I-Civil Rights Movement ifana nenye yezinkathi eziguqula kakhulu nezokuziphatha emlandweni waseMelika. Ishaye ngemuva nje isuka embukisweni wezwe Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo ngo-1954] isinqumo sango-1959, kwakuyimpi eqinile, umzabalazo onzima wokususa izimo zomthetho nezomphakathi kaJim Crow futhi iqinise amalungelo egcwele ezakhamuzini zaseMelika. Nakuba lenhlangano yafinyelela ukunqoba okungokomlando okwavuselela isizwe, yabhekana futhi nokuphikiswa okunonya, okungaphakathi okuqhubekayo okungapheli okungalungiswa. Ukuqonda kokubili ukuphumelela nezinselele zalenkathi kunikeza ukulwa okuqhubekayo kwezizwe ngenxa yenkululeko yobuhlanga nesilinganiso.

Umlando: Kusukela ekuvuselweni kabusha Kuya Ekhulwini Leminyaka Eliphakathi Nele - 20th

I-Civil Rights Movement ayizange ivele ingena ndawo. Izimpande zayo zijula ekujuleni kwenkathi yangemva kwe-Civil War Reconstructon, lapho iSichibiyelo se-13, se-14, nese-15 sagunyazwa, sinika inkululeko, ubuzwe, nokuvota abantu ababegqilazekile ngaphambili. Nokho, isithembiso sokuvuselelwa kwe-Constantion sagumbulwa ngokunamandla ngokulinganayo ngokuphakama kwemithetho kaJimrow, okuhlanganisa ubuhlanga nokuhlukana kwesigaba sohlanga nesimiso sobuhlanga phakathi kwe-siningi kakhulu. INkantolo ePhakathi 18966 ikhipha umthetho Plavel.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwaba nohambo olukhulu, lapho izigidi zama-Afrika aseMelika zaqhubeka khona zisuka emaphandleni aseNingizimu ziya emadolobheni ezimboni eNyakatho, eMidwest, naseNtshona. Lokhu kushintsha kwenani labantu kwadala imiphakathi emisha yasemadolobheni ekhona namandla akhulayo ezombangazwe nezomnotho, futhi kwadalula abaningi ukuba bangakhululeki kakhulu ekukhetheni izinhlanga nangokobuhlanga ezweni lonke. Ukusungulwa kwezinhlangano ezifana ne- iNhlangano yesizwe yeNkathi Yempucuko Yomphakathi (NAACP) ngo-1900] nangoMhlanga waseNingizimu [[FL:2] kanye neNgqungquthela yamaKristu (SLCCC) [FL3] ka-195] elungiselelwe izinselele zomthetho nezinhlangano zomphakathi.

IMpi Yezwe II yafeza indima ebalulekile. Amasosha aseMelika alwa nefascism kwamanye amazwe lapho ebuyela emphakathini ohlukanisiwe ekhaya, efuna ukuba nezakhamuzi eziphelele. Umkhankaso weV ka-2 .Umkhankaso weSigaba C (V) waphumelela ngenxa yefascism phesheya komhlaba kanye nokunqoba ubuhlanga ekhaya. .Njengoba, ukuphikisana okukhulayo kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi kwenza ukuba ubuhlanga baseMelika bube yihlazo emhlabeni wonke, ukucindezela kombuso ukuba ukhulume ngamalungelo omphakathi.

Iziphumelelelo Eziyinhloko Zenhlangano Yamalungelo Omphakathi

Ngezansi kunezici ezivelele ezibaluleke kakhulu eziye zafezwa yile nhlangano, eziwukushintsha ngokuyinhloko isimo esingokomthetho nesezombangazwe sase - United States.

Umthetho Ka - 1964 Wamalungelo Abantu

This landmark legislation, signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended segregation in public accommodations—including hotels, restaurants, theaters, and public transportation—and outlawed discriminatory employment practices. Title VII of the act established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to enforce these provisions. The act’s passage followed the historic March on Washington in 1963 and was fueled by public outrage over violent suppression of protests in Birmingham and elsewhere. Read the full text of the Civil Rights Act at the National Archives.

