Isisekelo Sokuthembela Komphakathi Ekulungeni

Ukuthembela komphakathi esimisweni somthetho akuwona umgomo ofingqiwe − yindawo okungaxazululwa kuyo ukuhleleka kwezenhlalo, ukuqina kwezomnotho, kanye nokubekwa umthetho. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kuphathiswa umthetho. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kuphathiswa umthetho, abantu abanamathuba amancane okuvumelana nemithetho yenkantolo, ukukhipha izahlulelo ngokuzithandela, noma ukufuna amakhambi angokomthetho lapho bezoniwe. Inqubo engokomthetho yokuxazulula izimpikiswano ezingekho zomthetho phakathi kwamaqembu abantu, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezithembeka ngokuqondile. Ngokungafani nezigebengu zobugebengu, ngokuvamile ezithinta amalungelo empahla, izivumelwano zomkhaya, izakhiwo zomkhaya, nokulimala komuntu siqu. Ubuqotho balezi zichaza indlela izakhamuzi ezivamile ezibheka ngayo ukulunga, ubulungisa, nokwethembeka kwezinhlangano zazo ezingokomthetho.

Uma umnini webhizinisi omncane enqoba ukuphikisana kwemvume yokuthola ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana, noma umkhaya uxazulula impikiswano ngokuzwa ngokungathi qanda, ukuthemba esimisweni kuyakhula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho abahlabeleli bebhekana nezinqubo ezingaqondakali, ukulibala okungachazeki, noma ubandlululo olucatshangelwayo, bahamba bedumele. Lesi sihloko sihlola ubuhlobo obuhlukahlukene phakathi kokuhlobana komphakathi nokuthemba umphakathi, behlola izindlela eziqinisa noma eziqeda ukuqiniseka nokunikeza amacebo asekelwe ekuqiniseni imali ebaluleke kakhulu yejadicadiary.

Ukuqonda Ukunqatshelwa Kwecala Kwezakhamuzi: Izinga Nokubaluleka Kwalo

Ukuchaza Indima Yommeli Wangaphakathi

Ukuphikisana kwemiphakathi kuhlanganisa izingxabano ezinkulu zezentengiselwano zokwenza izingxabano zezentengiselwano zemali ezilinganayo. Kuhlanganisa ukugcinwa kwezivumelwano, ukufunwa kwesivumelwano, izindaba zomkhaya (i-divoce, ilungelo lokuwinwa kwezingane), ukungezwani kwempahla, iprobate, kanye nokunxusa kweziphathimandla. Ngokungafani nezenzo zobugebengu, lapho uhulumeni umangalela umuntu ngamunye nezigxobo zihlanganisa inkululeko, izenzakalo zomphakathi ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izindleko zemali noma ukukhululeka. Nokho, ngokuvamile izigxobo ezingokomzwelo nezimali ziba ziphakeme njengezezemicimbi ehilelekile. Isahlulelo esisodwa esibuhlungu singabulala ibhizinisi elincane, ukunqandwa kwelungelo labazali, noma amandla omkhaya ekhaya.

Iqulo elikhulu lamacala ezakhamuzi ($16) lifakwa minyaka yonke ezinkantolo zikahulumeni kulo lonke elase-United States kuphela, lisho ukuthi abantu abaningi bathembela kuphela ekuxhumaneni kwabo ngokuqondile nesimiso sokwahlulela enkantolo yomphakathi. Lokhu kwenza izinga lokukhipha imvume yomphakathi libe ilens eyinhloko umphakathi ohlola ngayo sonke isimiso somthetho. Uma leso senzakalo sibonakala silungile, sifanelekile, futhi singakhethi, isimiso sizuza ukwethenjwa; uma sibona ukuthi sihamba kancane, sihamba kancane, noma sicwasa, lokho kuthemba kuyanyamalala.

