Ukuqonda Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Nenkululeko

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo nenkululeko yisici esiqinile sanoma yimuphi umphakathi wentando yeningi, esichaza ubuhlobo phakathi kwezwe nezakhamuzi zalo. Lenkululeko eyisisekelo ifakwa ngokwesiko ebhukwini elisungulwe isizwe (njenge U.S.Constitution[ noma i-Lill of Rights [] futhi ikhonza njengesihlaseli ngokumelene nohulumeni oyisisulu.

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo angahlukaniswa kakhulu ngokwenkululeko yomphakathi (ukuvikelwa kwezenzo zikahulumeni) namalungelo omphakathi (iziqinisekiso zokuphatha okulinganayo). Inkululeko yomphakathi ihlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokunyathelisa, yokuhlangana, yenkolo, kanye nesivikelo se-procededudation, kanye nesivikelo sokufuna ukuphehlwa okungenangqondo. Amalungelo omphakathi avimbela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ohlazweni, ebulilini, ebuntwaneni, enkolweni, noma kwezinye izici futhi ngokuvamile adinga uhulumeni ukuba athathe izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuqinisekisa ukulingana. EUnited States, lezi zitholakala ngokuyinhloko elungelweni Bill yamalungelo ne-Genetic Expressurence.

Nokho, umthetho-sisekelo unamandla kuphela njengabantu abawusekelayo. Ngaphandle kolwazi nokweshelana kwezakhamuzi, ngisho nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esibekwe kahle kakhulu singaqedwa ngokuthatha imithetho, ngokuphambana kwezikhulu, noma ngokuchaza kabusha. Yingakho kubalulekile ukufunda izakhamuzi: izakhamuzi akumelwe zazi ukuthi ziwasebenzise kanjani amalungelo azo kuphela kodwa futhi nokuthi zingawavikela kanjani ekusebenzeni.

Isisekelo Samalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Izimiso eziningi zanamuhla zithola emibonweni yokukhanyiselwa ngamalungelo emvelo, ubukhosi obuthandwayo, kanye nesivumelwano sezenhlalo. Izazi zefilosofi njengoJohn Locke noMontesquieu zaphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni uthola ilungelo lakhe elingokomthetho ngokuvunyelwa ababuswayo futhi abantu balondoloza amalungelo athile angenakuthathwa izwe elingenakuwaphula. Lemibono yayihlukile lapho ibhalwa eMthethweni woMyalo wase-U.S. ngo-1787 futhi ihlala iyisisekelo somthetho-bukhompuyuthe namuhla.

Amalungelo ayinhloko omthetho - sisekelo ahlanganisa:

  • Inkululeko yokukhuluma: ivikela ilungelo lokuveza imibono, imiqondo, nokwaziswa ngaphandle kokucubungula kukahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa inkulumo yezombangazwe, izimpawu zobuciko, ngisho nemibono engathandeki noma ehlazisayo. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ilokhu ikholelwa njalo ukuthi iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela izinhlobonhlobo zenkulumo, nakuba kunemifantula enciphileyo yokukhuthaza, ukuhlambalaza, nokuhlambalaza.
  • Inkululeko yenkolo: Ilungelo lokuqhuba noma iyiphi inkolo (ukuzivivinya ngokukhululekile) nokwenqabela ukumiswa kukahulumeni wenkolo (isibuyelo sokumiswa). Lokhu kuvikela abantu ukuba bangaphoqelelwa ukuba bahlanganyele emisebenzini engokwenkolo futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi umbuso awufuni inkolo eyodwa kunenye.
  • Ilungelo lokuthwala izindonga:[ ISichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuzigcina nokuphatha izikhali ukuze angaziphathi, abekelwe umthetho onengqondo. Lelilungelo liye laba yindaba yempikiswano enzima, nezinkantolo zilinganisa ukuvikela komphakathi ngokumelene nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo.
  • [[NTL:0] Amalungelo okuba wedwa: Nakuba ingashiwonga ngokuqondile eMthethweni, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo ezindaweni ezinjengomshado, ukuvimbela inzalo, nezinqumo zezokwelapha. Lendlela elungile ivikela abantu ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni okungadingekile ezindabeni zabo.
  • Inqubo elindelekile nesivikelo esilinganayo: Izichibiyelo zesihlanu nezeshumi nane ziqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu oyophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho, nokuthi bonke abantu bayothola isivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Lemigqa ibaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuphathwa ngokulunga esimisweni sokwahlulela sobugebengu nesivikelo emithethweni yomthetho womthetho.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yobusakhamuzi

