Table of Contents

Isingeniso: Idwala Lenhlangano Yentando Yeningi

Kunoma yisiphi isikhulu sentando yeningi esisebenzayo, isivikelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye asisona nje isisekelo esingokomthetho kodwa sona kanye isisekelo okubusa kuso. Inkululeko yomphakathi − amalungelo nenkululeko eyisisekelo evikela izakhamuzi ekuphazanyisweni kukahulumeni okungadingekile − kungokokwenza umehluko phakathi komphakathi okhululekile nowentando yeningi. Zivumela ukuphambana okusobala kwemibono, ukukhuthaza ukuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe, futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi amandla ahlala enecala kubantu. Ngaphandle kwenkululeko eqinile yomphakathi, ukhetho luba yimicishwa, ukuphikisana nemibono encishisiwe. Ukuqonda, ukuvikela, nokwandisa lenkululeko kubalulekile kunakho sonke isakhamuzi esihlonipha inkululeko.

Lesi sihloko sihlola uhlobo lwenkululeko yomphakathi, ukuziphendukela kwayo okungokomlando, indima ebalulekile yabo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi, izinselele zanamuhla ababhekana nazo, nalokho esingakwenza ukuze sizivikele izizukulwane ezizayo.

Iyini Inkululeko Yangaphakathi?

Inkululeko yomphakathi iyisivikelo esingokomthetho ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni. Ifakwa kumthetho-sisekelo wesizwe, imvume yamalungelo abantu, noma amathuluzi alwela amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. Ngokungafani namalungelo omphakathi (ngokuvamile adinga ukuthatha isinyathelo esiqinile sikahulumeni sokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo) (-/inkululeko ye-civil iyinkululeko ephambene kakhulu: babeka imingcele kulokho uhulumeni ongakwenza kubantu ngabanye.

Nakuba uhlu oluqondile luhlukahluka ngokwezwe, imibuso eminingi ebusa ngentando yeningi iqaphela isisekelo senkululeko yomphakathi:

  • [ Inkululeko yokukhuluma nenkulumo[ – ilungelo lokukhuluma, ukubhala, nokusakaza imibono ngaphandle kokucubungula kukahulumeni.
  • [ Inkululeko yenkolo[ – ilungelo lokuqhuba noma yiluphi ukholo noma ukungabikho nhlobo, ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa uhulumeni.
  • uqobo lwemfihlo [--isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungafanelekile, ukuqapha, nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa ngumbuso.
  • inqubo efanele [ - izivikelo ezingokomthetho njengokuqulwa kwamacala okulungile, ukumelelwa okungokomthetho, kanye nokuvikelwa ekuboshweni okungenasizathu.
  • [ Inkululeko yokuhlangana nokuhlangana [ -ilungelo lokubuthana ngokuthula futhi akhe amaqembu noma izinyunyana.
  • Inkululeko yezindaba[ - ukuzimela kwemithonje yokuxhumana ukubika ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni.
  • [ ukucela [ – ikhono lokufuna izivulo kuhulumeni.

Lenkululeko ayiphelele; ingalinganiselwa lapho ingqubuzana nezinye izithakazelo eziyisisekelo, njengokulondeka kwesizwe noma ukuphepha komphakathi. Nokho, noma imuphi umngcele kumelwe ulungiswe ngokulinganiselwe futhi uthethelelwe ngokomthetho. Umthwalo wobufakazi uhlala ukhona kuhulumeni ukuze ubonise ukuthi kungani imingcele idingekile emphakathini okhululekile.

Umehluko Phakathi Kwenkululeko Yombango Namalungelo Omphakathi

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa inkululeko yomphakathi namalungelo omphakathi, nakuba amagama ngokuvamile esetshenziswa ngokufana. Inkululeko yomphakathi iyisivikelo kuhulumeni ophaphamele ( ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile. Amalungelo omphakathi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ayisiqinisekiso sokwelashwa okulinganayo nokungaguquguquki, njengamalungelo okuvota, ukungena kwezindlu, noma ukuthola imfundo kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, ubulili, noma ukukhubazeka. Zombili zibalulekile, kodwa zidinga ukungenela okungokomthetho nokungavumelani nenqubo.

