Isimiso sokuzivikela esizimele sikahulumeni siyindlela eqinile yokulawula i-American jurisprade elawula ngokuyinhloko indawo engokomthetho lapho kugadla inhlekelele. Lemfundiso yasendulo engokomthetho, esho ukuthi ayingenisi enkantolo ngaphandle kwemvume yabo, idala uxhaxha oluyinkimbinkimbi lwesivikelo futhi ngaphandle kwento ethinta ngokuqondile indlela ukuveza incazelo phakathi nezenzakalo eziphuthumayo. Ukuqonda lamandla angokomthetho abalulekile kubaphathi besimo esiphuthumayo, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, abenzi bemithetho, nanoma ubani ongase azithole efuna ukulandisa ngemva kwenhlekelele.

Yini uMbusi woMbuso Ohlangene?

Uhulumeni ozimele wokuvikela uhulumeni uthatha umsuka wawo womthetho wesiNgisi, lapho uMbuso wawubhekwa njengogonyiweyo ngoba "iNkosi ayinakwenza okungalungile." Lombono wesigebengu wafakwa enhlabathini yaseMelika futhi wathola ukuthi usekelwe ngokucacile eMthethweni weSichibiyelo seshumi Nenye, owagunyazwa ngo-1795. ISichibiyelo sinikeza ukuthi amandla omthetho kahulumeni awavunyelwe ukuba agwenywe ngokumelene nombuso wezakhamuzi zombuso othile noma izakhamuzi zakwamanye amazwe, nakuba izinkantolo ziye zawuchaza njengomthetho owenziwe ngezakhamuzi zikahulumeni.

Phakathi nendawo, ukugonyelwa kwesimiso sokuzimela okuzimele kusho ukuthi isifundazwe asinakukhohliswa ngaphandle kokuba sinikeze imvume yaso ecacile. Lokhu kuvikela kudlulela nasezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, izinkonzo, nezikhulu ezisebenza emandleni azo angokomthetho. Lemfundiso ifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile: ilondoloza ingcebo kahulumeni ekuncipheni ngokungenamthetho, ivumela amazwe ukuba asebenzise imisebenzi kahulumeni ngaphandle kokungenela kwemithetho, futhi izikhulu eziqaphela ukuthi izinhlangano ezibusayo zizimele esimisweni sethu somthetho-sisekelo.

Ukungahlangani Kombuso OnguMbusi

Isivikelo esinikezwa ulwelwelo oluzimele sibanzi kodwa asikho nhlobo. Zihlanganisa izinkulumo ezilethwa kuzo zombili izinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso, nakuba amazwe ekwazi ukunqanda ukugonywa kwawo njengoba ebona kufanele. Okubalulekile, imfundiso ihlukanisa phakathi kwemisebenzi kahulumeni nemisebenzi engokwezikhundla: izenzo ezithathwa emandlani ombuso wombuso zithola isivikelo esinamandla kakhulu kunezohwebo noma iproprietary engokwemvelo.

Imisebenzi yokusabela ngokuphuthumayo ivame ukuwela esigabeni semisebenzi kahulumeni. Uma uhulumeni ushukumisa imithetho yawo yokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo, uthumela imithombo ye-National Guard, noma uqondisa abathuthi, usebenza ekwazini kwakhe ukuvikela impilo yomphakathi nokuphepha. Lokhu kuhlelwa kukahulumeni kuqinisa ukuzivikela kukahulumeni uma abantu befuna ukubeka izingozi ezibangelwa ukusabela okuphuthumayo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Sobukhosi Ezimweni Zokusabela Eziphuthumayo

Izinkinga zokusabela eziphuthumayo ziveza izinselele eziyingqayizivele zokuhlola ukuvikela komzimba okuzimele. I-cris ifuna ukuba kwenziwe izinqumo ezisheshayo ngaphansi kwezimo zokungaqiniseki okukhulu, ngokuvamile kufune ukuba ohulumeni bathathe izinyathelo ezingase zibangele umonakalo ngokungahlosile. Izinhlekelele zemvelo, izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi, ukuhlasela kwamaphekula, nezingozi zezimboni konke kubangele ukusabela kohulumeni okungabangela ukugabadela komphakathi.

