Ukuxabana komthetho kuvame ukugxila empikiswaneni yokuthi iliphi ikhambi umuntu omoniwe okufanele alithole. Amakhambi angokomthetho anikeza izinkantolo zezindlela ezigunyaza amalungelo, ukulimala, nokugcina ukuhleleka komphakathi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi ofunda umthetho okwakha ulwazi lwesisekelo, uthisha olungiselela izifundo, noma udokotela ofuna umqalisi, ukuqonda izinhlobonhlobo zekhambi eligcwele. Lo mqondisi unikeza ukuhlolwa okucophelelayo kwamakhambi angokomthetho, ngokwe geqe phakathi kwezindlela ezingokwesiko ezingokomthetho nezingafanelekile zokulungisa izinkantolo eziwusizo ezihlola lapho kuhlelwa usizo.

Yiziphi Izixazululo Ezingokomthetho?

Ikhambi elingokomthetho liyindlela inkantolo egunyaza ngayo ilungelo, iphoqelela isijeziso, noma yenza umyalo wokuphoqelela noma ukuvimbela isenzo. Izindlela zokwelapha ziwumphumela wekhambi lomphakathi, futhi umphumela ongokoqobo oxazulula impikiswano. Ngokomlando, umthetho wesiNgisi ovamile wahlukanisa amakhambi abe yizigaba ezimbili ezibanzi: [ amakhambi] ahlukene [[FLT] amakhambi] [[FLT]] [amakhambi emali] [imali] [akhulu kakhulu] [izindleko zemali] kanye namakhambi angenakulinganiswa [imiyalelo] afana nemiyalelo] ehlukene kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi ayatholakala kuphela.

Kulokhu, izinkantolo zinokukhetha okukhulu ekutholeni ukukhululeka okufanele. Amakhambi akhona ecaleni elithile axhomeke ekutheni ukumangalela, ukulimala, nokulimala kwemithetho yezwe nomthetho wecala. Udokotela akumelwe aqonde izinhlobo zamakhambi kuphela kodwa futhi nemithetho yemiklamo elawula ukutholakala kwazo, kanye nokucabangela okuhleliwe njengokuqoqwa nokugcinwa.

Ngezincazelo ezinegunya zamakhambi angokomthetho, i-Cornell Legin Information Institute inikeza inzuzo ethembekile. "i-encyclopedia yabo yomthetho inikeza izincazelo ezicacile nezixhuzulane emithonjeni eyinhloko.

Izindlela Zokuxazulula Izinkinga Ezingokomthetho

Izindlela zokuhlukanisa amakhambi zisekelwe emthethweni wezakhamuzi.

Izindlela Zokuxazulula Izinkinga Ezingokomthetho (Ukulahlekelwa)

Amakhambi angokomthetho cishe njalo athatha uhlobo lwembuyiselo yemali, eyaziwa ngokuthi amadamage. Umonakalo uyikhambi elingahleleki emithethweni eminingi yomphakathi ngoba imali ingathatha indawo yokulahlekelwa. Umgomo ukwenza i-pattiff iphelele .ukuyibuyisela endaweni ebekungathathanga ukuba okungalungile kwenzeke. Imiphumela ihlukaniswe kaningi ngokwezinhlobo eziningana:

  • Umonakalo ohlasimulisayo: Lena yiyona kanye umonakalo ohloselwe ukukhokhela ukulahlekelwa okulinganayo njengezindleko zezokwelapha, iholo elilahlekile, umonakalo wempahla, nobuhlungu nokuhlupheka. Bahlose ukufaka ummangalelwa esimweni semali abengeke ahambe ngenkambo yommangalelwa.
  • Imiphumela engathiwa impoqo: futhi ibizwa ngokuthi impoqo eyisibonelo, lezi zibopho zokujezisa ummangalelwa ngokuziphatha okungafanele, njengokukhwabanisa noma unya, nokuvimbela ukuziphatha okufanayo esikhathini esizayo. Amagunya amaningi akhipha isijeziso noma adinga indinganiso ekhulisiwe yobufakazi.
  • Umonakalo ongathi awulutho:[ Imali encane (ngokuvamile idollar elilodwa noma isilinganiso esincane esingokomfanekiso)) inikezwa uma ilungelo elingokomthetho sephulwe kodwa kungekho kulimala okungokoqobo. Umonakalo owenziwe ngemina ulwela ilungelo futhi ungasebenza njengesisekelo sokulungisa izindleko zenkantolo.
  • [[IMIFLT:0] Imiphumela encitshiswe ngokusemthethweni: Lena ifaktha enqunyiwena evumelana ngokufaniswa ukuba ikhokhe uma kugawulwe igebe. Izinkantolo zivame ukuphoqelela imishwana yemali encishisiwe ngaphandle kokuba inkulu ngokungenangqondo futhi yenza isijeziso kunokuba isilinganiso esiqotho sokulimala.
  • Ngokujwayelekile. Umonakalo okhethekile: Umthetho wetot, umonakalo ovamile umboza ukulahlekelwa okungakho okungahlobene nobuhlungu nokuhlupheka, kuyilapho umonakalo okhethekile uhlanganisa ukulahlekelwa okungokomnotho ngenani eliqondile lemali, njengezindleko zezokwelapha noma izindleko zokulungisa.