Umthetho Ka - 1965 Wokulwela Amalungelo Abantu

Nakuba iSichibiyelo se-15 kucatshangwa ukuthi sasiqinisekiswe amalungelo okuvota okumnyama, amazwe aseNingizimu asebenzisa intela yokuvota, ukuhlola kokufunda nokubhala, nezimemezelo zobudlova ukuze kususwe ngokuphumelelayo amaMelika ase-Afrika. ISiphakamiso samaRoxide ka-1965 sayilwa ngokuqondile lemigoqo, ivimbela ukuvota ngemithetho yokuvota nokugunyaza uhulumeni ekuqondiseni ama-vhoti ngomlando wokucindezelwa. Isenzo sawo sasiyimpendulo eqondile [[FLT: 0] ku-Montmermy [[[FLT: 1] ukuthatha uhambo oludensi] kanye nomthetho ononya “weSonto” wokuhlasela kokhetho emasheleni ePedmust Bridge. Umthetho wandisa ukuvota kwabamnyama nokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe eNingizimu. [Fogtion:]

Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezikole Nezindawo Zomphakathi

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka 1954 Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yaseTopeka yagumbuqela i-Plesty v. Ferguson, imemezela ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezemfundo ezikoleni zomphakathi kwakungahlangene ngoba izindawo zemfundo ezihlukene zazingalingani ngokwemvelo. Lesi sinqumo sanikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho semikhankaso yezemfundo ezweni lonke, nakuba ukumiswa kwemisebenzi kwahlangabezana nokumelana okukhulu, kuhlanganise neRock Little Crisis, lapho amabutho kahulumeni ayedingeka khona ukuba aqhube isikole. Izinqumo zenkantolo namaRoxivio lwango zonyaka ka-646 kwanwe nazo zonke izindawo zomphakathi.

Ukumelela Okukhulayo Kwezombangazwe

IVoing Rights Act yasiza ukuba izikhulu zaseMelika ezikhethiwe zikhule. Ngaphambi kuka-1965, idlanzana lezazi zezombangazwe zabaNsundu kuphela ezazisesikhundleni eNingizimu. Ekupheleni kwawo-1970, amakhulu ayekhonza ezishaya umthetho, emikhandlwini yedolobha, nasezikoleni zesikole. Lenhlangano yaveza futhi iJaji lokuqala leNkantolo Ephakeme yase-Afrika, uThurfall Marshall, owasebenza njengomqondisi we-NaACP esemthethweni wasetshenziswa ekususeni i-partment nge-ligiotion.

Imifanekiso Evelele Neminikelo Yayo

I - Civil Rights Movement yashukunyiswa izinhlobonhlobo zabaholi, ngamunye eletha amafilosofi ahlukahlukene, amasu, nezitayela zokuhlela.

Martin Luther King Jr.

UDkt. King wavela njengomkhulumeli obonakala kakhulu walenhlangano, ekhuthaza ukungalaleli kwezakhamuzi okungaphazanyiswanga okuphenjelelwe uMahatma Gandhi. Ukuhola kwakhe iMontgomery Busbott (19551956), umfanekiso wakhe owenziwe “Nginephupho” phakathi nonyaka ka-1963 ka-Washington, nendima yakhe kuSelma ukuya eMontgomery ukumasha ekwakhenini kwakhe okunobudlova. Ifilosofi yeNkosi yokungaphazamisi i-payini yayingelulangaphazamisi; kwakuyicebo langamabomu ukudalula unyazo lwenkululeko futhi izuze uzwela olungokokuziphatha okuhle esizweni nasezweni. Wanikezwa uMklomelo kaNobel ngo-19649. [FLD:] [FLD] [0] INkosi yenze ngokusebenza kwayo.[Foct:]

Rosa Parks

Izikhathi eziningi ibizwa ngokuthi “unina wenhlangano yamalungelo abantu,” ukunqaba kukaPaki ukuyeka isihlalo sakhe ebhasini laseMontgomery ngoDecember 1, 1955, kwabangela ukubhikisha kweMontgomery Bus Boycott, usuku olungu- 381 okwaphela amabhasi ahluliwe. Amapaki ayengeyena umuntu wokuqala ukumelana nebhasi elizimele − abanye abanjengoClaudette Colvin abakwenza ngaphambi kokuba kube khona kodwa icala lakhe lakhethwa ngokufanelekile yi-NAACP ngenxa yedumela lakhe elimile kanye namandla enselele engokomthetho elayenza yakwazi.