Cabangela lezi zimo ezilandelayo lapho ukuzivikela komzimba okuzimele kungase kusetshenziswe khona:

  • Ioda yokuthutha: ['i-oda] lapho i-oda kahulumeni ikhipha ukuphuma okuphoqelelwe phakathi nesiphepho noma umlilo wequbula, abantu abalahlekelwa ngokwezomnotho noma abalimalayo phakathi nenqubo yokuthutha bangase bafune ukugcina isifunda sezwe sithembekile. Ukuvikela kombuso ngokuvamile kuvimbela isivikelo sayo ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni unikeze isivikelo salezimo.
  • Ukunakekela kokwelapha okuqinile: phakathi nobhadane noma isenzakalo sokufa okukhulu, izakhiwo zezokwelapha ezihamba nge-odmini kahulumeni zinganqotshwa futhi zingakwazi ukunikeza ukunakekela okwanele. Iziguli noma imikhaya yazo edebeselelayo noma enganele ibhekene nezithiyo eziphawulekayo zokuvikela ubukhosi.
  • Ukuhluleka komthetho wokwehluleka: Uma amaleve ehluleka, ukuwa kwemigwaqo, noma imigqa yamandla yehla phakathi nobunzima, abanikazi bempahla nabameleli abalimele bangase basole umbuso ngenxa yokwehluleka ukulondoloza izakhiwo eziyingozi. Ukuvikela kombuso ngokuvamile kuvela kulokhu kugobeka, ikakhulukazi uma izinqumo ezihilela ukwabiwa kwempahla nezahlulelo zezimiso.
  • Izenzo zomthetho zokuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwamaphoyisa: Umbuso namaphoyisa endawo asabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo angasebenzisa amandla, ukuvinjelwa, noma ukuthunjwa kwempahla. Umthetho olawulayo ungavikela lezenzo, nakuba kungasetshenziswa ngamabomu amatort nokwephulwa komthetho-sisekelo.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Nezihlukanisiwe NoMbusi

Naphezu kwesivikelo esikhulu esinikezwa ulwelwesi oluzimele, izindlela eziningana ezimiswe kahle zidala izindlela zokufuna ukuhlaziywa kwesizwe phakathi nezenzakalo eziphuthumayo. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukile kubucayi kubameli abamelela amaqembu alimele nakuziphathimandla zikahulumeni ezifuna ukuqonda ukuthi banecala.

Izimpawu Zokungagculisi

Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa i-tort yenze izenzo zokuthi ukuvikela uzibuse kungokohlobo oluthile lwezimo. Lemithetho ivumela ukujeziswa kwezwe ngokunganaki, ukulimala kwempahla, nokulimala komuntu siqu, ukuba kulinganiselwe okuthile futhi kubekwe izimfuneko ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Oligiti yase California ivumela amasutu ngokumelene nezinhlangano zomphakathi ngenxa yokunganaki kwezisebenzi zazo, kodwa ifuna abasebenzi abavamile ukuba babhale icala phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha zokulimala.

Izenzo zetort zivame ukuphatha ngokukhethekile izimo eziphuthumayo. Ezinye izifundazwe zinikeza izivikelo ezikhudlwana zemisebenzi yokulawula isimo esiphuthumayo, kuyilapho ezinye zigcina amalungiselelo azo avamile okunqanda izinhlekelele. Ulimi oluqondile lwe-raiser kahulumeni ngamunye lunquma izinga lamakhambi akhona.

I - Federal Tort Ithi Act FTCA Nokusabela Okuphuthumayo

Lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni uhileleka ekusabeleni okuphuthumayo ngezinhlangano ezinjenge-FEMA noma uMnyango wezempilo nezezinkonzo zabantu, iFederal Tort Antiess Act inikeza indlela eyinhloko yokusho izikhulu zikahulumeni. IFTCA inikeza umthetho wobushiqela kahulumeni womthetho wokuvikela amatort abekwe izisebenzi zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngokulingana nomsebenzi wazo, ngaphandle kokwethulwa okukhulu.

Isihluthulelo se - FTCA esithinta ukusabela okuphuthumayo zihlanganisa:

  • Imisebenzi engaphandle: Lemigoqo ehlukene isekelwe ekusebenziseni imisebenzi yokukhetha yezisebenzi zikahulumeni, ngisho noma iqhinga lisetshenziswa kabi. Izinkantolo ziye zachaza lokhu kunqamuka ukuze zivikele izinqumo zenqubo, kuhlanganise nalezo ezenziwe phakathi nokuhlela okuphuthumayo nokusabela.
  • Imisebenzi elwisanayo: iziphakamiso ezivela emisebenzini yempi phakathi nesikhathi sempi azifakwanga ekuhlanganiseni iFTCA. Lokhu kungasebenza uma imithombo yezempi isetshenziselwa ukusabela okuphuthumayo ekhaya.
  • Ukuvikelwa okufanele:[ i-FTCA ayisebenzi lapho izisebenzi zikahulumeni zisebenzisa ukuqapha okufaneleyo ngokuvumelana nezimiso noma iziqondiso, ngisho noma ukuziphatha okugunyaziwe kubangela ukulimala.