Umlando Nezimo Ezicatshangelwayo

Amathemba omphakathi esimiso somthetho aye ashintsha kakhulu phakathi nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka elidlule. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, izinkantolo zazivame ukubhekwa njengezikude, izikhungo ezingokomthetho ezigcinelwe abacebile noma abamangalelwa ngobugebengu obungathi sína. Namuhla, izakhamuzi zifuna ukutholakala, ukubonakala, nokuvumelana kwesikhathi. Ukuvela kwemithombo engokomthetho enikeza usizo, isinqumo se-ingosi yempikiswano, futhi zawenza kwaba lula izinqubo ezincane ezibonisa lolu shintsho. Nakuba kunjalo, uhulumeni nezinkantolo eziningi zisalwa nokuphathwa kwezibuko ezisezindlini eziqinile, ukuncintisana nobunzima obungokwezimboni ezisebenza ndawonye.

Ukucwaninga kwe- National Center for State Courts kubonisa njalo ukuthi i-procebralture directive short project" iwumqondo wokuthi le nqubo yayilungile, kungakhathaliseki umphumela , iyisona sici esiqine kakhulu sokwethenjwa komphakathi ezinkantolo. Uma izingqwenga zinomuzwa wokuthi zezwakala, ziphathwa ngenhlonipho, futhi zinikezwa incazelo ecacile yesinqumo, zisengozini enkulu kakhulu ukwamukela umphumela nokuthemba lesi sikhungo. Umthetho womphakathi ohluleka ukukhipha ubulungisa obuhlala njalo wenza umonakalo ohlala njalo, hhayi ezinhlangothini kuphela kodwa ezihilelekile ekuthembeni umphakathi.

Izici Ezithonya Ukwethenjwa Ngokulahlwa Kwezinhlangothi Zomphakathi

Ubuhle Bemvelo Nokubona Izindawo Ngokukhanyayo

Umqondo wokulunga komthetho usekelwe ezinsikeni ezine: izwi, ukungathathi hlangothi, inhlonipho, nokwethembeka. Izwi lisho ukunika iqembu ngalinye ithuba elibalulekile lokulandisa icala lalo. Ukungathathi hlangothi kudinga ukuba umenzi wesinqumo angakhethi futhi asebenzise umthetho ngokungaguquguquki. Inhlonipho iqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abahlanganyelayo baphathwa ngesithunzi, kungakhathaliseki isizinda sabo noma amandla ecala labo. Ukwethemba kucela ukuba inkantolo ibonakale isenza ngokholo oluhle, ichaze izinqumo zayo futhi ilandele imithetho yayo.

Uma lezizici zikhona, ukwethemba umphakathi kuyakhula. Ukuhlola okuphawulekayo kukaTom Tyler, isikhulu esiholayo sobulungisa bezemvelo, kwathola ukuthi abantu bathonywa kakhulu indlela abaphathwa ngayo kunayimiphumela ngokwayo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso kuwo wonke amasiko namasiko angokomthetho. Kumthetho womphakathi, abahluleli abazinika isikhathi sokuchaza imithetho, bavumele abakhokhi abazimele ukuba bakhulume ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa, futhi baveze ngokucacile, babonise ukwaneliseka okukhulu ngenqubo yezomthetho.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinqubo ezifiphele − njengemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi ebhaliwe, engadingeki yobufakazi, noma ukunqikaza okungachazeki . Ukusola okungachazeki. Ukubona ngalé kokugxeka. Izimiso zenkantolo zokunyathelisa, ukunikeza iziqondiso ezilula eziqondiswe ezinyanzweni, nokuhlala udlulisa izindlebe zomphakathi eziphezulu (uma kufanele) kungasifinyeza inqubo futhi kwakhe ukwethembana.