Amalungelo awakhululekile; adinga ukuqapha njalo nokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo kubo kanye abantu abawavikelayo. Imithwalo yemfanelo yobuhlalo idlulela ngalé kokulalela umthetho − ihlanganisa ukuhlanganyela nohulumeni, ukubeka izikhulu icala, nokuvikela umthetho-sisekelo ezinsongweni zakwamanye amazwe nasekhaya. Ukungahloniphi kwezakhamuzi kuyinto eyingozi kakhulu kunoma yimuphi umbuso wentando yeningi.

Umlando waseMelika ugcwele izibonelo zezakhamuzi eziqhubekela phambili ukuze zivikele amalungelo azo. Kusukela kumzabalazo wamalungelo omphakathi wama-1960 kuya ku- ukuthatha isigaba sonyaka wenombolo [, abantu abavamile baye bahlela, baphikisa, futhi bahlolwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo sihlala sinenjongo. Le mizamo ibonisa ukuthi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo awami ndawonye, aqalanga ngokuthembisa kwezakhamuzi.

Ukuqashelwa Njengomsizi Womthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqamba kuyindlela eqondile kakhulu izakhamuzi ezithonya ngayo isiqondiso sikahulumeni wazo. Ngokukhetha abameleli abahlonipha imingcele engokomthetho-mthetho futhi bamise amajaji achaza umthetho ngokwethembeka, abavoti bahlela zona kanye izinhlangano ezivikela amalungelo abo. Nokho, ukuvota kuphumelela kuphela lapho kutshelwa. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zicwaninge ngezimo zalabo abazohlola umthetho-sisekelo, ziqonde izinyathelo ezingase zithinte amalungelo, futhi zihlanganyele okhethweni lapho kwenziwa khona izinqumo eziningi ezibalulekile.

Umkhosi wezokuvota e-United States usekelwe ngokomlando kwezinye imibuso yentando yeningi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezisencane nezimbalwa. Imizamo yokwandisa ukufinyelela i-colot, njengokuvota okuzenzekelayo nokuvota ngeposi, ngokwayo iwukwenza umkhuba wesizwe somthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuphambene, ukucindezelwa kwemithetho yabavoti kanye nokuvinjelwa kwemithetho ye-germaning kumelela izinselele ezifuna izakhamuzi ukuba zihlele futhi zisekele inguquko ngokuzifaka esimweni, zifake imvume, futhi zifake imikhankani yokuqa umphakathi.

Ukuhileleka Eceleni Kwale Ndawo

Izakhamuzi zingasekela amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo ngezindlela eziningi ngaphandle kokuvota:

  • Advocacy and Lobbing: Ukubhalela izikhulu ezikhethiwe, ukufakazela ezindlebeni zomphakathi, nokusekela izinhlangano zezezimali ezizimisele ukuvikela umthetho-sisekelo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge American Civil Libereties Union (ACLU) zithembele eminikelweni yezakhamuzi nasemizamweni yotshani yokubekela imithetho esemthethweni.
  • IPublic Propectus noMhlangano: Ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula lihlanganiswe esiGuqulweni sokuqala futhi liye laba yithuluzi elinamandla lokuguqula izenhlalo. Kusukela eBoston Tea Party kuya kuMarch eWashington kuya ekuvimbeleni kwanamuhla okumnyama, izakhamuzi ziye zasebenzisa imibhikisho yomphakathi ukufuna ukuba amalungelo azo aqashelwe futhi avikelwe.
  • Jury Duty: Ukukhonza ejajini kuwukusetshenziswa okuqondile kwesabelo somthetho-mthetho. AmaJuries ahlola amandla kahulumeni ngokufuna imvume kahulumeni evumelanayo ngaphambi kokuba omunye aphucwe inkululeko, futhi anamandla okukhulula ngisho nalapho umthetho ucacile, umkhuba owaziwa njengokwenza izehlo ezivimbeleni ezingalungile.
  • Imfundo esemthethweni: Ukufundisa omakhelwane, abafundi, nosebenza nabo ngelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo kuyisenzo sokuvikela. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukuhlela amashabhu akho anelungelo lokwazi, ukusakaza izinto zokufundisa, noma ukumane uxoxe ngezenzakalo zamanje ngokwemiphumela yawo engokomthetho-sisekelo.
  • Izakhamuzi ezizinikele ngokujulile ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo zingafuna izikhundla zomphakathi ngokwazo. Amabhodi ezikole, imikhandlu yedolobha, nezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zonke zenza izinqumo ezithinta amalungelo asukela ekukhulumeni ngokukhululekile ezikoleni kuya ekuvikeleni kwangasese epholishini.

