ngecala lakhe. Lokhu sheshishi yenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ngezahlulelo ezicaleni ezicathulile, ngoba azinakukwazi ukuthembela ebufakazini benhloso yezikhulu noma inzondo ukuze zihluleke. Kunalokho, ukugxila ekuqondeni kahle ukuthi ukuhle kwecala elisobala.

Isinqumo siye saba nemiphumela ebanzi yokuthola amalungelo omphakathi ngokumelene nezikhungo zikahulumeni nezisebenzi zabo. Okokuqala, sikhuthaza ukuthatha izinyathelo zokungalungi, njengoba abamangalelwa befuna ukusungula ukuvikela ngaphambi kokuthola. Futhi sifaka isiqinisekiso sokuchaza ngokucacile amalungelo omthetho eNkantolo Ephakeme nezinqumo ze-appelte, sishiya izinkantolo eziphansi zingabi nandawo yokuthola ukuthi ilungelo limiswe ngokucacile lisekelwe ezimisweni ezivamile. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi [[FLT: 0] HArlow usungule indlela evalelwe kakhulu egwegwegwegwelelwe inkantolo yezomthetho yezokuziphatha okubi kukahulumeni, kuyilapho abavikeli bethiza ukuthi ivikela izikhulu emthwalweni wokuvikela ukuvikela ngokumelene nokuzisho okuhloniphekile.

Westfall v. Erwin kanye noMphetho We - Federal Immuniy

Ku Westill v. Erwin [1988], iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma ngesilinganiso sokuvikeleka kwezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngaphakathi kwemisebenzi yazo. INkantolo yathi izisebenzi zikahulumeni zinelungelo lokuzimela ngokuphelele emfunweni wezomthetho ovamile we-Westrt lapho ukuziphatha kwazo kuphakathi komsebenzi futhi kuhilela ukusebenzisa ukuqonda. Lendinganiso yandisa ngokuphumelelayo isivikelo esitholakalayo kuzisebenzi zikahulumeni, isenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba izisebenzi ezivamile zilethe iziphakamiso kumthetho kahulumeni ngamunye. Ekuphenduleni, uKhomisha wakwa-Pederal Gromacellatees Liakees Liacementation ne-Tortation Reformation Act ka 1988, eyanwebela ngokuphelele i-seqenjini yezisebenzi ezisebenza emsebenzini, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zikhona yini ukuthi ziphethe noma zilungile.

Imiphumela esebenzayo ye Imiphumela ye- nomthetho olandelayo uthi ama-FTP afuna ukumangalela izisebenzi zikahulumeni ngenxa yokuziphatha okuhlobene nomsebenzi kumelwe aqhubeke njalo efuna inzuzo ngaphansi kwe-FTCA ne-United States kunokuba amelane nomqashwa ngamunye. Lo shicile unemiphumela ebalulekile ekuqondiseni izindaba, njengoba i-FCA idinga ukuphelelwa amandla amakhambi, ibeka umthetho omfushane wemingcele, futhi ilinganisela izinhlobonhlobo zezindleko ezikhona. I-equaration, [[FLTLT:2] i-'uctast inikeza ukulinganisa okuwusizo, nakuba imithetho ethile ehlukile yemithetho elawulayo.

Isinqumo Senkantolo Ephakeme Muva

Eshumini leminyaka elidlule, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqhubeka icwengisisa izimfundiso ezivikelayo ngezindlela ezithinta ukuhlanjululwa kwezemithetho. ISANTON v. Sims (202013]), iNkantolo yaphinda futhi ukuthi izikhulu ezifanelekayo ezivikelayo zivikela izikhulu ezikwaziyo ukuvikela amaphutha alinganiselwe omthetho ekwenzeni imisebenzi yazo. [[FLT:]] i-Escot of Escodito v. [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [20] [20]], iNkantolo yaxwayisa izinkantolo eziphansi ngokuchazwa ngokucacile ukuthi zivikelekile emalungelweni aphakeme kakhulu, zigcizelela ukuthi okulungile kumelwe kuthathwe emaqondweni ecala. [FLT] Kuwonke] [v: [FORT] [20]

Lezi zinqumo zibonisa ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kokulandisa nokuvikela okuphawula umthetho ovikelayo. Kudingeka ukuba amaqhinga ahlale ekhona enkantolo ePhakeme, njengoba isinqumo esisodwa singasusa isimiso sokuvikela izikhali futhi sishintshe umphumela wamacala asele. Odokotela abasemthethweni kufanele bahlole izenzakalo kokubili eNkantolo Ephakeme nenkantolo ephakeme kahulumeni wabo ukuze baqaphele ukuthambekela okungase kwandise noma kugunyaze ukutholakala kwesimiso sokuzivikela sezinhlangano zikahulumeni nezisebenzi zabo.