Ukwaneliseka Nokuphila Ngesikhathi Esifanele

“ Ukulunga okuchithwayo akunakwenzeka” akulona iqiniso elingenakubekezeleleka. Ukulibala kokufushanisa kuqeda ukwethembana ngezindlela ezimbili. Okokuqala, bafaka izindleko zangempela kwababethi: balahlekelwa iholo, ukucindezeleka okukhushulelwe ngokomzwelo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi imiphumela engalungiseki (njengezentengiselwano ezihlulekayo phakathi nezimpi ezithathelwana). Okwesibili, babonisa ukuthi isimiso senkantolo asisazisi isikhathi samaqembu futhi asilawuli izinqubo zawo siqu.

Emazweni amaningi, uma kuvela ama-parlog aqala ukuwalimaza kakhulu ama-pane aphansi ngenxa yokungalibali, imiqulu ephezulu, nezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zangaphambi kwezobuchwepheshe. I-American Civil Liberisties Union iqokomise ukuthi ukulibaziseka okukhulu kangakanani okungalinganiyo kulimaza inzuzo ephansi ngokungenakulinganiswa okungakwazi ukulinda izinyanga noma iminyaka yesinqumo. Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amakhambi ahlukene: i-electronic, i-acculone, i-metacity, kanye nokuphathwa kwe-IS kungenza izikhathi zokulungisa idoko. Nokho, lamathuluzi kumelwe asetshenziswe ngendlela engenakulinganiswa, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ububanzi abukwazi ukudala imingcele entsha.

Ukwethenjwa komphakathi kuyaqina futhi uma izinkantolo zikhuluma ngezikhathi ezingokoqobo. Umlitha olindele inqumbi yezinyanga eziyisithupha kodwa alinde iminyaka emibili ngaphandle kwencazelo uzozizwa ekhashelwe. Ukwenziwa kwento njalo, ngisho noma zibika ukuthi kubambezele, kungalondoloza ukwethembana ngokubonisa ukubonakala nokuhlonipha.

Ukufinyelela nokusekela Abasizi Abazimele

Ukukwazi ukufinyelela ubulungisa kuhlala kungesinye sezinselele ezingapheli kakhulu ekufushaneni komphakathi. Ezizweni eziningi, ingxenye yabo bonke abathathi-mthetho ivela ngaphandle kommeli − ukuthambekela okubangelwa izindleko eziphakeme zomthetho kanye nobunkimbinkimbi bemali yesimanje. Laba bantu abazimelelayo bavame ukulwa nezimfuneko ze-procraticism, imithetho yobufakazi, kanye nohambo lwenkantolo. Uma bezizwa belahlekile noma bengenakho, bayethemba isimiso.

Izinkantolo ezifaka imali ehlelwe ngezindlela ezilula, imitholampilo esemthethweni ekhululekile, izikhungo zokuzisiza, kanye nabaqondisi benkantolo abaqeqeshiwe zibona ukwaneliseka okukhulu phakathi kwamaqembu azimelelayo. i-American Bar Association’s Commission on the Future of Legal Services isekela “izinkonzo ezingokomthetho kanye nezimiso zobuchwepheshe ezisekelwe ekwakheni igejini. Ngokuvula inqubo yokuya, izinkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izindaba nobulungisa abugcinelwe yilabo abakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli.

Ukutholakala kuhlanganisa imingcele engokomzimba neyolimi kanye. Izinkantolo kufanele zibe nezinga lokuhlala phansi, zinikeze abahumushi emaphathini alinganiselwe aneziqu zesiNgisi, futhi zinikeze izinto ngezilimi eziningi. Uma iqembu elingakhulumeli siNgisi lingahlanganyela ngokugcwele empilweni yalo siqu, ukuthembela kwalo esimisweni somthetho, phela kuzimisele kwalo ukuphinde lisisebenzise ngokuphawulekayo.