Indima Yezinhlangano Zomphakathi

Izakhamuzi ngazinye zinamandla, kodwa ziphumelela kakhulu lapho zihlela. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zomphakathi . "Inzuzo, amaqembu okuphatha izigebengu, amaqembu omphakathi, ngisho nezimiso ezivamile" zisebenza njengezinto ezicindezelayo zokulwa nomthetho-sisekelo. Lezi zinhlangano zenza imisebenzi ebucayi okungekho isakhamuzi esingayifeza sodwa.

Okokuqala, bahlanganisa izimali. Izinselele ezingokomthetho zemithetho engavumelani nemithetho zibiza; izinhlangano zingahlanganisa iminikelo yokuxhasa ukumangalelwa, ukuqasha abameli abangochwepheshe, nokuhlela imikhankaso ethatha isikhathi eside. Okwesibili, zinikeza ubuchwepheshe. Umthetho womthetho-sisekelo uyinkimbinkimbi, futhi izinhlangano ezifana ne Brennan Center yeJaji [ noma i- Institute i-Cato Inhlangano esemthethweni isebenzisa izazi ezihlaziya umthetho namafayela amafushane. Okwesithathu, kuyahlela, kuyasiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziphendule ngokushesha ekusongweni.

Izinhlobo Zezinhlangano Zomphakathi

Imishini Engokomthetho Yokusekela Amalungelo

Uma amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo esongelwa, izakhamuzi akudingeki zithembele kuphela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Isimiso somthetho sinikeza izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuvimbela isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo. Ukuqonda lezi zindlela kubalulekile ukuze kuphumelele ukuqasha, ikakhulukazi lapho amagatsha kahulumeni ezombangazwe engasabeli.

Ukulandisa Kokwahlulela

Inqubo ejwayelekile engokomthetho ukumangalelwa kwamanye amazwe. Noma ubani omalungelo akhe omthetho-sisekelo aye ophulwa angafaka icala enkantolo kahulumeni ngaphansi 42 U.S.C. . . . . 1983 (eUnited States) noma imithetho ewumthetho egunyazayo kwamanye amazwe. Lo mthetho uvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zidlulise icala lezwe noma izikhulu zendawo ngenxa yengozi noma ukukhululeka lapho lezozikhulu zisebenza ngaphansi kombala womthetho ukuze ziwaphuce amalungelo omthetho. Umthetho ovamile uhilela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, ukumelana nenkululeko yokukhuluma, nokucwasana kwezenkolo.

Izindlela ezingokomthetho zihlanganisa:

  • [ Imithetho esemthethweni ebanzi: Isakhamuzi esisodwa singabekela umthetho noma isimiso esiphula amalungelo aso. Ngokwesibonelo, umfundi obekelwe imingcele yezembutho zezembutho angase amangalele isikole sakhe ngenxa yokwephula amalungelo abo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Izehlakalo ezinjalo zibeka isiqalo esizuzisa abanye.
  • Class Action Lawsuits: Uma umthetho wephula amalungelo eqembu elikhulu (umzk., zonke iziboshwa esimisweni sejele), isenzo sekilasi sivumela abameleli abambalwa ukuba bamangalele wonke umuntu. Lena indlela ephumelelayo yokusingatha ukuphulwa kwezimiso.
  • Impumuzo engathintiweyo: Inkantolo ingakhipha umyalo (i-injthin) efuna uhulumeni ukuba amise isenzo esithile noma athathe izinyathelo zokuvuma ukuze avikele amalungelo. Ngokwesibonelo, inkantolo ingayala idolobha ukuba lingawuqalisi umthetho obanzi omelene nokuphatha ipani noma ukubhikisha ngokuthula.
  • Isahlulelo sokulahla: Izakhamuzi zingacela inkantolo ukuba isho ukuthi umthetho awuvumelani nomthetho ngaphandle kokufuna impoqo noma umthetho. Lokhu kucacisa umthetho wawo wonke amaqembu futhi kungavimbela ukwephulwa kwesikhathi esizayo.
  • Ama-Amicus Curiae Brief:[ Ngisho noma zingahilelekile ngokuqondile ecaleni, izakhamuzi nezinhlangano zingabhala “umngane wenkantolo” kafushane ukunikeza izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ezengeziwe, amaqiniso, noma imibono. Lena indlela yomphakathi yokuthonya ukuchazwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo.

Izindlela Zokuqondisa Nemithetho

Izinkantolo akuzona zodwa ezivikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela futhi nezinhlangano zezombuso nezishaya - mthetho:

  • Ukufuna uHulumeni: Isichibiyeli sokuqala siqinisekisa ilungelo lokucela uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo. Lokhu kungaba isicelo esingokomthetho kumkhandlu wedolobha, incwadi kummeli jikelele kahulumeni ecela uphenyo, noma isikhalo ekhonselweni yamalungelo abantu.
  • Izakhamuzi ezisemthethweni: zingasebenza nabenzi bomthetho ukuba baphinde basebenzise imithetho engekho ngokwemithetho noma bamise imithetho emisha evikela amalungelo ngokuqina ngokwengeziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe amaningi adlulise imithetho yezemfundo [[FLT:] enezela isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo emkhakheni we-apply.
  • Abahloli jikelele no-Ombudsmen: Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni zinemishini yangaphakathi ehlola izikhalo zokwephulwa kwamalungelo. Izakhamuzi zingabhala izikhalazo ezibangela izinguquko zangaphakathi ngaphandle kokuya enkantolo.

Izinselele Zokusekela Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Naphezu kokuqina kwamalungelo nezinqubo, izakhamuzi zibhekana nezithiyo emizamweni yazo yokusekela inkululeko engokomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukunganaki Kwezombangazwe Nokuhlanekezelwa

Enye yezinsongo ezinkulu kakhulu emalungelweni omthetho-sisekelo ukuncishwa kwezindawo ezibanzi. Uma inani elikhulu lezakhamuzi lingavoti, lingalandeli izindaba zomphakathi, futhi lingahlanganyeli ekuphileni komphakathi, isimiso siba sesichayeke ekuthumbeni ngezithakazelo ezikhethekile namaqembu aphikisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuncishiswa okukhulu kwezombangazwe kuqeda ukuvumelana kokuthi amalungelo angowomhlaba wonke .Njengoba amanye amaqembu aqala ukubona isivikelo somthetho-mzimbuluko njengamathuluzi avikelwayo kunokuba asekelwe eziqinisekisini eziyisisekelo. Lokhu kungaholela ekuphoqeleleni amalungelo ngokungakhethi, lapho amalungelo ezombangazwe evikelwa khona kuyilapho lawo aphikisa enganakwa.

Ukungaqiniseki Nokuncipha Kokwethembana

Inkathi yezokuxhumana iye yaletha ukutholakala kokwaziswa okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili, kodwa futhi izinselele ezingakaze zibonwe ezibangelwa ukuphikiswa. Izinkulumo ezingamanga ngezinqubo zokuvota, izinqumo zenkantolo, noma izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zingadida izakhamuzi futhi zinciphise ukuzimisela kwazo ukuhileleka. Ngokwesibonelo, izinganekwane ezisakazekile ngokukhwabanisa ivoti ziye zaholela emithethweni evimbelayo ethinta kakhulu abavoti abambalwa, iphakamisa imibuzo engathi sína. Ukunqanda ukukhishwa kwe-information akudingi ukufunda imithombo yezindaba kuphela kodwa futhi nokukhulumisana okunethezekayo ezikhungweni zomphakathi ezithenjwayo.

