Imfundiso Yokukhetha: Isisekelo Samalungelo Esimo Esivamile Sanamuhla

Inqubo ekhethwayo inqubo yomthetho-sisekelo lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iye yasebenzisa khona amalungiselelo amaningi eSiphakamiso samaLungelo ukuba sinqume futhi sifake nohulumeni bendawo nge-Century Procession of the 14neth Refection. Lemfundiso engokomthetho ngokuyisisekelo iye yalungisa amalungelo esizwe saseMelika ngokusemthethweni, yakha isisekelo sesivikelo sombuso ngamunye okumelwe sihlonishwe ngaso. Nakuba umbhalo weSishaya- Bill of Rights ekuqaleni unqande uhulumeni wezwelonke, ukungenela kwezimiso zikahulumeni, izivumelwano ezizimele ziye zenza lezo ezigunyaziswayo ngokumelene nezokudlala imithetho kahulumeni, ukunikeza ithuluzi elinamandla lemithetho ephikisayo, ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, nezimiso zokuphatha umthetho. Imfundiso ayibonisi impumelelo, ukusebenza kwayo ngesikhathi esisodwa kodwa ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kodwa ngenkampatho yayo, ivumela ukuba kuvumela ukushintshe kwenkululeko yezimiso zezenhlalakahle nezomthetho wezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando NeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

Icala Lokubulala Lendlu Namalungelo Noma U Claus

Ekupheleni kweMpi Yangaphakathi, iSichibiyelo se-Reconstructon Congress samisa iSichibiyelo seshumi nane ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo abantu base-Afrika abasanda kukhululeka. Ingxenye Yokuqala iqukethe izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: Amalungelo noma ama-Immunitunie Claus, i-Gust Procement Claus, ne-Fement Procement Falaussme Proce. Amalungelo amaningi akuqala akholelwa ukuthi amalungelo omphakathi noma ama-Immunionthi u-Immunion Claus ayeyoshukumisela ukuba aqondise amazwe ukuba ahloniphe wonke uBill of Rights. Nokho, iNkanto ephakeme i-Cento ebeke imingcele engokomthetho e-Indlu ye-Indlu (1873).[FLD:1], ephethe ukuthi amalungelo alinganiselwe alinganiselwe kuphela elungelweni lomphakathi, njengasekuyokuhamba esabelweni senkantolo sohulumeni.

Ukuhlolwa Ngenqubo Elindelekile

Ngemva kwe-Slaughter-Nyumba, abakhangisi baphendukela ku-Act Claus Process, enqabela ukuncisha noma yimuphi umuntu “ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” INkantolo yaqala ukuchaza ukuthi“ ibhandetha” njengamalungelo ayisisekelo afakwe kuBill of Rights. Lendlela, eyaziwa njengendawo ekhethayo, ivumela iNkantolo ukuba ihlole umuntu ngamunye futhi inqume ukuthi ikhona yini “ekhoneni embonweni wenkululeko ehleliwe” (njengoba IJaji likakhadozo liyichaza kahle i-[Foct:0]] [ilko. Confticut [19737]). ). INkantolo yekhulu elilandelayo, isebenzise lokhu kuhlola okunciphekayo cishe kuhlanganisa ilungiselelo lonke lohulumeni, imvume yokuqinisekisa imvume yokukhoselela i-Boose.

Izenzakalo Eziwuphawu Zezwe Ziyasilela Ekukhetheni Ukuhlobana Okuhle

Ukungavumelani Kwezinqumo Zokuqala Zokuqala

Uhambo lokuhlanganisa lwaqala ngeSichibiyelo Sokuqala. [Ku- Getlow v. New York (1925), iNkantolo yathatha, ngaphandle kokunquma ngokugcwele, ukuthi i Free Speecooke Claus yasebenzisa izizwe ngokudlula kwi-Act Procession Claus. Icala lasekela umthetho wecala kodwa lavula umnyango wesikhathi esizayo wokuhlanganisa inkulumo kanye namalungelo. Inkantolo [FLT:] Nearchb [FLT:] Minnesova [1931] [[FL:]] ifaka inkululeko yemide, i-Foct3] ehlela phansi isimo sangaphambili sokuzibophaka kwephephandaba elingcolile. Kamuva, [FLT] v.[4][4][5]

Ukuvukela Kwesigebengu

Phakathi kuka - 1961 no - 1969, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasebenzisa cishe zonke inqubo zobugebengu ezifundazweni, iguqula indlela amaphoyisa, abashushisi nezinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo ezweni lonke.