Ukungakhethi Nenkululeko Yokwahlulela

Ubandlululo oluqondwayo noma olungokoqobo luwubuthi obuncishiswa umphakathi. Ukuvumelana komphakathi kumelwe kube, futhi kubonakale kungenalo ithonya elingaphandle ("noma iliphi elivela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, ekunakekeni kwemithombo yezindaba, noma ezimpikiswaneni zezimali. Imithetho yezejaji, ukugcinwa kwezimiso zomthetho eziqinile, nokumiswa kwezimiso zokusebenza kwezimiso zokuziphatha okusobala, nokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zokukhetha kusiza ekulondolozeni ukungakhethi. Kodwa ukubheka izinto njengokungokoqobo. Umahluleli weqembu elifanayo njengommeli oholayo weqembu, noma onomlando wokulawula ngokufaniswa kwezinhlobo ezithile zabahlali, ululaza ukuqiniseka.

Ukuhlukahluka kwebhentshi kuqinisa ukwethembana. Uma amajaji ebona ababonisa izibalo zomphakathi, qala ngokuma kwezenhlalo, isizinda sezezomnotho, avame ukukholelwa ukuthi icala lawo lizocatshangelwa kahle. Ukuhlola kwe Brennan Center yeJaji[ kubonisa ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kokwahlulela kuthuthukisa kokubili izakhi kanye nombono wokungakhethi ekukhetheni izakhamuzi.

Indlela Ukuthemba Okubonakala Ngayo Emphakathini

Ukuzimisela Ukusebenzisa Izinkantolo

Uma ukwethemba umphakathi kuphakeme, abantu namabhizinisi bazimisele kakhulu ukuphoqelela izikhalo zomphakathi ukuze baphoqelele izivumelwano, bafune ukulimala, noma baxazulule izingxabano zomkhaya. Baphendukela esimisweni somthetho njengendlela engokomthetho yokuxazulula izingxabano kunokuphendukela ekuzisizeni, ubudlova, noma ukumane balahle izicelo zabo. Ngokuphambene, ukwethemba okuphansi kuholela ekugwemeni ukukhokhwa okungokomthetho. Abantu bangase bangafuni ukuphishekela ukukhokhwa okungokomthetho, ukwamukela ukulahlekelwa ngenxa yokuthi bakholelwa ukuthi isimiso siminyana noma sibiza kakhulu. Lokhu akulimazi nje kuphela ubulungisa kodwa futhi kululaza umsebenzi ovimbelayo umthetho wombangomphakathi: abadlali ababi bazi ukuthi abanacala.

Ngokwesibonelo, abaqashi abahlala ezindlini ezingalondekile bangase bagweme ukuqulisana necala uma bekholelwa ukuthi inkantolo iyosekela umninindawo ngenxa yobandlululo olubonakala lukhona. Amabhizinisi amancane angakhetha ukuvala amasheya angakhokhelwanga kunokuba asebenzise isikhathi nemali kulokho akubona njengempi engokomthetho eyize. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezizenzo ezigwemayo zilulaza umthetho futhi zivumele ukungalungi ukuba kuqhubeke ngaphandle kokwelashwa.

Ukuvumelana Neziqondiso Zenkantolo

Ukwethembana kuthinta ukuthobela ngokuqondile. Umuntu okholelwa ukuthi inkantolo yayenza ngokulunga uthambekele kakhulu ekulaleleni isahlulelo esiwohlokile ($*) sokukhokha izindleko, ukubuyisela impahla, noma ukunamathela ezimisweni zokuwinwa kwezingane. Uma kungekho ukwethembana, abakhokhi bangangazishaya indiva iziyalezo, izikhalo eziwubuwula, noma izinto ezifihliwe, ukuphoqelela inkantolo ukuba yenze izenzo ezibizayo zokuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwemithetho. Lokhu kuqeda amandla alesi simiso futhi kunciphe kakhulu imithombo yomphakathi.

Lapho amaqembu evuma ngokuzithandela, isimiso sokuzinqumela singagxilisa amandla aso okuphoqelela emithethweni yokuhleka usulu yangempela kunakulabo abamane benganelisekile ngenqubo abayithola ingenabulungisa.