Izizathu Eziwusizo Kwabahlali Bevangeli

Amasu Okuqamba Amaqaba

Kubantu abachaphazelekayo abacabangela ukumangalelwa kwenhlangano kahulumeni, isinyathelo sokuqala ukuhlaziya ukuthi inqubo yokuvikela ukuzivikela iyasebenza yini futhi uma kunjalo, uma kunjalo, uma ikhona. Lokhu kuhlola kufanele kuqale ngezwe elifanele i-tort ethi ithatha umsebenzi, ngokuvamile okuqukethe amalungiselelo amaningi ezinhlobo zezicelo ezihlanganisiwe, izinhlangano ezifanelekela izinhlangano, nezinqubo okumelwe zilandelwe ngaphambi kokufaka isudi. Amazwe amaningi adinga abaqondisi ukuba banikeze isaziso sokuzisho phakathi nenkathi emfushane (ngokuvamile 30 kuya kumashumi amathathu) ngemva kokuba kuwe ukulimala, futhi ukuhluleka ukuhambisana nakho kungaba yingozi kulokhu kusenzeka.

Uma izindaba zokuvikela ukunqanda ukungenwa kwezifo zixazululiwe, abakhokhi kufanele bacabangele ukuqamba igama kokubili inxusa kanye nezisebenzi ngabanye njengabamangalelwa. Nakuba inkampani ingase igonyelwe ekulimaleni, izisebenzi ngazinye zingabhekana necala ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni noma i-Requement uma zithatha isinyathelo ngaphandle komkhakha wemisebenzi noma ngecala. Ngisho noma isisebenzi ekugcineni siphumelela ekuvikeleni isivikelo esifanelekayo, ukuvimbela okuhlukile kungagcina ukucindezela kwabamangalelwa futhi kungandisa amathuba okungakhokhwawa. Amachala-Plalthise kufanele futhi ahlole ezinye izimpikiswano zecala, njengokuphulwa kwemiya elungiselelwe yomthetho okwakha amalungelo azimele esenzo noma okusekelwe ekuphulweni kwesivumelwano uma inhlangano ingenela isivumelwano esigunyaziwe.

Ukuvikela Izinkonzo Zikahulumeni

Kubameli abameleli bamanxusa kahulumeni, umgomo uwukuqinisekisa ukuxoshwa kwenkonzo ngesikhathi sakuqala. Ithuluzi eliphumelela kakhulu ukunyakazisa ukunqatshelwa kwesimiso sokuzimela, esingagcinwa ngaphambi kokuba kuvele noma yikuphi ukutholakala. Ukuze aphumelele, ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi akukho komiti elawulayo eyisebenzisayo futhi inkampani ihileleke emsebenzini kahulumeni ngesikhathi sokulimaza okuthiwa kuyenzeka. Ekusekeleni ukuhamba, iseluleko sokuzivikela kufanele sinikeze izimemezelo noma izimemezelo zezikhulu zezinhlangano ezichaza imvelo yomsebenzi nezenzo ezithile ezithathwe.

Uma ukuvikela izikhali kungeyona isivikelo esiphelele, abameli bezinhlangano kufanele bagxile ekuthatheleni umsebenzi ngokusemthethweni, okuvame ukuthiya izibambiso ezihilela izinqumo zenqubo, ukwabiwa kwempahla, nokugcinwa kwemithetho. Ubufakazi obuyinselele bungadingeka ukuze kuqiniseki ukuthi ukuziphatha okunenselele okuhilela ukulinganisela izomnotho, umphakathi, noma izezombangazwe. Iseluleko sezentengiselwano kufanele futhi siqaphele izimfuneko zezentengiselwano, kuhlanganise nezimiso zokuqaphela, imithetho yokulinganisela, kanye nezikhonkwa ezincishini ezincisweni. Ukwehluleka kwe-politiff ukuhambisana nalezi zimfuneko zezobuchwepheshe kunganikeza isisekelo esizimele sokuxoshwa ngisho noma ukugonyelwa kwesimiso sokuzivikela kungasebenzi.

