INkantolo ePhakeme yase-United States iye yasebenza njengomlungisi wokugcina wencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, futhi izinqumo zayo ngamalungelo omphakathi ziye zawuguqula ngokuyisisekelo umphakathi waseMelika. Kusukela ekunqanyulweni kuya ekulinganani emshadweni, izinqumo zeNkantolo ziye zavimbela futhi zathuthukisa inhloso yobulungisa. Lesi sihloko sihlola amacala eNkantolo ephakeme anethonya elikhulu kakhulu elwela amalungelo abantu, sihlola umongo wawo ongokomlando, ukucabanga okungokomthetho, kanye nethonya elihlala njalo. Ukuqonda lezi zinqumo zemingcele kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela i-jadiciary echaza ngayo isilinganiso, inkululeko, nenqubo efanelekile ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo.

Izisekelo Nezithiyo Zangaphambili

Ngaphambi kwenkathi yanamuhla yamalungelo abantu, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha izinqumo eziningana ezichazayo − futhi ngokuvamile zilinganisela u-(hn) izinga lamalungelo omphakathi. Amacala amabili asungulwe ngokukhethekile ezimfundisweni ezingokomthetho ezazizothatha cishe ikhulu leminyaka ukugumbuqela.

Sandford (1857)

UDred Scott v. Sandford ubhekwa kabanzi njengesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme kunazo zonke emlandweni waseMelika. IJaji eliyinhloko uRoger Taney wabhala ukuthi ama-Afrika, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi agqilazwe noma akhululekile, awazange abhekwe njengezakhamuzi zase-U.S. futhi ngenxa yalokho ayengenawo amandla okumangalela enkantolo kahulumeni. INkantolo yabulala iMissouris, yabusa ukuthi uMkhandlu wawungenalo wokuvimbela ubugqila emasimini kahulumeni. Lesi sinqumo sabangela ukushuba kwezizwe futhi sasheshisa iMpi Yombango. Samabhandekthane yayiyisikhumbuzo esiqinile sokuthi i-jaji i-jaji ingaba isithiwa imingcele lapho ihluleka ukuqaphela abantu bonke. Icala kamuva laliwumbuso wezengameliwe izivumelwano zemithetho zikahulumeni (ishumi namashumi nambili) ne-15) ne-deshivithiwe, isivikelo sobugqi, futhi livinjelwe ukuvikelwa kwezinhlanga.

UPlessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Plesty v. Ferguson wasekela ukuhlukaniswa komthetho-mthetho kwezinhlanga ngaphansi kwemfundiso "yohlukene kodwa elinganayo". UHomer Plessy, owayeno-7-8hs Black, waphula ngamabomu umthetho weLouisiana owawufuna izimoto ezihlukene zabagibeli abamnyama nabamhlophe. INkantolo Ephakeme, esinqumweni esingu-7 - 1, yalahla impikiswano ethi umthetho kaPreby's wawuphula iSivikeli sika-Claus. UJaji uHen Billings Brown wabhala ukuthi i-lobon ayisho ukuthi izimoto zazingasho ukuthi iphansi uma nje izakhiwo zilingana. Empilweni enamandla, uMahluleli kaJohn Marshall Harlan wamemezela, "Umthetho wethu umpumputhe-yo, futhi akakwazi nokubekezelela izigaba zesizwe ezihlukene kodwa ezilinganayo ezingomthetho wahlala cishe amashumi ama-6 eMirrow, ngokusekela imithetho eNika ye-C.

Inkathi Yamalungelo Omphakathi Iyanqotshwa

Phakathi nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka kwafika uchungechunge lwezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezachitha ukuhlukaniswa kwamacala angokomthetho kanye nokukhuliswa kwamalungelo omphakathi. Lamacala avela emzabalazweni wamalungelo omphakathi futhi abonisa ukushintsha kwesimo sengqondo somphakathi.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Brown v. Board of Education iyisahlulelo samalungelo abantu esidume kakhulu emlandweni weNkantolo Ephakeme. INkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwaphula iSikhungo Esilinganayo sika-Claus weSichibiyelo se-14th. Umbono weJaji u-Earl Warren wenqaba imfundiso ehlukile kodwa elinganayo, isho ukuthi "izemfundo zemfundo ezihlukene azilingani ngokwemvelo." Isinqumo sagumbuqe iPesty v. Ferguson futhi sanikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho semizamo yokuqeda izivumelwano ezweni lonke.