Indima Yenkululeko Yombango Ebuthweni Lentando Yeningi

Intando yeningi ayikona nje ukubusa kweningi. Kudinga ukudayiswa kwemibono kwangempela, lapho izakhamuzi zingaphikisana khona, zigxeke, futhi zithonye isimiso ngaphandle kokwesaba. Inkululeko yomphakathi yenza kube nezimo zokwakha ukuze leyondawo yezentengiselwano ibe khona.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe Okunethonya

Ngaphandle kwenkululeko yokukhuluma, yokuhlangana, nezindaba, okhetho alunanjongo. Abavoter abanakufunda ngabazobhapathizwa noma izinqubo, amaqembu aphikisayo akanakulwa, futhi umphakathi awunakuba nesibopho sokulandisa kubaholi. Inkululeko yomphakathi iqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yentando yeningi ayiyona impoqo kodwa iwumncintiswano wangempela wemibono.

Ukuvikela Amazwi Amancane

Kunoma yimuphi umphakathi, iningi lingalingeka ukuba licindezele imibono engathandeki noma amaqembu ayizisulu ezilula. Inkululeko yomphakathi isebenza njengesivikela kubantu abambalwa(izenkolo, izinhlanga, izombangazwe, noma imibono eqinile). Baqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nabantu abakweqiswa kakhulu bangasekela amalungelo abo futhi bafune ushintsho ngezindlela ezinokuthula. Lokhu kuvikela ubuningi obenza ubudemokhrasi bube nobungqabavu.

Ukulandisa nokubona ngale

Imishini yamaphephandaba ekhululekile nesivikelo esiqinile sokubhaka ikhwela kuhulumeni. Abacosheli bezindaba, abashisekeli, nezakhamuzi ezivamile bangadalula ukonakala, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, nokuhluleka kwezimiso. Uma inkululeko yomphakathi inamandla, uhulumeni akanakufihla izenzo zakhe ezimbi ngokufihla imfihlo. Ngokwesibonelo, Pentagon Papers [ incwadi ebhalwe ngo-1971] ibonisa indlela inkululeko yezindaba engahlola ngayo ukucushwa kwezisebenzi zezempi.

Ukuthola Inkululeko Nentuthuko Engokwenhlalo

Izinhlangano ezivikela inkululeko yomphakathi zivame ukuba namandla kakhulu. Inkululeko yomphakathi, ukuveza ubuciko, nokuhlola kwezesayensi kuchuma lapho abacwaningi nabadali bengacindezelwa yizo izinkolo ezivamile. Eziningi zezinhlangano zezenhlalo zenza umzabalazo wokulingana kwezinhlanga nokulwela inkululeko ye-LGBTQ + kulokhu kuhlela, ukubhikisha, nokuguqula umbono womphakathi.

Umlando Wenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Umbono wokuthi abantu banelungelo okumelwe bahlonishwe uhulumeni uyinto efezwe kanzima futhi enzima. Izingqopha - mlando eziyinhloko ziye zandisa inkululeko yomphakathi emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka.

Isisekelo Sakuqala: UMagna Carta NoHabeas Corpus

IMagna Carta ka-1215 yasungula umbono wenguquko wokuthi inkosi yayingawudluli umthetho. Yasungula izimiso ezinjengenqubo efanele nokuqulwa icala kwabahluleli. Kamuva, uHabeas Corpus Act (1679) waqinisa ilungelo labantu lokubekela ijele elingekho emthethweni isisekelo senkululeko yomuntu siqu esisalokhu sibalulekile namuhla.

Ukukhanyiselwa Nezincwadi Zamalungelo Abantu

Abacabanga njengoJohn Locke noMontesquieu baphikisa ngamalungelo angokwemvelo .Imibono yathola isici esiqinile kuyi-Bill of Rights yase-U.S. (1791), eyahlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, ukunyathelisa, umhlangano, kanye nesicelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuchaza kwaseFrance amalungelo abantu kanye nomphakathi [[FLT]] [1791] kwamemezela inkululeko, impahla, nokumelana nokucindezela njengokuyisisekelo.