Malcolm X

UMalcolm X wanikeza umbono ohlukile, ekuqaleni ekhuthaza ubuzwe obumnyama, ukuzihlukanisa nomphakathi wabamhlophe njengesikhonzi sesizwe sobuSulumane. Ubudlova bakhe obunamandla nobungathandeki babenza abaningi ababenomuzwa wokuthi ijubane lokushintsha kwakuhamba kancane kakhulu. Ngemva kokuya kwakhe eMecca ngo-1964, uMalcolm X wathatha indawo engcono kakhulu, nakuba abulawa ngo-1965. Ukuziphendukela kwakhe kwemvelo nokugcizelela kwakhe kobudlova nokuzidla okumnyama kanye namandla ezomnotho kwathonya izinhlangano zamuva.

Ezinye Izici Eziyisihluthulelo

  • [[FLT: 0] uJohn Lewis: Umholi weKomiti yabafundi yokuLungisa i-Louding (SNCC), Lewis wayenguMgibeli wenkululeko, isikhulumi ngoMashi eWashington, futhi umhleli oyinhloko wohambo lweSelma. Kamuva wakhonza njengoKhongolo-mkhandlu wase-Georgia iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu.
  • Fannie Lou Hamer: Umshisekeli wezimpande zotshani nowasungula weMississippi Free Democratic Party, Hamer wafakaza ngodumo e-1964 Democratic National Convention ngobudlova nokucindezelwa abhekana nokuzama ukubhalisa ukuvota. Amazwi akhe athi, “Ngiyagula futhi ngikhathele ukugula nokukhathala,” aba yisikhalo esiqinisayo.
  • Thurmall: Ngaphambi kokuba abe nguMahluleli wokuqala weNkantolo ePhakeme yaseMelika, Marshall njengommeli waphikisana futhi wawina icala lemfundo, kanye nokunqoba okuningi kwamalungelo omphakathi.
  • I-Medgar Evers: Unobhala we-NAACP eMississippi wabulawa ngaphandle kwekhaya lakhe ngo- 1963. Ukubulawa kwakhe kwavuselela ukunakekela kwesizwe ezingozini abashisekeli ababhekene nazo.

Imizamo Emikhulu Nezenzakalo Ezinkulu

Impumelelo yalenhlangano yayibangelwa kakhulu uchungechunge lwemikhankaso ehlelwe kahle, enezingxenye eziphakeme eyadonsa ukunakekela kwesizwe nakwezizwe zonke.

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955856)

Ishukunyiswa ukuboshwa kukaRosa Park, i - jancott yathatha izinsuku ezingu - 381, amaMelika aseAfrika ehamba, ehamba, ehamba ngezimoto, noma ehamba ngamatekisi kunokusebenzisa amabhasi ahlukene ngokwemibono. Umzamo, owawuholwa iNhlangano yeMontgomery kanye nensizwa uMartin Luther King Jr., waphumela ekunqumeni kweNkantolo Ephakeme eyayimemezela ukuthi ibhasi lingadingi ukubuswa kwesizwe futhi libonise amandla okuthatha isinyathelo esingekhona ubudlova.

Hlala-Phakathi ne Freedos (1960-1961)

EGreensboro, eNyakatho Carolina, abafundi abane basekholiji babehlala phansi endaweni yokudla kwasemini kuphela, bebangela igagasi lokubhikisha eNingizimu. Lezizenzo zazivame ukuqondiswa i-SNCCC. Inkululeko, ehlelwe yiKhomishane ye-racomment Equality (CORE), ihlola inkantolo ePhakeme ukuthi ihamba ngebhasi lasesifunda esiphakathi. Abagibeli bahlaselwa ngesihluku e-Alabama; ukungenela kukahulumeni kwadingeka ukuze bavikele, kuqokonyiswe indima kahulumeni ekusekeleni amalungelo omphakathi.

Umkhankaso WaseBirmingham (1963)

Ngaphansi kokuhola kweNkosi ne-SCLC, iBirmingham yaba isikhungo sokuthatha isinyathelo esiqondile. Ababukisi, kuhlanganise nezingane zesikole, babhekana nokucindezelwa ngobudlova kwamaphoyisa − amapayipi omlilo, izinja, nokuboshwa − okwasakazwa kuthelevishini emhlabeni wonke. Izithombe zashaqisa isizwe futhi zacindezela uMongameli uKennedy ukuba amise umthetho wenkululeko ebanzi.