Ukubala umonakalo kungaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezihilela iholo lesikhathi esizayo, ukunakekelwa isikhathi eside, noma ukulahlekelwa okungaqondakali. Ubufakazi obuqaphile obuvela kwezezomnotho, imidlalo, nochwepheshe bezokwelapha buvame ukudingeka. Kwezinye izimo, imithetho ibeka izikhonkwane zomonakalo, njengasemkhakheni wezokwelapha noma ezimweni zokulimala komuntu siqu, ukuze kulawule izindleko zomshuwalense.

Izindlela Zokwelapha Ezingalingani

Amakhambi angakhethi, ama-oda angenazikhundla akhishwa yizinkantolo lapho umonakalo unganele ukwenza i-partix iphelele. Asuka emandleni angokomlando ezinkantolo zokulunga ukuze enze ubulungisa lapho imithetho eqinile yomthetho ovamile ifinyele. Amakhambi avamile ahlanganisa:

  • I-Injucts: Iyalo yenkantolo efuna umbambi ngokomthetho ukuba enze okuthile (isiyalo se-ponti) noma ukugwema ukwenza okuthile (isiyalo se-progate). I-injnctions zivame ukufunwa ekucunuleni, entweni enengqondo, nasezivumelwano. Imithetho e-preliariary ilondoloza isimo se-motion ngenkathi ikhona; imiyalo ehlala njalo ikhishwe ngemva kwezwi lokugcina.
  • I-Special Secrect: Umyalelo ophoqelela umbambi ngokomthetho ukwenza isenzo esithile, ngokuvamile ukufeza isibopho sesivumelwano. Ukwenza okuthile kuvame ukunikezwa kuphela uma indaba ihlukile, njengocezu olungavamile lwendawo noma umsebenzi wobuciko obuwuhlobo olulodwa, futhi uma umonakalo wemali unganikezi imbuyiselo eyanele.
  • Ukuncishwa kwesivumelwano: Ukususwa kwesivumelwano, ukubuyisela bobabili ezikhundleni zabo zangaphambi kokumiswa. Lelikhambi likhona uma isivumelwano singekho ngenxa yokukhwabanisa, amaphutha, ithonya elingadingekile, noma ukuntula amandla.
  • Ukuhlelwa:[ Ukulungiswa kokwahlulela kwesivumelwano ukuze kuboniswe izinhloso zeqiniso zamaqembu uma iphutha ekudwetshweni livela (ngokwesibonelo, i-typo eshintsha incazelo yegama eliyinhloko.
  • Ukulanda ikhashe: Ikhambi elidinga umkhakha weqembu ukuba linikeze inzuzo egcwele yemali noma impahla. Kuvamile ezimpikiswaneni zobudlelwane, ukuphulwa kwemisebenzi edinga inzuzo, futhi ukuphikiswa kwempahla yengqondo lapho ummangalelwa enelungelo lokuthola inzuzo yommangalelwa.
  • Ikholidi Efundisayo: Ithemba elibekwe enkantolo elivimbela umenzi wobubi ukuba azicebise ngokungafanele ngokuphatha impahla okumelwe ibe yeyomunye. Umenzi wobubi uba ophathiswe impahla futhi kumelwe ayidlulisele kumniniyo.

Ngenxa yokuthi amakhambi alinganayo ayizinkomba, izinkantolo zisebenzisa isaga esithi "izenzo zokungalingani"""""" okusho ukuthi inkantolo iyala umuntu ukuba athathe isinyathelo, hhayi ukukhokha imali. Iqembu elishaya umthetho ongenakukhohlakala lingase libhekane nokulahlwa, kuhlanganise nenkokhelo noma ukuboshwa. Isaga esivamile "ofika ngokungalungi" sisho ukuthi umthathi-mthetho ofuna usizo olufanele akumelwe ahileleke ekuziphatheni okungafanele.