Ukwanda Kwekhulu Le - 19 Nelama - 20

Ukuqedwa kobugqila, inhlangano yabesifazane yokuziphindiselela, kanye nenhlangano yezisebenzi konke kwancika enkululekoni yomphakathi ukuba ifakelwe. E-United States, iSichibiyelo se - 14 (168) sandisa isivikelo sikahulumeni ezinyatheloni zikahulumeni, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme kancane kancane yasebenzisa iSimemezelo Selungelo Lamalungelo Abantu ezindaweni ngokuhlanganisa. ISimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (1948), samukelwa yiUN General Assembly, samisa indinganiso yembulunga yonke, imemezela ukuthi “bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile futhi belingana ngesithunzi namalungelo.”

Amalungelo Omphakathi Nangemva Kwawo

Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka kwaba nezimpi ezinkulu ezingokomthetho ukuze kuphoqelelwe inkululeko yamakhaya kubantu baseAfrika, kuhlanganise nezenzakalo zengqophamlando Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) kanye ] Gedeon v. Ukulwa kwenkululeko yesizwe [[ [[FLT]]] [1963]] [ingakwesokudla sokuyaleza). Kamuva, Roe v. [[FLT:] [[FLD:][1273] Isinqumo] saqaphela ukuthi iso silungile, kanti .[FLT] v [FFF:]

Izinselele Zokukhululeka Kwangaphakathi Ezakhiweni Ezingavumelani Nezici Zanamuhla

Naphezu komsuka wazo ojulile, inkululeko yomphakathi ihlala ingaphansi kokucindezeleka, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi ezibonakala zibucayi.

Ukudla Okuningi Nokudla Kwabantu Ngabodwa

Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe iye yanikeza ohulumeni amandla okuhlola angenakulinganiswa. Izintsha zikaEdward Snowden ngo-2013 zabonisa ukuthi i-National Security Agency (NSA) yayiqoqa imetameter ku-amerika nakumazwe angaphandle ngaphandle kwemvume. Ukwanda kokuqashelwa kobuso, ukugadwa kwe-AID, nokugcinwa kwemininingwane kwabadlali bomphakathi nabazimele kusongela ilungelo lokuthola indawo yomuntu siqu. Imithetho enjenge-USA PATRIOTT Act kanye nabalandeli bayo baye balulaza isivikelo seSine sezehlulelo, ngokuvamile ngokungamele kakhulu.

Imingcele Yokukhuluma Nezindaba Ezikhululekile

Ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke basebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo izisholo ze- “ukuvikela ukuvikela ukuncintisana kwezizwe ngezizwe,” noma“ ukuvikela ukuvumelana kwezenhlalo” ukuze baqede ukungavumelani. Izintatheli ziboshelwe, imithetho yokubhikisha iqiniswe, futhi ukucusumbulwa kwe-inthanethi kukhule. Ngisho nasebuthweni lentando yeningi elimisiwe, umngcele phakathi kokuqondisa inkulumo elimazayo nokugxeka okungokomthetho kuyavivinywa. ACLU] imizamo yenkululeko yokukhuluma ngokukhululekile [ uqokomisa umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokugcina ingxoxo ivulekile.

Ukuhlasela Amaqembu Amancane

Imiphakathi ehlala kwamanye amazwe, izinkolo ezincane, namaqembu ezinhlanga ngokuvamile abhekene nemithetho yobandlululo noma amaphoyisa. Ukuvinjelwa kwezisebenzi zokuhamba kumazwe amaSulumane azimele, ukuhlanganiswa kwamaJapane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, kanye nokuphambana kwemiphakathi yabaNsundu ngendlela engenakulinganiswa kwenkululeko yomphakathi konke kubonisa indlela enganikelwa ngayo egameni lokulondeka noma ukulawula umphakathi.

Ukucindezelwa Komhlangano Onokuthula

Ukubhikisha okunokuthula kuyisibonakaliso sentando yeningi, kodwa iziphathimandla zivame ukusabela ngamandla amakhulu, ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, nemithetho emisha evimbela ukuhlangana. I-# BREDLives Matter yango-2020 yabona ukuvinjelwa kwezikhathi zokwephulwa kwezikhathi, igesi ekhipha izinyembezi, kanye namanxusa kahulumeni athunyelwe ngokumelene nabacindezeli bamademoni. Amacrowid afanayo ayenzeka emazweni anjengeHong Kong, lapho umthetho wesizwe wezokuphepha uye waphula khona ngokuphumelelayo izindlela eziningi zokuphikisana.