Izinkantolo ziye zalwa nokusebenza kwalezi zinqumo ezihlukile ezimweni eziphuthumayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kweSiphepho uKatrina, abakhohlisi bafaka izikhalo eziningi ngokumelene neButho Lobunjini le-FTCA ukuze lizifake emandleni. Izinkantolo zathi kakhulu ukuthi umklamo weCops nokulungiswa kwezinqumo kwawela ngaphandle komsebenzi oqondile, okuvimbela ukuvuselelwa kwesikhukhula esiyinhlekelele esaphumela.

Ukuvumelana Nokufaneleka Ngemithetho

Izwe lingase livume ukuvumelana nomthetho oqondile owenzelwe izigaba ezithile zezimo eziphuthumayo. Amanye amazwe aye amisa imithetho evikelayo echaza ngokuqondile izinga lecala labaphendulayo. Lezi zimiso zivame ukulinganisela isidingo sokukhuthaza isinyathelo esiphuthumayo esisheshayo ngokuqaphela ukuthi izisulu zifanelwe indlela ethile yokulungisa.

Abaphenduleli bezehlakalo ngokuvamile bajabulela isivikelo esifanelekayo esivikelayo esisemgceni lapho benza ngokuvumelana nemisebenzi yabo. I-Fomuniegement Empine Yokunceda Umdlali wobudokotela wamaqembu amaningi, ethathwa yizifundazwe, inikeza izikhuseli eziyingozi kochwepheshe bezempilo abavolontiya ngesikhathi sezimo eziphuthumayo. Lezisivikelo azinakwenyuselwa kuhulumeni noma ezikhungweni zawo, kodwa zingathinta indawo yonke ngokulinganisela abamangalelwa abakhona.

Izinkulumo Zomthetho - sisekelo Nezenzo Zango - 1983

Enye yemingcele ebaluleke kakhulu ekuvikelekeni kwesimiso sombuso sokuzimela esingokomthetho ivela emithethweni yesizwe. Ingxenye ka 1983 yeSihlomo 42 soMthetho we-U.S. ivumela abantu ukuba bamangalelwe uhulumeni nezikhulu zendawo ngenxa yokwephulwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba ukuvikela uhulumeni ngokusemthethweni kuvikela amazwe njengezinhlangano, akudluliseli kuziphathimandla ezithile ezisesikhundleni sazo siqu sokuphulwa komthetho-mthetho.

Lomehluko uveza amathuba abalulekile ekuphenduleni ezimweni eziphuthumayo. Uma abadlali bakahulumeni bethatha isinyathelo esiphula umthetho, njengezimiso zokukhipha abantu ngokungekho emthethweni, ukuvalelwa kwabantu ngokungekho emthethweni ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwabantu ngabanye, noma amandla adlulele phakathi nokugcinwa komthetho wesimo esiphuthumayo, izisulu zingaletha iziphakamiso ezimelene nezikhulu ezinomthwalo wemfanelo ngokwazo. Nokho, lokhu kuveza imingcele yazo, kuhlanganise nezivikelo ezifanelekayo ezivikela izikhulu ukuba zingangeni enkathazweni ngaphandle kokuba ziwuphule umthetho omisiwe.

Izingcindezi Zokumangalelwa Komphakathi Phakathi Nezimo Eziphuthumayo

Ukuxhumana phakathi kwesimiso sokuvikela somthetho nokusabela esimweni esiphuthumayo kwenza kube nendawo eyinkimbinkimbi ethinta abakhohlisi, abamangalelwa, kanye nesithakazelo somphakathi esibanzi. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlobana kusiza ababambi besimiso somthetho ukuba baqondise isimiso somthetho ngokuphumelelayo.

Izithiyo Zokulandisa

Lapho ukuzivikela komzimba okuzimele kusebenza kabanzi, abantu abalimele bangase bazithole bengenalo ikhambi elingokomthetho elibalulekile. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezibangela ukulimala ngokunganaki noma ngisho nangezinqumo eziphuthumayo ezingase zigweme ukubhekana necala ngokuphelele. Lokhu kungabikho kokulandisa kungaba nemiphumela eminingana:

  • Izisulu zithwala umthwalo ogcwele ongokwezimali wokulimala kwazo, kuhlanganise nezindleko zezokwelapha, ukulimala kwempahla, nokulahlekelwa iholo, ngaphandle kwenqubo yokululama kwenhlangano kahulumeni enomthwalo wemfanelo.
  • Izikhulu zikahulumeni zingase zinciphise izisusa zokuthuthukisa imithetho yesimo esiphuthumayo, zazi ukuthi amaphutha azo ngeke aphumele enhlekeleleni yezimali.
  • Umphakathi ungase uphelelwe ithemba ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni lapho abantu bebona ukuthi umbuso ungenza ngendlela engajeziswa lapho kuphuthuma.