Ukungena juqu emakhambini alinganayo nasekusebenziseni kwawo kwanamuhla, i- i-American Bar Association's ligitation's inikeza iziqondisi zokuziqeqesha kanye nokuhlola izenzakalo.

Injongo Yezinqubo Ezingokomthetho

Inhloso ephakeme yanoma iliphi ikhambi ukwenza ubulungisa phakathi kwalabo abahilelekile. Ngokukhethekile, amakhambi angokomthetho afeza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile:

  • Ukuhlanganisa:[ Ukwenza umphakathi olimele uphele ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kwabangelwa isenzo esingalungile sommangalelwa.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuvimbela: ukuvimbela kokubili ummangalelwa kanye nabanye ekuhlanganyeleni ekuziphatheni okungalungile okufanayo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukujezisa: Uma kuvela isijeziso, ukubeka isijeziso sokuziphatha okubi kakhulu.
  • [ Impumuzo:[ Ukubuyisela amaqembu esimo esikhona, njengasekubuyeni noma ukwenza okuthile.
  • [ Ukuveza: Ukuqinisekisa amalungelo angokomthetho omphathi futhi umemezele ukuthi ukweqa umthetho ngeke kubekezelelwe.
  • [ ukwenzeka: Ukunikeza umphumela olindelekile, oqinisekisiwe oxazulula izingxabano ngaphandle kwengxabano eqhubekayo.

Lezizinjongo ngezinye izikhathi ziyaphikisana. Ngokwesibonelo, isijeziso esingase sifake isikhala esingaphezu kokulahlekelwa kwazo okungokoqobo, sibangele ukukhathazeka okufanelekile. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele lemigomo phakathi kwezimiso nezimiso.

Indlela Imishado Engokomthetho Ezimisele Ngayo

Inqubo yokunquma ikhambi elifanele ihilela kokubili ukuhlaziya okungokomthetho nezahlulelo ezisebenzayo. Izinkantolo zicabangela izici ezihlukahlukene:

  • [[NT.0] Ukulimala nobukhulu bengozi: Uma kungathiwa kukhulu futhi kulingana, umonakalo uzakuvuzwa. Uma kwenzeka kuhlale kulimaza, kungadingeka isiyalo.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Ibhantshi nenhloso yommangalelwa: ukuziphatha okunenhloso noma okubi kungathethelela ukulimala noma ukukhulula okunganqamuki. Ukholo oluhle lunganciphisa amakhambi.
  • Ukutholakala kwekhambi elingokomthetho: Amakhambi angenakungalingani atholakala kuphela uma umonakalo unganele. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isivumelwano sihilela into ekhethekile, isenzo esithile singayalelwa; kungenjalo, inkantolo iyokhipha umonakalo.
  • Izimiso ezingokomthetho: Izinkantolo ziboshwe ngezinqumo zangaphambi nezimiso zomthetho. Amanye ama-ovement anemithetho elinganisela noma ebala amakhambi akhona amaphuzu athile.
  • Ukuphoqelelwa okungokomthetho: Inkantolo cishe ayinakugunyaza ukugunyaza ikhambi. Ngokwesibonelo, umyalo ophoqelelwe odinga ukuqashelwa okuqhubekayo ungalahlwa.
  • Ukucupha kobunzima: Eqeleni, izinkantolo zihlola umonakalo ku-partiff uma ukukhululeka kunqatshelwa ukulimala kommangalelwa uma unikezwa usizo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezicabeni ezishaya indiva.
  • Imfundiso yezandla ehlanzekile: I-paltiff eye yenza ngokungafanele ingavinjelwa ekutholeni usizo olulinganayo.

I-paltiff inomthwalo wokuqinisekisa ilungelo lokuthola ikhambi nesilinganiso esifanelekile sosizo. Ofakazi abaqaphile, ubufakazi obuhleliwe, nokuhlaziywa kwezezimali okunemininingwane kuvame ukuba bucayi ezicabeni zokulimaza. Ezimweni ezilinganayo, umlindi kumelwe futhi abonise ukuthi alikho ikhambi elanele emthethweni.

Ukuze uthole umbono owusizo ngendlela izinkantolo ezinquma ngayo amakhambi, iwebhusayithi yase-U.S.U. [ inikeza ukucaciswa kwenqubo yecala lomphakathi nemiphumela.