Ukuncipha Kwenqubo Efanele

Ukuvinjelwa ejele, izinkantolo zangasese, nokusetshenziswa kwezinkantolo zempi zezakhamuzi kululaza ukungakhethi okuyisisekelo. Ngemva kuka-9/11, i-U.S. yabamba amakhulu abantu eGuantámo Bay ngaphandle kokuqulwa icala ngokungenasiphelo. Ukusetshenziswa “kwezinhlu ezingekho shí”, ukuvalelwa wedwa, nokuvalelwa ngaphandle kokumangalelwa kumelela ukuhlubuka okukhulu ngenqubo efanelekile.

Indlela Yokuvikela Nokuqinisa Ukukhululeka Kwangaphakathi

Ukuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi kudinga ukuthembisana ngokuzikhandla kuzo zonke izinga ("izisebenzi, umphakathi, nezinhlangano.) Nazi izinyathelo ezisebenzayo izakhamuzi nohulumeni abangazithatha.

Zifundise Wena Nabanye

Funda umthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakini, funda izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme noma zenkantolo engokomthetho, futhi ulandele umsebenzi wezinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi. Xoxa nabangane nomkhaya ukuze usakaze ukuqashelwa.

Zisekele Izinhlangano Zenkululeko Yomphakathi

Izinzuzo namaqembu angenalusizo adlala indima ebalulekile ekufuneni inzuzo, imfundo, kanye nokuyaluza. Cabangela amaqembu asekelayo njenge- American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), [[FLT]] Expronic Foundation (EFLF)[FLT]], noma i-MISO-MHLANGANO. Lezinhlangano zisebenzisa izicubu zomthetho ukubekela imithetho elwayo i-octritioness.

Hlanganyela Empilweni Yokuthula Nokuphatha Abanye Ngobuqili

Sebenzisa imithombo yezindaba ngokufanele ukuze ukhulise ukukhathazeka kwakho. Kodwa khumbula: Ukuzitika kuphumelela kakhulu uma kusekelwe emaqinisweni futhi kusekelwe ekwazisweni nasekuhlonipheni amalungelo abanye.

Yiba Nesibopho Sokulandisa Ngezikhulu Zikahulumeni

Zikhandleni abafuna ilungelo eliqinile ngenkululeko yomphakathi. Sebenzisa inkululeko yokwaziswa ukuze ucele ukwaziswa ezimisweni zokuhlola. Sekela abafutha ngekhwelo abadalula ububi. Isicelo sokuba izinhlangano ezimisa umthetho zithathe imithetho ehlonipha ukuzifihla, inqabe ukuhlukanisa izinhlanga, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi unecala lokuziphatha okubi.

Ukusekela Isivikelo Esiqinile Sokwahlulela Nesemithetho

Ijaji elizimele libalulekile ekuqinisekiseni inkululeko yomphakathi. Ummeleli wokumiswa kwamajaji aqonda futhi azise amalungelo abantu. Ukuphoqelela umthetho olinganisela imingcele yamandla alawulayo okuhlola, kudinga imvume yokuhlola imishini, nokuvimbela ukuphatha. Ukusekela imithetho enjenge INKULUVRT Act , ehloselwe ukubuyisela ukuqapha okukhulu.

Vikela Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa Enkathini Yamanani

Sebenzisa amathuluzi okubhala okufingqa, phatha izinhlelo zakho zobuso bemfihlo, futhi usekele izinkampani ezibeka imfihlo yomsebenzisi. Ummeleli wemithetho eqinile yokuvikela ukwaziswa efana ne-General Data Protection Regation (GDPR). umsebenzi wemfihlo ka-FFF [[FL:1] unikeza isiqondiso sokunciphisa izinyawo zakho zobuchwepheshe.