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sabonisa ngokucacile lobu bunzima. Izakhamuzi zasekhaya ezinakekela amakhaya kanye nemikhaya yazo zaletha izikhalo eziningi ngokumelene nabaqondisi bezwe nezinhlangano zezempilo ngenxa yokwehluleka ukuvikela abantu abasengozini. Eziningi zalezi ziphakamiso zalahlwa ngezizathu zokuzimela kokuzivikela kombuso, zishiya imikhaya ngaphandle kokuzifunela lokho eyayithi ukuhluleka okubhubhisayo kokuqondisa kukahulumeni.

Izindlela Zokulungisa Izindlela

Naphezu kwalemingcele, ukungezwani nokuzimela kwesimiso sokuvikela ezifweni kwenza izindlela ezinengqondo ukuze abantu bafune ubulungisa. Ama - attorney amelela izisulu eziphuthumayo kumelwe ahlolisise ngokucophelela amaqiniso akhethekile endabeni ngayinye ukuze athole izinkolelo - mbono ezingokomthetho ezikhona:

  • Isimo setort sithi kulalela izenzo: ukunamathela ngokuqinile ekuqapheleni izimfuneko kanye nezikhathi ezimisiwe kubalulekile ekulondolozeni imicimbi ngaphansi kukahulumeni yezenzo. Ukungahlangani isikhathi sokuhlela ngosuku olulodwa kungavimbela ukululama okuphelele.
  • Ukuboniswa kwabamangalelwa ngabanye: Lapho umbuso ngokwawo ugonyiwe, ukumangalela izikhulu ngazinye emandleni azo kunganikeza enye indlela. Nokho, isivikelo esifanelekayo nemithombo elinganiselwe yezimali yezikhulu ngokuvamile kulawula lendlela.
  • Izisho ze- Constitugational:[ Ingxenye yezenzo ezisekelwe ekuphukeni komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo zingasinda ezinkingeni zokuzivikela komthetho-mthethweni uma uncengwa ngokufanelekile. Izinkulumo ezisekelwe enqubweni efanele, ukuphulwa kwezindlela ezilinganayo zokuvikela, nokuphulwa kweSichibiyeli se-8h konke kuye kwabekwa endaweni lapho kusabela esiphuthumayo.
  • [ Imbangela yesenzo ngaphansi kwezimiso zikahulumeni: Ezinye izimiso zikahulumeni zenza amalungelo ezenzo angadlula imigoqo yokuvikela kobuso. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho wokubuyisana nowe-Melika ophethe uvumela amasutu ngokumelene nezinhlangano zikahulumeni zokukhubazeka, kuhlanganise nokuhlela isimo esiphuthumayo nokusabela.

Ukulinganisela Izithakazelo Eziphindisayo

Umbango phakathi kokuzivikela kobukhosi nokuziphendulela ekusabeleni okuphuthumayo uveza izimpikiswano ezijulile ezimayelana nendima efanele yecala likahulumeni. Abasekeli besimiso sokuvikela ukubusa okubanzi baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kwesivikelo esinjalo, ohulumeni bangakhubazeka ngokwesaba ukuhlaziywa phakathi nezinhlekelele. Omamenenja bemo bemomo yengozi banganqika ukuthatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu uma zonke izinqumo zingaphumela ekumangalelweni okubizayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwemali yomphakathi ekumangalelweni nasekulimaleni kunganciphisa imithombo etholakalayo ukuze kutholakale impendulo ephuthumayo.

Abaphikisi bezokuvikela ukuvikela komthetho ozimele ukuthi ukulandisa kubalulekile ekulawuleni okuhle, ikakhulukazi lapho kunezimo eziphuthumayo lapho amandla kahulumeni esezingeni eliphezulu. Baphikisa ngokuthi usongo lokuzifaka kukhuthaza ukuhlela ngokucophelela, ukuqeqeshwa okucophelelayo, nokwenza izinqumo ezibonisayo. Ngaphandle kwezimiso zokulandisa, abantu abasengozini enkulu kakhulu phakathi nezinhlekelele, futhi ukwehluleka kukahulumeni akunandlela yokuzihlola futhi akulungisela.