Izindlela zokulungisa i-Contractic vs. Tort

Amakhambi angokomthetho ahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi izivumelwano zivela ngesivumelwano noma nge-tort. Emthethweni, isilinganiso esiyinhloko yisithakazelo sokulindela [] . Ukwenza iqembu elingafiki-bb sisendaweni ebeziyoyenza ngayo. Izinyathelo ezihlukile zihlanganisa ukulahlekelwa kwesivumelwano (ukubuyisela iqembu endaweni yalo yangaphambili) nokubuyisela inzuzo (ukuvimbela ukucebisa okungalungile). Ukukhipha izijeziso ezimpontshelwe ngokungemthetho kuhlukile. Ukubeka izivumelwano ngokuqhathanisa, ukugxila ekulahlekelweni kwesivumelwano okubangelwa ukulahlekelwa ummangalelwa. Ukulimaza okungasetshenziswa kuhlanganisa ukunxeba okuvame ukubuyisela ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka nokungahlanganisa ukulimala ngenxa yokuziphatha okungafanele.

Izinselele Ezindleleni Zokwelapha Ezingokomthetho

Naphezu kwesimiso esithuthukisiwe samakhambi angokomthetho, izinselele eziningana ziyaqhubeka:

  • Ukungalingani ekulibaziseni: ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezingozi ezingaqondakali njengobuhlungu nokuhlupheka, ukucindezeleka okungokomzwelo, noma ukulahlekelwa yi-comium, izinkantolo zithembele ezinhlabeni zomthetho nasemacaleni angaveza imiklomelo engavumelani.
  • Ulibaziseko enqubweni engokomthetho: I-Iefficiencies esimisweni senkantolo ingabambezela iminyaka eminingi, inciphise ukuphumelela kwayo. Ukukhululeka kokudlulisa noma ukuvimbela (njengeyalo yesikhashana) ingakhuluma ngokuphuthuma okuthile kodwa idinga isenzo esisheshayo.
  • [ Izinqumo ezinqunyweni zasenkantolo: amajaji ahlukene noma amajaji angaklusela kakhulu izilinganiso zokulimala okufanayo, kuphakamise izinkathazo zokulunga nokuthenga okukhuthazayo.
  • Pithelity yezicelo nokunye ukudluliswa: Ikhambi alilona elokugcina kuze kube yilapho izicelo ziphelile. Uma ikhambi lenkantolo equliweyo liguquliwe noma lishintshwa, amaqembu angadinga ezinye izenzakalo.
  • Izindaba ezicatshangelweyo: Ukwahlulela ukulimala akusizi uma ummangalelwa engenampahla noma egonyiwe ekubulaweni. Amachashaza kumelwe acabangele isimo sezimali sommangalelwa ngaphambi kokuphishekela ukuhlaziywa.
  • [ Ukuphoqelelwa kwemiyalo elinganayo: Ukuthola umyalo kuyingxenye yempi; ukukuqapha ngezenzo zendelelo kungaba okubizayo nokuthatha isikhathi.
  • [ I-Sta shopy seschop kanye nokulinganiselwa:[ Ezinye izifundazwe zifaka umonakalo ongekho ngokomnotho ezigulini zokwelapha noma ekulibazini kwesijeziso ngokuvamile, zinciphisa isinxephezelo esikhona ngisho nasengozini eyingozi.

Ama - Attorney akumelwe acabangele umthetho ongaphansi nje kuphela kodwa futhi namathuba angokoqobo okuthola nokumisa ikhambi.

Ukuhlangana Kwezindlela Zokuxazulula Izinkinga Ezingokomthetho Nezamukelekayo

Kumacala amaningi, abamangaleli bafuna amakhambi angokomthetho nalinganayo. Ukuthambekela kwanamuhla kuwukuthi izinkantolo zisebenzise womabili amakhambi phakathi nomdlalo owodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-axistendi ephendulwayo yokuphulwa kwesivumelwano ingafuna umonakalo wemali elahlekile esikhathini esidlule neyaleyalo yokuvimbela ukwehlukana kwesikhathi esizayo. Nokho, izimiso ezimbalwa ezibalulekile zilawula le ngxoxo:

  • Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala: Ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seSemberi ezinkantolo zikahulumeni wase-U.S., iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho (ezibangela umonakalo) zimisa amaqembu ecaleni lejaji, kuyilapho iziphakamiso ezifanele ziqulwa kumajaji. Uma zihlangene zombili, inkantolo iqala ngokuzama izindaba ezingokomthetho, futhi amacala ejaji abophe inkantolo ngemibuzo eyiqiniso evame kubo bobabili.
  • Ukhetho lwamakhambi: ngokomlando, umchasi ngezinye izikhathi kwakudingeka akhethe phakathi kwamakhambi angokomthetho nalinganayo. Imithetho yanamuhla ivumelana kakhulu; amalungu angafuna amakhambi amaningi kwezinye izindlela, futhi izinkantolo zinganikeza uhlobo olufanele lokukhululeka.
  • Ukungagunyazi kwekhambi lomthetho: i-quity ihlala iyi-valv yokuphepha. Uma ikhambi elingokomthetho likhona kodwa alinele,] mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi umonakalo awukwazi ukubalwa noma ngoba ummangalelwa uncibilikisiwe (ikhambi elingalingani) lingase linikezwe.