March eWashington (1963)

Ifektha ngoAugust 28, 1963, uMarch eWashington weJobs and Freedom yaba umbukiso omkhulu kakhulu emlandweni wase-U.S. ngaleso sikhathi, enabahlanganyeli abangaphezu kuka-250,000. Yaphetha ngenkulumo yeNkosi ethi “Nginephupho” futhi yacindezela kakhulu ukuziphatha koMkhandlu ukuba udlulise i-Civil Rights Act.

Selma Uya EMontgomery Marchs (1965)

Abavoti eSelma, e-Alabama, babesebenza ekubhaliseni abavoti kodwa babebhekene nesithiyo esihleliwe. Ukumasha okusuka kuSelma kuya kuMontgomery, inhloko - dolobha yezwe, kwahlangatshezwa ngobudlova ngoMashi 7/8Bloody Sunday . Lapho amabutho kahulumeni ehlasela abadwebi abanokuthula. I-Televized traved ances asekela i-Voting Rights Act. Ngemva kokuvikelwa kwe-jaji elisemthethweni, ukumasha kwaphumelela kwafinyelela eMontgomemery ngoMarch 25.

Izinselele Ezabhekana Nazo Phakathi Nenhlangano Yamalungelo Omphakathi

Naphezu kokuphumelela kwayo emlandweni, le nhlangano yabhekana nezithiyo ezinzima — kokubili ezingaphandle nezingaphakathi — ezazinciphisa ithonya layo lamanje futhi zabangela izibazi ezihlala njalo.

Ukubhekana Nobudlova Nokucindezelwa Umbuso

Kulo lonke elaseNingizimu, abashisekeli babhekana nobudlova obunonya obuvela emaphoyiseni, iKlux Klan, kanye ne-odoli abamhlophe. Ukubulawa kwezibalo ezinjenge-Medgar Evers, ukubhomba kwesonto iBirmingham kwango 1963 okwabulala amantombazane amane, nokubulawa kwezisebenzi ezilwela amalungelo ezakhamuzi uJames Chaney, u-Andrew Goodman, noMichael Schwerner eMissississippi phakathi no-1994 iSitem, kwakuyizibonelo eziqinile. Izinhlangano zomthetho zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho, kuhlanganise nomholi kaJ. Edgar Hoover, eziboshekeleze ngokuqapha, ukuhlasela, ukuntenga, nokubhidliza amaqembu amalungelo abantu ngohlelo lwe-COINTLLPRO, izinhlangano ezihlasela i-SCCCCCCC, ne-Black Party.

Ukuhlukana Kwangaphakathi Ngenxa Yecebo Nesayensi Yesayensi Yemvelo

Njengoba lenhlangano iqhubeka, kwavela izingxabano phakathi kwezinhlangano ezikhuthaza ukungalaleli komphakathi okungenabudlova kanye nalabo abasekela ukuhlasela okwengeziwe. Ukuphakama kweBlack Power, okushiwo nguStokely Carmichael (kamuva uKwame Ture) nezinye, kwathi ukungenele ukulwa nokucindezela kwesimiso sobudlova futhi kwabizwa ukuba kube nokuziqhayisa kobuBlack - vousle. I-SNCCC kanye ne-CORE yaphendukela eMmandlanithizelele esithombeni sokuhlanganisa i-SCLCL (kathi kamuva i-Kwame Ture). Ngezinye izikhathi lezi zigaba zazivimbela ukubambisana nokuzingezwaniselana amandla okulwa kwemithetho emhlophe.

Ukumelana Nomthetho Nemingcele Yomthetho

Amalungu aseNingizimu eSishaya-Mkhandlu alwa nokuphikiswa okuhlangene komthetho wamalungelo abantu, esebenzisa amasu e-filbuster namaphalamende okubambezela amavoti. Ngisho nangemva kokumiswa kwemithetho, ukumiswa kwezimiso kwakuthatha ijubane noma kuvinjelwe. Izimiso zokuphoqelela amalungelo ekuqaleni zazibuthakathaka, futhi i-Voting Rights Act yabhekana nezinselele, kuhlanganise nokubusa kweNkantolo Ephakeme iShelby County v. Raker[ eyakhipha ilungiselelo eliyinhloko le-prefective project, yaholela ekuvulweni kwemithetho ye-octivedrouid I-Oct, kanye neminye imingcele.