Lelicala laqala lapho u-Oriver Brown ezama ukulimaza iTopeka, Kansas, ibhodi yesikole ngemva kwendodakazi yakhe uLinda wanqatshelwa ukulaliswa esikoleni sabamhlophe kuphela esiyisisekelo. INaACP Levince Fund, iholwa uThurfaill Marshall (owaba yiNkantolo ePhakeme Yomthetho wokuqala yaseMelika ePhakeme)), waphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlukanisa kwalimaza abantwana abamnyama. INkantolo yaveza ukucwaninga okungokwengqondo ukuze isekele isiphetho sayo. Brown v. Ibhodi yezemfundo yezemfundo ye II [19555], iyayayayayaleza ukuba i-dese-65565] iqhubeke ngokuthi ukucwaninga okukhulu okungokwengqondo kwezehlakalo. Naphezu kokunye amazwe, uBrown wancishwa amanzi awe kanye nemithetho ephefumlelwe yi-Octive Act of Trectives.

Inhliziyo yase - Atlanta Motel ngakolunye uhlangothi lwase - United States (1964)

I-Atlanta Motel no-1946. I-Atlanta Motel ne-United States yasekela i-Sihloko II soMthetho Welungelo Womphakathi ka-1964, owenqabela ukucwasana ezindaweni zomphakathi. I-metal yenqaba ukukhonza abathengi abamnyama futhi yabekela umthetho inselele ngokuthi unamandla adlulayo oMkhandlu ngaphansi kwe-Chwelexmark Claus. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ngazwi linye ukuthi ubandlululo lwezinhlanga ezindlini ezithinteke kakhulu ezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene, inikeza igunya lokunqabela i-Hulumeni umthetho wemithetho elawula amalungelo esizwe, iqinisekisa ukuthi amahhotela, izitolo, imidlalo yemidlalo, nezinye izakhiwo zomphakathi azinakuphikisa inkonzo esekelwe kakhulu kwezentengiselwano yesizwe.

Uthando Virginia (1967)

U-Long Virginia wachitha imithetho kahulumeni evimbela ukuhlukanisa izinhlanga. URichard Lovel, indoda emhlophe, noMildred Jeter, owesifazane oNsundu, bashada eWashington, D.C., kodwa lapho bebuyela eVirginia bamangalelwa ngokuphula umthetho we-Indemotional of Perfect. Babekwa icala futhi bagwetshwa unyaka ejele, bebekwe i-rekiswe ezindaweni ezihlukene. Ngemva kokunxusa, iNkantolo Ephakeme yashaya wonke umthetho wezwe omelene nomthetho we-miscegeneo. UMahluleli omkhulu u-Earl Warren wakholelwa ukuthi inkululeko yokushada ivikeleke ngokufaneleyo i-Mkhiqikelelo we-Cal Clasmees. Ukubusa kwabo kwaphetha ukuvinjelwa okungokomthetho komshado okuphakathi kwezizwe ezisezizweni ezingu-16 futhi kuphawulwe isigaba sohlangane. "Phakamthetho wethu, u-Harnernernernerner, "ist, noma u-wethul." akavunyelwe omunye umuntu ukuba ashade ngombuso, futhi aphinde ashade ngomthetho."

Inkululeko, Inkululeko Nokuzisebenzela Komuntu Siqu

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yandisa kancane kancane isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo kulezici, ngokuvamile imisa izinqumo ezifanele ilungelo lokuba wedwa nenkululeko ngaphansi kwe - IT Programme Claus.

URade (1973)

Roe Geov. Wade wamisa ilungelo elingokomthetho labesifazane lokukhetha ukukhipha isisu. Icala lavela emithethweni yaseTexas elaphula umthetho wokukhipha izisu eziningi ngaphandle kokulondoloza ukuphila kukamama. "Jane Roe" [1] iphimba - mbumbulu likaNorma McCorvey./ikhalhelphall umthetho ngenxa yabo bonke abesifazane abakhulelwe. INkantolo Ephakeme, esinqumweni esingu-7-2, yakholelwa ukuthi ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo ngaphansi kweSikhawulo seSinqumiso se-14 se-Clauscessom seNstry se-Ault Claus (Inquisime) ihlanganisa isinqumo sowesifazane sokuqeda ukukhulelwa. UJacy Harry Blay Blallun uveza umbono wokukhulelwa ube yizin ezintathu ezinculi, nemithetho yombuso eyandisa isinqumo lapho kuqhubeka ukukhulelwa.