Ukuhlangana Kwemicikilisho Yomphakathi: Ukuthambekela Kwesikhathi Esizayo

Izwe lesimiso sokuzivikela kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni alikho ngokomthetho. Izimo eziningi zithambekele ekulolongeni intuthuko yaso esikhathini esizayo. Okokuqala, kunesithakazelo esikhulayo somthetho ekunqandeni ukuhlasela okuhilela ukuhlasela ngokobulili, ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, kanye nokuziphatha okungafanele. Izifundazwe eziningi muva nje zimise imithetho esusa ukugonyelwa kokuxhashazwa ngokobulili kwezisebenzi zikahulumeni noma ukulimala okubangelwa ukuqashwa noma ukuqondisa okunjalo. Lezi zinguquko zibonisa ukuphoqelelwa okukhulu kwezenhlalakahle yezezobuswa ezikhundleni eziye zavinjelwa ngokwesiko.

Okwesibili, izinkantolo zizimisele ngokuqhubekayo ukuhlola umehluko phakathi kwemisebenzi kahulumeni neyobupropitile, ikakhulukazi njengoba amanxusa kahulumeni eye athatha imisebenzi eyengeziwe yezentengiselwano. Ngokukhula kobungane bomphakathi bomuntu siqu, izinhlelo zomshuwalense ezimpontshelwe uhulumeni, futhi inzuzo ephambili yamayunivesithi kahulumeni, umehluko wesiko uyaba nzima ukuwugcina. Abameli bangalindela ukuba izinkantolo zisebenzise ukuhlaziya okwengeziwe okungamangalelayo kulezi zimo, okunganciphisa izinga lokuvikeleka kwemisebenzi eveza imali noma ukuncintisana namabhizinisi azimele.

Okwesithathu, ubuchwepheshe budala imibuzo emisha mayelana nokuvikeleka ezindaweni ezinjengokwephulwa kokwaziswa, ukwenza i-algorithm, nokuqiniswa kwemithetho ye-athom. Uma inkampani kahulumeni ihlaselwa nge-inthanethi edalula ukwaziswa komuntu siqu, ingabe isesimweni esifanelekile? Uma i-algorithm iphika izinzuzo noma ikhipha ithikithi lemoto, ingaba i-mea ye-ocement ibekelwe ukungenwa yingozi ebangelwa yingozi? Lemibuzo ayiphenduli kakhulu, futhi izimpendulo ziyoxhomeka ekuchazeni isilinganiso sabaphakalisi abakhona kanye nezingahambisani amaqiniso.

Isiphetho

Isimiso sokuvikela uhulumeni silokhu singenye yezimfundiso ezinamandla neziwumphumela wempi yesizwe. Umsuka waso ekuvikelekeni kobubusi, ukuhlobana kwazo ngemithetho eqinile nangamaqembu okwahlulela, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso konke kunikela ekwahlulelweni okuyinkimbinkimbi okudinga ukunakekelwa okucophelelayo kwabahlaziyi kanye neseluleko sabo. Nakuba ukuvikeleka kunikeza isivikelo esibalulekile emisebenzini kahulumeni, akusona isihlangu esibopheleyo, futhi inani elandayo labahlulwayo nabahlulwayo abakhokhisi ababoshelwayo kanye nokwehlukani kubonisa isahlulelo somphakathi okumelwe sihambisane negunya.

Kubenzi bemithetho, isihluthulelo sempumelelo sisekutholeni impumelelo ewumthetho oqondile we-state nomthetho wezwe, ukuchaza isimo esiqondile senkonzo ekhona, nokuthuthukisa indlela efanelekile yokusingatha ukugonyelwa kwemithetho kuzo zonke izinga lokubekwa. Kunoma ubani osebenza noma ofaka inqubo, ukuziphendukela okuqhubekayo komthetho wokuvikela ukunqanda ukulwa kunikeza ithuba lokulinganisela izindinganiso eziphikisanayo zokubusa okuphumelelayo nobulungisa. Njengoba indawo engokomthetho iqhubeka ishintsha, ukuhlala ngolwazi nokuvumelana nezimiso kuyo kuyoba okubalulekile kunoma yimuphi umuntu osebenza noma ohlola lendawo ebucayi yomthetho.

Eminye imithombo yokuzivikela kwenhlangano kahulumeni, odokotela bangahlola i-Cornell Legal Information ye-'FLT's's securect's's FAQ's kumthetho we-Federal Tort Actiquets , kanye nokuhlolwa kwezazi okukhona phakathi nomthetho wokuvikela izigwegwegwe [[FLT: 1] we-oyz's's'ss acts programmess processs FAT's FAT [[FLT] yeNT:5] yemikhondo yemikhondo yeNkathi yeNkathi. Ukuqonda lezincwadi zesisekelo nemininingwane yesisekelo kungathuthukisa ikhono le-ligioza efuna ukunqandayo ngempumelelo.