  • Mapp v.O.1961] yahlanganisa umthetho weSichibiyelo sesine, ivimbela izifundazwe ngokusebenzisa ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuhlola okungekho emthethweni nokuquleka.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) wahlanganisa iSichibiyelo sesithupha nelungelo lokwelulekwa, ifuna izifundazwe ukuba zinikeze abameli abamangalelwa abangemthetho ezimweni ezibucayi.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966) yahlanganisa ilungelo leSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngokumelene nokuzisola, isho ukuthi amaphoyisa azisa amacala awo ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwemvume.
  • [[INTLA] Duncan v. Louisiana (1968) yahlanganisa iSichibiyelo seSithandathu nelungelo lokuqulwa icala yijaji emacala amakhulu obugebengu.

Lezi zinqumo zakha izindinganiso ezilinganayo ezihambelana nezimiso zomthetho zikahulumeni zobugebengu. Ngaphambi kokuba zifakwe, izifundazwe zingathi `futhi futhi zivame ukukwenza `unganaki amasivikelo enqubo yobugebengu kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kweMap, ubufakazi obutholakele ngaphandle kwemvume babangakholeki enkantolo yombuso. Lokhu kwandisa kakhulu ukuphumelela kwamalungelo omphakathi, ngoba abakhohlisi bemithetho yokugcinwa kwemithetho ngokuqondile enkantolo yezwe ngaphansi U.S.C. . . .[6]

Ukuhlaziywa KweSichibiyelo Sesibili

Emashumini eminyaka, iSichibiyelo sesibili asizange sisetshenziswe ezifundazweni. Lokho kwashintshwa McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010), lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela khona ukuthi ilungelo lokuzigcina nokuphatha izindonga zokuzivikela komzimba wesigebengu futhi ibeke izikhali eziyisisekelo futhi ngenxa yalokho ifakwe phakathi kwe-'ICal Procement Claus. Isinqumo sanciphisa ukuvinjelwa kwesandla seChicago futhi samisa izinga leSiphetho sesibili semithetho. [[FLT:] ESivumekweni se-Rifle & i-Pistol Association i-viement. , iNkanto ephinda ishosho ukuthi imingcele yemithetho engokomlando i-Dicioc. [[FT]

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nenqubo Eyifanele

Izindawo ezikhethelwe ukuhlanganiswa kwenqubo elandelanayo nesivikelo esifanayo ezicaleni zamalungelo omphakathi eziphawuliwe. Lovating v. Virginia (1967), iNkantolo yaqeda ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho evimbela ukushada kwezinhlanga ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, incike kuzo zombili i-Celaus (ukuhlobanisa ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada) kanye neSivikeli sika-Claus. Muva nje, [[FLT]berge v. Hodges (20:5)[FL:3] ikholelwa ukuthi ilungelo lokushada okukodwayo kuvikelwe ngaphansi kwenqubo eyisisekelo ye-14, ukudweba inqubo efanayo eyisisekelo. Lezi zenzakalo ezibonisa indlela yokwembula izivumelwano ezikhethekile kuphela zokungasebenzisi izivumelwano ze-Bill kodwa ezivikela izivumelwano zeNkakhulu.

Ukuphumelela Ekumangalelweni Kwamalungelo Omphakathi Kwanamuhla

Ukungaguquguquki Kwamalungelo Awo Wonke Amazwe

Impumelelo esobala kakhulu yokukhetha ukuhlanganiswa kwenqubo esemthethweni ezweni lonke. Ngaphambi kokuba ihlanganiswe, isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo sesakhamuzi sixhomeke ngokuphelele esizweni esasihlala kuso. Uphenyo olungangekho emthethweni enkantolo kahulumeni lungavunyelwa ngokuphelele ekuqhubekeni kwezwe. Namuhla, cishe nanoma iyiphi inqubo eyisisekelo yobugebengu evimbelayo efakwe, umuntu omangalelwe ngobugebengu emaphandleni ase-Alabama unelungelo elifanayo lokululeka njengothile eNew York City. Lokhu kuhlola okungangemthetho kunganciphisa ukumiswa kwemithetho yokulwa kwemithetho yesizwe esemthethweni engokomthetho efana ne-1914, 1983 kungaphoqelelwa ukuba kuviswe kuviswe izigilamkhuba zezenteko ezicacile zelungelo lombuso.