Roe v. Wade waba esinye sezinqumo eziphikiswana kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika. Yaphinde yaqinisekiswa ku- Parents v. Casey (1992, eyathatha indawo yesimiso esilula ngesilinganiso "umthwalo ongabekelwe phambili". I-Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202], iNkantolo elawula ukukhishwa kwesisu iRoe noCasey, ibuyisela umthetho wokukhipha isisu ezifundazweni. Naphezu kokungavumelani naso, amafa ahlala ephakathi ezingxoxweni zokuzala nokuzimela.

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

Lawrence v. Texas yakhipha imithetho kahulumeni enqabela ukusondelana okufanayo kobulili. Icala laqala lapho amaphoyisa engena ekhaya likaJohn Lawrence futhi ambopha noTyron Garner ngenxa yokwephula umthetho weTexas "ukuziphatha kobungqingili". INkantolo Ephakeme, esinqumweni esingu-6-3, yalawula isinqumo sayo sangaphambili [ku-FLT:0] [umthetho oqinile] [u-Bhardewer] v. Hardwick [ [1986] futhi yakholelwa ukuthi iNkathi yeNkathi Yenhlangano ka Claus ivikela ilungelo labantu abadala lokuhlanganyela ebuhlotsheni bobulili, obuyimfihlo. Umbono ka-Owe-Owe ngokomthetho wagcizelela ukuthi ukungamukeleki ukuziphatha okuseduze kobugebengu. Lawrence. v. Texasbes yayiyisisekelo esibheke esibheke esingokomthetho sokuqaphela ukuqashelwa komthetho.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Obergefell v. Hodges bagunyaza umshado ofanayo ongowobulili ezweni lonke. UJames Obergefell noJohn Arthur, umbhangqwana ongowesilisa ngokomthetho oshade eMaryland, usuthe eOhio ngenxa yokwenqaba ukuqaphela umshado wabo ngemva kokufa kuka-Arthur. iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma 5-4 ukuthi iSichibiyelo se 14 seSimende siqinisekisa ilungelo lokushada ngemibhangqwana efanayo engokwasexesheni. Umbono kaJaji uKennedy abaningi ohlangene nezimiso zomuntu siqu, isithunzi, nesilinganiso. "Bacela isithunzi esifanayo emehlweni omthetho," Kennedy wabhala. "Umthetho-omthetho ubanika ilungelo eliyilo." Isinqumo sasidinga ukuba baphikise izivumelwano zomshado ezifanayo futhi baqaphele imishadoba.

Ukuphakamisa Amalungelo Nokuhlanganyela Ngokwentando Yeningi

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhuluma ngokucwaswa ngokukhipha amacala okuvota ngokuchaza iSichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu neSivumelwano Samalungelo Abantu sango - 1965.

Shelby County v. Hoker (2013)

Shelby County v. Umphethi we-detary wachitha uhlelo lokuhlanganisa olwalusetshenziselwa ukunquma ukuthi yiziphi izikhundla ezidingwa uhulumeni ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota. I-Voting Rights Act ka-1965 yadinga izifundazwe nezindawo ezinomlando wezenzo zokuvota zobushiqela ukuze kuvunyelwe uMnyango wobulungisa wase-U.S. ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe noma iziphi izinguquko. Inqubo yokuhlanganisa, esekelwe ku-1964 nakukwaziswa, yayingalungiswangashintshi. IJaji eliyinhloko uJohn Roberts's's 5-4 umbono weningi wawuthi lendlela yokuvota i-transla i-diction commentation i-preciventry i-presentry irvidumential ne-trativement.

Isinqumo sayichitha ngokuphumelelayo imfuneko yangaphambi kokuba kuvele impela, njengoba i-Congress yahluleka ukubukeza lendlela. Ekuphenduleni, izifunda-zwe eziningi zamisa imingcele yokuvota, kuhlanganise nemithetho ye-ID eqinile, ukucutha ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, nokuhlanza imiqulu yamavoti. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi iShelby County v. UHander uvumela ukunqandwa kwevota futhi ukunciphisa isivikelo sabavoti abambalwa. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi i-osebuyisele igunya likahulumeni futhi i-Voting Rights Act iyaqhubeka igcinwa. Impikiswano eqhubekayo mayelana nendlela yokulinganisela ukuphathwa kwe-ogastylensissss nokhetho.