Izinkinga Eziyandayo Emphakathini

Ukwethembela komphakathi ekubekeni izivumelwano kudlulela ngalé kwemiphumela yecala ngalinye. Kuveza imibono kahulumeni ngokubanzi. Izinkantolo ziwubukhombana obubonakalayo kakhulu besimiso somthetho sezakhamuzi eziningi, futhi uma uhulumeni ungasebenzi kahle, wonke uhulumeni ungabonakala njengongekho emthethweni. Ukuhlola kuye kwahlanganisa ukwehla kokuthembana ezinkantolo nokuncishiswa kwe-voti, ukusekela okwengeziwe kwabafuna ukuthathela phambili imithetho, nokuncipha kokuzimisela ukulalela imithetho yentela nemithetho yezimoto.

Uma kuqhathaniswa, isimiso somfelandawo esithembekile somfelandawo sinezela ekuhlanganeni kwezenhlalo nasekukhuleni kwezomnotho. Abatshali bezimali bazimisele kakhulu ukwenza ibhizinisi ezinkantolo eziphumelelayo, ezingakhethi. Imikhaya izizwa ilondekile kakhulu empahleni yayo nasebuhlotsheni obuphakathi kwayo. Izindawo zomphakathi azinamathuba amancane okubhekana neziphetho zenhlanhla uma amakhambi angokomthetho ebhekwa njengafinyeleleka futhi elungile.

Amasu Okuqinisa Ukwethemba Ngokwelashwa Ngomphakathi

Izinguquko Zesayensi: Ilula, Icacile, Ishesha

Izinkantolo kufanele zilandele izinqubo ezilula zecala lezakhamuzi. Imithetho yokuthola inqwaba yemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi, izingqungquthela eziphoqelelwe, kanye nomkhuba wokuhamba ngokuphindwe kaningi kungafanelekela ukunikeza izikhangiso zezentengiselwano eziphakeme kodwa kuqede izinqumo ezivamile. Izinqubo ezilula zama-claim amancane, ama-monk, amapulazi, nezindaba zenkantolo zomkhaya zenza kube lula ukuzwa, izikhokhwa zesikhathi esimisiwe, kanye nokuqondisa ukukhomba ngaphandle kokudela ngokulunga. Izifunda zezindaba eziningi ziye zalawula “imishini yenguquko yezemisebenzi enziwa ngenkathi ephansi” ezibukeza imithetho yenkantolo yokuhlela isilinganiso esilinganiselwe nokufinyelela.

Izinyathelo Zokuqalisa Ukubona Ngokubona Kahle

Icala lokunyathelisa liyaqhubeka kuyi-inthanethi, ichaze izimemezelo ngolimi olulula, futhi inikeze umphakathi amathuba okuthola ukwaziswa kwenkantolo (lapho kuvikela imfihlo) abakhi bemali encane. Ezinye izinkantolo manje zinikeza “iziphathi zemali” ngokulungisa umbhalo noma i-imeyili esitebhisini ngasinye (ukubhala nge-(filphili, ukuhlelwa kohlelo, ukwahlulela. Le ngxoxo elula inciphisa ukukhathazeka futhi ibonisa ukuthi inkantolo iyasazisa isikhathi se-litantant.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibiko yaminyaka yonke ephathelene nokwahlulela, kuhlanganise nesilinganiso sesikhathi sokuhlola isimo somphakathi nokwaneliseka, kufanele sitholakale obala.

Ubuchwepheshe Njengesithukuthezi, Akusona Isithiyo

Isinqumo solwembuku lwe-internet (ODR) amapulatifomu, ama-protop acishe akhethe ukuzwa, kanye nomhlangano webhukwana onamandla e-Al unganciphisa izindleko futhi ubekezele. Kodwa ubuchwepheshe kumele busetshenziswe ngokunakekela. Ukuzwa izindlebe ezikude ngalabo abangakholeki ku-inthanethi kungaveza imiphumela ebuyayo, ukuqinisa ukungathembana. Izinkantolo kufanele zinikeze izinketho ezixubile − ezinge-i-i-intshi yezindlebe ezilondolozwe labo abazidingayo, futhi ukuthatha isinyathelo okungakhonziswa njengokukhetha.