Izithiyo Ezingokomthetho Nezezimali

Isimiso somthetho, nakuba siklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo, singabiza futhi siyinkimbinkimbi. Ukumangalela icala likahulumeni kudinga ukudluliselwa kwemithetho ye-produccolture, ukuhlanganisa imibandela eqinile, futhi ngokuvamile kuqashelwa ummeli osebenza ngomthetho womthetho-mthetho. Izakhamuzi eziningi azikwazi ukukhokhela lezindleko, futhi izinkonzo ze-probono ezingokomthetho azikho ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngisho noma umuntu ekhona enkantolo, uhulumeni anganxusa, akhiphe icala iminyaka eminingi. Lokhu kwakha umphumela odabukisayo: abantu bangabekezelela ukuphulwa kwamalungelo kunokuba babhekane nomthwalo wokukhokhiswa.

Ezinye imingcele zihlanganisa:

  • Izimfuneko eziqinile: Izinkantolo ziyolalela amacala kuphela kubaphathi abalimala ngokhonkolo. Lokhu kungavimbela izakhamuzi emithethweni ephikisayo engekhona umthetho kodwa engaphoqelelwanga ukuba zimelane nabo.
  • uBumestrial Immunity: Kwezinye izifunda, ezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngeke zibekwe icala ngaphandle kwemvume yazo, zilinganisele amakhambi okwephulwa kwamalungelo.
  • I-mmmony eqinisekiswe: E-United States, izikhulu zikahulumeni (ikakhulukazi izikhulu zamaphoyisa) zivame ukuvikelwa emacaleni ngaphandle kokuba zeqe “umthetho osumisiwe ngokuqhindiwe”. Lemfundiso yenza kube nzima ukuba umuntu ophulayo alandise.

Ukungenela Ngokwemithetho Nokuqondisa

Ngisho noma izinkantolo zisebenza, amagatsha emithetho nezikhulu ngezinye izikhathi angazisusa noma avimbele isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe, ohulumeni bangamisa i-habeas corpus okwesikhashana noma bamise izinhlelo zokuhlola ezisunduza imingcele yeSichibiyelo Sesine. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zihlale ziqaphile ngokumelene nokuphamba okunjalo, zisebenzisa ukucindezela kwezombangazwe nezinselele ezingokomthetho ukuze zibuyisele ukulinganisela okufanele. USUSA PATTTT Act[ futhi izimpikiswano ezilandelayo ezisengxenyeni 702 ye-FISA Intemps Refectssss Act zibonisa indlela amalungelo angazilinganiswa ngayo ngokushesha ngegama lokulondeka.

Isiphetho: Izakhamuzi Ezikhuthele Njengomgadi Womthetho - sisekelo

Ukusekela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nenkululeko akulona ifa elingenamsebenzi esizukulwaneni esisunguliwe; kuwumkhuba wansuku zonke odinga ukuqaphela, ukuthembisana, nesibindi. Zonke izakhamuzi zinendima: kusukela kumfundi okhuluma ngokumelene nesimiso sesikole esingenabulungisa, kuvota abacwaninga ngezahlulelo zomthetho-mthetho, kumhleli womphakathi ohlongoza omakhelwane ukuba baphikise umthetho wobushiqela. Lezenzo, eziphindaphindwayo ezigidi zabantu, zakha isisekelo esiphilayo sombuso wentando yeningi.

Izinselele zingokoqobo, kodwa namathuluzi anjalo. Ngokuqonda amalungelo awo, ngokuhlanganyela enqubweni yentando yeningi, ngokusekela izinhlangano zomphakathi, nangokusebenzisa izimiso zomthetho, izakhamuzi zingaqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo uhlale uvikela ekubuseni ngonya nomphathi wenkululeko. Umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokulondolozwa kwenkululeko yomthetho-sisekelo awukho ezinkantolo noma ezindlini zomthetho - sisekelo kuphela, kodwa uphathelene nabantu ngokwabo.