United States v. Nixon (1974)

I-United States v. Nixon yakhuluma ngemingcele yamandla kamongameli phakathi nehlazo le-Watergate. Nakuba ingeyona indaba yamalungelo omphakathi engokwesiko, yaqinisa umthetho nobulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo − nesimiso samalungelo esizwe. UMongameli Richard Nixon waveza ilungelo lokulawula lokuvimba amakhasethi nezincwadi ezibhalwe ngumphathi okhethekile woMshushisi okhethekile waseWatergate. INkantolo Ephakeme yawamukela ilungelo lakhe lokuthola ukuthi ubufakazi ekuvivinyweni kwecala, iphethe ukuthi isidingo sobufakazi ekuvinyweni kwecala sidlula isithakazelo sikaMongameli jikelele ekugcineni imfihlo. "Imfundiso yokuhlukanisa amagunya, noma isidingo sokufihla i-tepikist Warren Burger" ibhalwe ngumphathi weSikhulu umongameli wezomthetho, "ankani ephethe ilungelo eliphelele, eliwufanele lokuvikela ekuvinjeni ngaphansi kwazo zonke izimo zomthetho." Isinqumo se-Nixon, esambumbubhishoshoshoshoshoshosho embusweni. ngokomthetho owe ngenhla, ummeli we-mthetho.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Nesivikelo Esilinganayo

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza ukuthi uMthetho - sisekelo ufuna ukuba kumiswe umthetho, kuqulwe amacala angenacala, futhi kuvikelwe ekukhethweni kwabahluleli ngenxa yobugebengu.

UGideon (1963)

UGideon v. Wainwright waqinisekisa ilungelo lokunikeza abamangalelwa emacaleni ezwe. UClarence Gideon wamangalelwa ngokugqekeza egumbini laseFlorida futhi akakwazanga ukukhokhela ummeli. Inkantolo yamacala yenqaba ukumisa enye, futhi uGideyoni walahlwa icala. Wayezimelela esejele, uGideyoni wafaka isicelo esibhalwe ngesandla eNkantolo Ephakeme. INkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi ilungelo leSiphakamiso seSithandathu lokunikeza iseluleko kumazwe ngeSiphendulo Sezehlo se-Classiastement. Ijaji lika-Hugo Black yabhala ukuthi abameli "izinto eziyigugu, hhayi ukunelisa izimpahla." icala likaGideyoni laholela ekubeni abavikeli bagunyazwe lonke futhi lihlale liyisivikelo sesisekelo se-digdensi.

Batson . . Kentucky (1986)

Batson v. Kentucky wanqabela ukukhishwa kwezigebengu ezihloselwe uhlanga kuphela. INkantolo yamisa inqubo ethatha amanqamu amathathu yokuhlola ukucwaswa kohlanga ekukhethweni: okokuqala, ummangalelwa kumelwe enze i-prima facie ebonisa ubandlululo lobuhlanga; okwesibili, ukuquliswa kwecala kwakumelwe kunikeze incazelo yohlanga-nenothi; okwesithathu, inkantolo equlwayo inquma ukuthi incazelo iwumbhalo ongaphambili. Batson isebenza ezigebengwini zobugebengu futhi iye yadluliselwa ezicaleni zombango zombango nakwena ubulili obusekelwe ekwahluleleni okungokomlando komthetho woMnyama oqhawe-Blackher ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izigwebo ezinkantolo zabamhlophe ezisolwayo ezimhlophe ezinqikelelweni zabaMfisi, yenza umkhuba wokunga isiqinisekiso somthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-wonke wesivikelo esilinganayo.

Isiphetho

Uphawu lwecala leNkantolo Ephakeme elwela amalungelo omphakathi lubonise futhi lwaguqula ukuqonda kwesizwe ngokulingana, inkululeko, nobulungisa. Ukusuka ekunqabeni kukaDred Scott ukuba izakhamuzi ku-Obergefell ukungana komshado, uhambo lweNkantolo luye lwaba olungafani kodwa ekugcineni lwaba lunentuthuko. Isinqumo ngasinye esakhiwe ngokuzuza noma ukulungisa izono zangaphambili. Icala ngalinye elixoxwa lapha ``Brown, Long Roe, Lawrence, Obergefell, Shelby County, ne-‘ocroice's,'e,'onkene .

Ukuqonda lezi zinqumo akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo. Bathonya ukuphila kwangempela: ongashada, ongavota, othola ukuqulwa ngokulunga, nokuthi umthetho uphatha bonke abantu ngesithunzi esifanayo. Njengoba izikhulu zesikhathi esizayo ziqhubeka zichaza uMthetho-sisekelo, ifa lalezizibonelelo liyoqondisa (*fuzo futhi isizukulwane ngasinye sizobekelwa inselele.) Kubafundi, abafundisi, nezakhamuzi ezibophele izakhamuzi, ukutadisha amalungelo eNkantolo Ephakeme kudingekile ekuqondeni ukuzama kweMelika ekuzilawuleni kanye nokulwela isibopho esiphelele ngokwengeziwe.