Izinqumo zokwahlulela kulendawo zibonisa lezizindinganiso ezincintisanayo. Izinkantolo zivame ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuhlola iqiniso ukuze zinqume ukuthi ukuziphatha okuphikiswayo kusemisebenzini evikelekile noma imisebenzi esebenzayo. Umehluko phakathi kwezinqumo zokuhlela isilinganiso somzimba, ngokuvamile ezivikelayo, nezenzo zezinga eliphansi lokusebenza, ezingase zingaba yize, ubucayi emacaleni okusabela okuphuthuma.

Ukunakekelwa Okuwusizo Kwabaphathi Abaphuthumayo

Ukuqonda isimiso sokuzivikela esizimele akuyona nje indlela yokufundela izinkampani eziqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo.

Ukuhlela nokubhala ngokutsha

Izinhlangano ezilawula inhlekelele kufanele zibhale ngokucophelela izinqubo zazo zokuhlela ukuze zimise isisekelo sesivikelo sokusebenza okuzimele. Lapho izinqumo zenziwa ngezinqubo ezimisiwe, ngokufakwa kwezindaba ezingochwepheshe nokucatshangelwa kwezici eziphikisanayo, izinkantolo zithola ukuthi ziwela emikhankasweni evikelekile.

Ukuqeqeshwa Nemithetho Yesivumelwano

Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ezithuthukisiwe kahle nemithetho elandelwayo yokusebenza ingafeza izinjongo ezimbili: zithuthukisa imiphumela yangempela yempendulo ephuthumayo futhi ziqinise izivikelo ezingokomthetho. Uma abaphenduleli belandela imithetho elandelwayo emisiwe, bangaba mancane amathuba okuhileleka ekuziphatheni okungadalula umbuso ukuba ube necala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunamathela emithethweni elandelwayo kubonisa ukuthi abaphendulayo basebenza ngokunakekela okufanele, besekela isivikelo sokuzivikela.

Ukukhulumisana Nokubona Ingaphandle

Ukukhulumisana okucacile nomphakathi ngemingcele yezikweletu zikahulumeni lapho kuphuthuma kungasingatha okulindelwe futhi kunciphise ingozi yokuquliswa kwecala.

Ukushintshashintsha Kwemicikilisho Kahulumeni Nokuvuselelwa Kwemicikilisho

Ukusetshenziswa kokuzivikela kobuso bengozi ezimweni eziphuthumayo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ezifundeni. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zafaka imingcele ebanzi yokunqanda ukuvikela, kuyilapho ezinye zilondoloza isivikelo esikhulu. Ukuqonda lokhu kushintshana kubalulekile kubameli nakubaphathi besimo esiphuthumayo abasebenza ezikhungweni eziningi.

Izimiso zamuva zemithetho zisikisela ukuwohloka kancane kancane kwesimiso sokuzimela sobubusi kwezinye izimo. Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa amalungiselelo asingatha ngokuqondile izikweleti zezinkinga zempilo yomphakathi, adala iziphakamiso ezilinganiselwe ngenxa yokunganaki okukhulu noma ukuziphatha okubi ngenhloso. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zandisa izenzo zazo zokuzisholo ukuthi zihlanganise izigaba zezinkulumo ezazivinjelwe ngaphambili.

Iziphakamiso zemithetho ye-fégian zifune futhi ukulungisa ukuvikela kobuso besimiso sokuzivikela esimweni esiphuthumayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuchitheka kuka-oyile we-Deeter Horizone, uMkhandlu wacabangela umthetho owawuzokwandisa icala lezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezihileleke ekuqondiseni ngasese. Nakuba iziphakamiso ezinjalo zingaphumelelanga ngaso sonke isikhathi, ziveza izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo eziphathelene nenqubo efanelekile ngobukhulu bokulandisa kukahulumeni.

Isiphetho

Imfundiso inikeza iziqondiso ezibalulekile ezivumela ohulumeni ukuba benze ngokuwujuqu phakathi nobunzima obungakhathazeki. Nokho, ukushiyeka nokulinganiselwa okubekwe esimisweni sethu somthetho kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulandisa kuhlala kungenzeka, ikakhulukazi uma uhulumeni edlula imingcele engokomthetho noma ewela ngaphakathi kwemithetho.

Kudokotela abangokomthetho, ukuhamba kulendawo kudinga ukuqonda okuyinkimbinkimbi kokubili izimiso ezivamile zokuzivikela kobuso bendawo kanye nomthetho okhethekile we-athonsi ye-ovement. Kubaphathi besimo esiphuthumayo, ukuqaphela imishini yomthetho wokuvikela izikhali ezizimele kukhuthaza ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela, ukubhalwa kwezincwadi eziphelele, nokunamathela emithethweni emisiwe ethuthukisa ukusebenza nokuvikelwa okungokomthetho.

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