Ikusasa Lokukhululwa Kwabantu Ngomphakathi: Izinkinga Ezisongelayo

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nomphakathi kushintsha, kuzovela izinselele ezintsha zenkululeko yomphakathi.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuyenziwe Nobucukubhezi Bomthetho

Izimiso ze-II ezisetshenziswa ekuqondiseni ubugebengu, ukuqasha, ukuqinisa izikweletu, nezinzuzo zomphakathi zingaqhubekisela phambili ubandlululo futhi zenqabe inqubo efanele. Ngaphandle kokubonana nelungelo lokunxusa izinqumo ezingomayeni, abantu abakwazi ukulawula ukuphila kwabo. Imizamo yokulawula i-Al / njenge-Al Union ehlongozwayo ye-Al Act .

Isimiso Sezinto Eziphilayo Nokuqashelwa Kwaso

Ohulumeni nezinkampani basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha ubuso ezikhumulweni zezindiza, ezitaladini nasezikoleni. Lobu buchwepheshe bungathulisa ingqungquthela yomphakathi, bukwazi ukulandelela inqwaba yabantu abanombala ogqamile, futhi bubangele ukuba abantu abanombala bangakwazi ukulandelela izinhlelo zobuzwe. Amadolobha amaningana avimbele ukusetshenziswa kukahulumeni kokuqashelwa ebusweni; abameleli bagqugquzela ukudunyazwa kwezwe.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokukhululeka Kwabantu

Njengoba izinhlekelele ezihlobene nesimo sezulu zivame kakhulu, ohulumeni bangamisa izinyathelo eziphuthumayo ezivimbela ukunyakaza, indawo yokuhlala, namalungelo empahla. Amalungelo ababaleki besimo sezulu, abantu bomdabu, nemiphakathi ethinteka ngokungcoliswa komhlaba adinga izisekelo ezintsha ezingokomthetho. Abavikeli bendawo ezungezile ababhikisha izimboni ezithathela phambili nabo babhekene nobugebengu − qha ukuvela kwempikiswano yokukhuluma ngokukhululekile.

Ukuhwebelana Kwamalungelo Ezinombolo

Inkululeko ye-Internet ihlaselwa emhlabeni wonke, namazwe anjengeChina, iRussia, ne-Iran akha izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhlola nokuhlola. Ngisho nedemokrati imukela izici zalamathuluzi “ebushiqela”. Izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke ne-expandism, njenge izikhangiso ezingenawo u-Bouters yenkululeko yezindaba [, zingasiza.

Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Nenkululeko

Ngemva kokuhlasela kwamaphekula noma phakathi nezibhadane, umphakathi uvame ukwamukela imikhawulo yenkululeko engamukeleki ezikhathini ezivamile. Inselele iwukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinyathelo zesikhashana azibi ezihlala njalo, nokuthi noma imiphi imingcele ilingana, iyadingeka, futhi ifanele ukubukezwa. Impilo ende yentando yeningi ixhomeke ekunqabeni isifiso sokudela inkululeko ukuze uphephe okwesikhashana.

Isiphetho: Ukukhululeka Kwangaphakathi Njengomsebenzi Oqhubekayo

Inkululeko yomphakathi ayinikezwa kanye futhi igcinwe phakade. Idinga ukuqapha njalo, ukuzivikela okukhuthele, nokwanda ngezikhathi ezithile. Ingxenye yomlando ingavumelana nobulungisa, kodwa injalo kuphela ngenxa yemizamo yabantu abenqaba ukwamukela ubushiqela, ukungalingani, nokuthula. Embusweni wentando yeningi, isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sifunde kabusha inani lamalungelo nezindleko zokuwalahla.

Kusukela ezinkundleni zempi zempi ze - Magna Carta kuya ezimpini ze - digital zekhulu lama - 21, umzabalazo wokulwela inkululeko yomphakathi uwukulwela ukuchaza ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukukhululeka. Ngokuqonda amalungelo ethu, ngokuhlanganyela ekulawuleni ngokuthula, ngokusekela izinhlangano ezivikela inkululeko, nangokuziphindiselela ekuzinzeni okuvamile kokuqapha nokulawula, siqinisekisa ukuthi ukubusa kwentando yeningi kuseyinto engokoqobo engokoqobo, hhayi nje inhloso eshaqile.

[ Inkululeko iwumphefumulo wentando yeningi. Masingalokothi siyithathe kalula.