Ukungalingani Okuqhubekayo Kwezomnotho

Ukunqoba okungokomthetho akuzange kuvele kubangele ukulunga kwezomnotho. imiphakathi yaseMelika yaqhubeka ibhekene nokuswelakala okukhulu kwemisebenzi, ubumpofu, ukucwaswa kwezindlu, nokungavunyelwe ukuba ungene enhloko - dolobha. Inhloso yalenhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi, ukuhlanganisa, ukuqeda intela, izindawo zomphakathi, ukuhlalisana ngokulingana kwezomnotho. UMartin Luther King Jr. waqaphela leligebe eminyakeni yakhe yamuva, eqala iPromoor People’s Campaiment ngo-1968 ukuze afune amalungelo ezomnotho, kodwa ukubulala kwakhe kwawufinyezela kancane lowo mzamo.

Ifa Lenhlangano Yamalungelo Omphakathi

I - Civil Rights Movement yashiya ifa elinemibono eminingi eliqhubeka lilolonga umphakathi waseMelika kanye nemizabalazo yembulunga yonke yamalungelo abantu.

  • [[I-FLT:0] Imithetho nezinqumo zenkantolo zalenkathi zisalokhu ziyisisekelo. Umthetho we-Civil Rights Act, i-Voting Rights Act, neFair Hosword ka-1968 unikeza amathuluzi angokomthetho okulwa nobandlululo, nakuba ludinga isivikelo sasikhathi sonke.
  • Ukuphenya kweNtlango Elandelanayo: Izindlela zalenhlangano ```Isenzo sobudlwangudlwangu''' esiqondile', ukuhlelwa komphakathi, ukuhlaziywa, ukubhikishwa kweqembu labantu] kuye kwavunyenyiswa yi-depatist, i-LGBTQ+, indawo ezungezile, nezinhlangano zamalungelo abezizwe. I-Black Live Matter, eyasungulwa ngo-2013, idweba ngokwesiko lomphakathi ngokucacile kuyilapho ikhuluma ngobudlova nangokohlanga olusha.
  • Ukulwa Okuqhubekayo: Impi yokulwa nobandlululo lwezimiso iyaqhubeka. Impikiswano enjengokuvalelwa kwabantu abaningi, ukucindezelwa kwevoti, ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo zokuhlala, nezikhala zengcebo ziqokomisa umsebenzi ongakapheli. Ifa lalenhlangano lisikhumbuza ukuthi intuthuko ayikho elayinini noma eqinisekisiwe.
  • Imfundo ne-Historical Awareness: Inhlangano yamalungelo e-Civil Rights seyingxenye evamile yomlando wezwe laseMelika, nakuba izimpikiswano ziqhubeka ngendlela efundiswa ngayo. (ingaba ukulandisa kokunqoba kokunqoba noma ukulwa okungapheli. Ukuvakashela izindawo ezingokomlando njengeNational Civil Rights Museum eMemphis noma i-Refacy Museum eMontgomery kunikeza ukuqonda okujulileyo.

Isiphetho

I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 no 1960 yaqedwa ekubuseni kwentando yeningi yaseMelika, ifinyelela izinguquko ezingokomthetho ezahlukanisa ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zikaJim Crow futhi zandisa i-fractum yaba izigidi. Kodwa lenhlangano yayingeyona indaba elula yokunqoba; yayiwumzabalazo onzima, ngokuvamile onzima wokulwa namandla aqinile, ukuphikisa kobudlova, nokungavumelani kwangaphakathi. Ukuphumelela kwayo kwakunzima kakhulu ngomhlatshelo nangokuhlela abantu abangenakubalwa, abaningi babo abahlala bengasahlulwa. Izinselele zalenhlangano zazibhekene ne-"backback, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, ukumelana kwezomnotho, ukumelana nezindlela ezintsha namuhla. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Civil Rights Activementations Aventivement ekujuleni kwayo akubalulekile kuphela ekudumiseni umlando wayo kodwa ukuhlobisa izizukulwane ezintsha ulwazi nokubaluleka kokuziphatha komphakathi ukuze kuqhubeke nomsebenzi womphakathi.