Ngokufanayo, amathuluzi e-Al asetshenziswa ekuqondiseni amaphutha noma ngisho nasekudwebeni imiyalo ethile kumelwe ibonakale futhi ikwazi ukubukezwa komuntu. Abaqondisi kufanele bazi uma isinqumo sisizwe yi-algorithm. I-National Center ye-State Courts ikhiphe iziqondiso zokuthola i-AIA ngokusemthethweni ku-jadicary, igcizelela ubulungisa, ubandlululo, ukuphindwa kwe-athonsiswa kwe-algorith, nokwambulwa umphakathi.

Ukutshala Imali Kwesinye Isixazululo

Akuwona wonke amacala omphakathi okumelwe aqulwe. Ukuqulwa kwecala nokubekwa kwecala, uma kuboniswa ngokuzithandela nangobunono, kungaxazulula izimpikiswano ngokushesha futhi ngaphandle kokucindezelwa kakhulu. Izinkantolo kufanele zikhuthaze ukukhetha kwe-ADR ekuqaleni ecaleni, ikakhulukazi ezimpikiswaneni zomkhaya nomakhelwane. Nokho, izimemezelo zokukhipha izimemezelo eziphoqelelwe ezithengwayo ezithengwayo nasemisebenzini yemisebenzi ziye zaphikiswana, njengoba zingalinganisela ukufinyelela ezinkantolo zomphakathi. Ukuthemba kusetshenziswa kangcono uma i-ADR iyindlela esekelwa kahle, hhayi imfuneko ephoqelelwe.

Imfundo Yokwahlulela Nokuhlukaniswa Okuhlukahlukene

Ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo kwamajaji ngokucwasana okungacacile, amakhono okukhulumisana, nokuthungatha okubangelwa ukukhubazeka kuthuthukisa imiphumela nokubheka ngokulunga. Izinqubo zokwahlulela ezihlela izakhiwo nokuhlukahluka-hlukene − kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuhlela noma ngokhetho olunolwazi qhaza ibhentshi lomphakathi. Uma umahluleli elalela ngokucophelela, echaza ukucabanga, futhi ephatha zombili izinhlangothi ngenhlonipho, ngisho nesinqumo esingathandeki singashiya umuzwa wokuthi isimiso sisebenza ngendlela ehlosiwe.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kobulungisa Bezakhamuzi

Ukubophana akuyona nje indlela yokuphikisana nokulungisa isimo; kuyinsika yokubusa kwentando yeningi nokuzinza kwezenhlalo. Ukuthembela komphakathi kule nsika kwakhiwa − noma kwaphulwa ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke kwezigidi zabahlali abahamba ezindlini zenkantolo noma bahlanganyele kuyi-intanethi. Ukuzwa konke okulungile, konke ukunquma okucacile, zonke izikhungo ezisebenzayo ziyindawo ebhange lokuthembana.

Ukuze kulondolozwe futhi kuqiniswe lokho kuthembana, izinkantolo kumelwe zibeke phambili ukulunga okungokomthetho, isikhathi, ukufinyelela, nokubona. Kumelwe zithathe ubuchwepheshe ngokuhlakanipha, zifake isithunzi sobuntu, futhi zigcine umzamo wokuziphendulela ngemininingwane evulekile nangentuthuko eqhubekayo. Umzamo awukho ongabodwa: umphakathi ongenakwethemba ezinkantolo zawo uwumphakathi lapho izivumelwano zizizwa zingenanjongo, imikhaya ingeke ixazulule izingxabano ngokuthula, futhi abasengozini abanakho ukukhokha. Ngokugxila ezimisweni ezithi ukuqiniseka komphakathi, ukukhomba komphakathi kungaqhubeka kufeza indima yawo ebalulekile njengomsizi wobulungisa othembekile.