Ukuqonda lomdlalo kubaluleke kakhulu kubahlaseli. Isikhalo esifuna ukukhululeka okunganqamuki singephule ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngokunganaki. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukufuna umonakalo kuphela kungase kushiye umbulali ngaphandle kwekhambi lokulimaza okuqhubekayo okungasingathwa umthetho.

Ukuthambekela Okukhulayo Nokucabangela

Amakhambi angokomthetho ayaqhubeka eguquka ngenxa yezobuchwepheshe obusha, izimiso zezenhlalo nezinguquko zemithetho. Izimo eziningana ziyaphawuleka:

  • ukuphambana okungathandeki namakhambi ayimfihlo: izinkantolo ziphikisana nendlela yokulinganisela umonakalo ngokudalulwa kokwaziswa noma ukwebiwa kokwaziswa. Ezinye izinkantolo ziye zenqaba ukuma ngenxa yokungalimali okungokoqobo, kuyilapho ezinye zikhokhele umonakalo omkhulu ekucindezelekeni ngokomzwelo.
  • [[[NT:0] Amakhambi angokomzilili: ngokukhulayo, izinkantolo zikhipha iziyalo zosizo ezidinga ukulungiswa kwezindawo ezingcolile noma ukuncishiswa kokukhishwa kwegesi, ngezinye izikhathi zihlanganisa umonakalo neziqondiso ezilinganayo zokugada okuqhubekayo.
  • Isenzo sobukhapheli sokwelapha: Eminyangweni emikhulu yesigaba, amakhambi ngokuvamile athatha uhlobo lwemali yokuhlalisa, izikhungo, noma ama-cy (lapho imali engafakwanga ingena ezinjongweni zokusiza). INkantolo Ephakeme inemithetho eqinile eqondene nezigaba ezinjalo.
  • Impikiswano e-Alternal comment comment(ADR):[ Ukulungisa nokuguqula kuvame ukuvumela amakhambi okwakha ngaphezulu kwezinkantolo, njengokuxolisa, amalungiselelo ebhizinisi elizayo, noma amasu afakiwe. Ama-parime angavuma amakhambi angenakuphoqelelwa inkantolo.
  • Izinguquko ezisemthethweni: Imizamo yokuguqula iTort iyaqhubeka ihlela umonakalo, ibeka isilinganiso sokuncenga esikhudlwana, noma ilinganisela izinhlu ezihlangeneyo nezimbili zezikwele. Amakhambi angathinteki kakhulu kodwa afanelwe ushintsho lwemithetho ezindaweni ezinjengezimpawu nemvume yokugunyaza.

Ukuhlala ukhona ngalokhu kuthambekele kubalulekile ekucebiseni amakhasimende nasemasubeni asebenzayo. Imithetho ye-FLT ye-Civil Procediture inikeza uhlelo lwe-procedrome elawula amakhambi enkantolo kahulumeni, futhi odokotela kufanele bathintane njalo.

Isiphetho

Amakhambi angokomthetho awumgogodla womthetho wesizwe, aguqula amalungelo angabonakali abe yimiphumela eqinisekile. Kusukela ekulahlekelweni kwemali kuya ekuqondiseni okungaguquguquki okuphoqelela ukuba kwenziwe okuthile, izinhlobonhlobo zamakhambi ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zingaletha impumuzo ezimweni eziyingqayizivele zecala ngalinye. Ukuqonda izinhlobo, izinjongo, kanye nokulinganiselwa kwemithi engokomthetho nelinganayo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile esimisweni somthetho wezwe.

Njengoba umthetho uqhubeka uguqula, odokotela kumelwe bahlale beqaphile ngoshintsho lwezimiso, izenzakalo zezenqubo, nemithetho elandelwayo. Ngokuwafunda amathuluzi amakhambi, ochwepheshe bezomthetho bangawasekela ngokuphumelelayo amakhasimende abo futhi banikele esimisweni sobulungisa nobulungisa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wenza isikhalo, ukuxoxa ngesabelo, noma ukuphikisana phambi kwamajaji, ukuqonda okujulile amakhambi angokomthetho kuyoba isisekelo sempumelelo yokulawula inqubo.