Amandla Abamangalelwa Ababodwa

Ukukhetha ukuhlanganisa abantu kunika amandla okubekela imithetho nemikhuba yezwe inselele ngokuqondile. I-polisa elithi ijele lezwe liphula ukuvinjelwa kweSichibiyelo seSiphamiso se-8h esinonya nesingavamile kungaletha icala enkantolo kahulumeni, kucaphune izimpawu zeNkantolo Ephakeme eziye zahlanganisa lokho kunqabela. Imfundiso futhi yenza ukuba amalungelo esigaba asebenza ahlolwe, njengezinselele zokukhipha inqubo yamaphoyisa noma izimiso zejele. Ngokunikeza igebe lomthetho-gebe, i-simplathi: abameli akudingenzeki ukuba baphikise ukuthi kufanele basebenzise lokho; kudingeka kuphela ukuba babonise ukuthi inqubo yombuso iphula isilinganiso esisemthethweni.

Ukulinganiselwa Nokugxeka

Uhlelo lokusebenza lwengxenye

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukukhetha ukuhlanganisa imvelo ehlangene kushiya izikhala nokungaqiniseki. Akuwona wonke amalungiselelo eSiphakamiso samaLungelo asekhona. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho weSichibiyelo sesithathu owenqabela amasosha ukuba athathe ingxenye yesine awuzange ufakwe ngokomthetho, nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukuba kubangele izimpikiswano zanamuhla. Imithetho emikhulu yokugweba iSichibiyelo sesihlanu ayikafakwa; izifunda zingasebenzisa ukuzwana kokuqala. Okuphawulekayo kakhulu, ilungelo leSimemezelo seSengxenye secala ekuqululweni kwenkantolo yezakhamuzi alizange lafakwa ngokugcwele, lokhu kuveza ukuphikisana kwemithetho esemthethweni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imingcele emikhulu yokugweba imibandela ethile ihlala ingekho esimweni esingokomthetho.

Izinkinga Zobuhlanga

Ukufakwa kwemvume ngokwemvelo kunciphisa ukuzibusa kwezwe. Abaphikisi, ngokuvamile ngombono kahulumeni, baphikisa ngokuthi lemfundiso ilulaza ikhono lezifunda zobushiqela. Ngaphambi kokuba ihlanganise, izifunda zazama izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokwahlulela kobugebengu, ukuphepha komphakathi, kanye namalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Ngemva kokuhlanganiswa, izishaya-mthetho zomthetho nezinkantolo kumelwe zivumelane nezincazelo zomthetho. Lokhu kucindezeleka kwabonakala emvuthwaneni womthetho [FLT: 0] [McDonald v. Chicago, lapho amadolobha anjengeChicago neSan Francisco ephoqelelwa ukuba alahle ukuvinjelwa okuqinile kwezandla. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi imfundiso inikeza iNkantolo Ephakeme amandla angafanele okunquma ukubusa ezimweni zezenziwa ngokwezezwe ngokwezemfundo, njengezemfundo, njengezemfundo, nemfundo.

Ukuthatha Icala Ngokwahlulela Kumelene Nemingcele

Abagxeki bazo zombili izigaba zezombangazwe ngezinye izikhathi basola iNkantolo yezenzo zokwahlulela ngokufaka umthetho wezomthetho lapho ihlanganisa izindawo ezintsha. Abasekeli baye baphikisa ukufakwa kwelungelo lokwelulekwa nokukhishwa komthetho kahulumeni njengokuqashelwa; ukuvunywa kweSichibiyelo sesibili njengokungahambisani nemithetho eqinile yokuphepha yezikhali. Inkulumo iveza ukungavumelani okukhulu ngendima efanele yejaji esimisweni sombuso. Abaxhasi baphendula ngokuthi ukuhlanganisa nje kuyindlela yokufunda ngokwethembeka iSichibiyelo seNguquko sesine seNguquko sezehlo, nokuthi ngaphandle kwayo, i-Bill yamaLungelo kahulumeni avikela izibhamu amacala ezwezwe wonke amaMelika ayize.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nombono Wesikhathi Esizayo

Ukuvuselelwa Kwamalungelo Noma U Claus

Eminyakeni yamuva, abanye abahluleli nezazi baye bacela ukuba kuvuselelwe amaZwe ahlangeneyo noma ama-Immunitunie njengesisekelo esizwakalayo sokuhlanganisa. McDonald v. Chicago[, uMahluleli Thomas uyavuma kodwa waphikisa ngokuthi iSichibiyelo sesibili kufanele sifakwe kuMalungelo oMbuso noma i-Immunic Claus esekelwe kakhulu kunesisekelo se-Calct Procestion. [U-FLT]] Imibono ephansi kakhulu ihlangene nalenale lempikiswano, kodwa iNkanto ephakeme ayikawiswanga iSahlulo-Indlu. Uma iNkanto enikeza amalungelo akhudlwanayo ahlukene ngokumelene nohulumeni. Inkantolo isho ukuthi uma ekugcineni i-Immaclaus imukela amalungelo noma imoto enkulu yokuhlanganisa amalungelo emali, inganweba ngaphezu kwenkululeko engokwemali, noma imvume yokuhlanganisa imvume yokuhlanganisa.

Imingcele Entsha: Amalungelo Amanani Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe budlula umbhalo weshumi nesishiyagalombili we-Bill of Rights, ukuhlanganisa ngokukhetha kuyobhekana nezinselele ezintsha. ISichibiyelo sesine sokuphenya nokuquleka siye sasetshenziswa emininingwaneni yezezinombolo, kodwa izinkantolo zezwe nezishayamthetho ngezinye izikhathi zisuka ngemigomo enjengendawo yocingo elandelanayo nemininingwane. Isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakade kakhulu [iSigebengu] [isibalo] se-Carpenter v. United States (208), okuthi ukufinyelela okungena ngokomthetho engqabeni ye-obheyoloji engokomlando kuhlola amarekhodi e-cell-option, kuye kwasetshenziswa ukuveza ukuthi imvume yokukhipha imvume yokukhipha i-Dintelligence. Isikhathi esizayo izohlola ukuthi amalungelo amashawowosha noma anjengeyo okugcina angeni ekuhlose ekuhlolweni kwesokudla kukhululwe ekuhloni kwe-R. Inkantolo ibonise imvume enkulu enkulu enkulu engeziwe ka-R.

Ukukhetha Enkantolo Ehlelwe Ngobuciko

Ukuhlukanisa kwemibono kwamanje kweNkantolo ePhakamileyo kuthonya ukulingana kokufakwa ngokukhetha. Izahlulelo ze-Conservative zithambekele ekuthandeni ukuhlanganiswa kweSichibiyelo Sesibili namalungelo empahla, kuyilapho iziqondiso ezinikeza iziqondiso ezilandelanayo zokukhuliswa kwenqubo yobugebengu kanye nenqubo edinga ukukhishwa kwezisu ne-LGBTQ + ukulingana. Isinqumo sabesifazane sezempilo (20222)[FLT], iNkantolo elawulayo iRoe v. Wade, ukuthi ilungelo lokukhipha isisu akusekelwe kakhulu emlandweni futhi ngaleyondlela inkululeko eyisisekelo evikelwe yi-Uhlelo lwe-Creauslaus. Lesinqumo asizange sihlanganise i-imfathiwe ngokuqondile ilungiselelo elikhethekile lika-Bill, kodwa singaveza izimpawu eziyisisekelo zokuthi iNkathi iNkade yeNkadebelo.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlanganiswa kwemithetho kuhlala kungelinye lamalungelo abalulekile aseMelika. Ngokunweba i-Bill of Rights kumazwe, lemfundiso iye yadala indinganiso yesizwe yenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye engenziwa izakhamuzi enkantolo kahulumeni. Icala layo ngekhanda, kuyilapho ingaphelele, iye yavumela uMthetho-sisekelo ukuba uzivumelanise nezimo ezintsha ngaphandle kokuba ufune ukuba ulwelo lwezwe olugcwele. Imfundiso ayiphumeleli ngokuphelele; ishiya izikhala, ibangela ukuxabana kwemithetho yesizwe, futhi imema ukuncintisana kwemibono ebhentshisini. Noma kunjalo, ngenxa yokufuna ukulwelwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo ngokumelene nesenzo sikahulumeni, ukuhlanganisa abalawuli bezindawo ezithile kunikeza ukuhlolwa okuhle, ukwakheka okunamandla. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme iyaqhubeka ukusondela kwayo nge-Claussmasce noma i-Immedianston i-octive I-ognion.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i-Curt Legal Information ye-Cornell ye- i-cornell Information ye-project ekhethayo, i-[FLT:] i- Project yecala leNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu [[, kanye ne-[FLT]SCOTYLYY[ yokuhlaziya izinqumo zamuva. Ukwelashwa okujulile kwezazi kungatholakala ku- lesi sihloko somthetho sokubukeza indlela yanamuhla ye-'i-'[FLTY].