Indima Yezinhlangano Zamalungelo Omphakathi Ekusekeleni Izimiso Zesivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu

I-Good Wear Agreement, eyasayinwa ngo-10 April 1998, ibhekwa kabanzi njengempumelelo ephawulekayo ekuxazululeni kwempi yase-Northern Ireland. Yaqeda iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yempi yamahlelo enobudlova eyaziwa ngokuthi iziNkingo futhi yamisa uhlelo lokulawula amandla, ukulingana, namalungelo abantu. Nakuba izingxoxo zezombangazwe nezingxoxo zezombangazwe nezokuxhumana kwezizwe zamazwe ngamazwe zazibalulekile, impumelelo yesivumelwano yayigxile kakhulu emashumini eminyaka esisekelo esibekwe yizinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi. Lezinhlangano azizange zivele nje kuphela phakathi konyaka ka-1990; zavela ekwahlulekeni nasekungalinganini okwabangela ukuncintisana ngokwako. Ngokugqugquzela amalungelo alinganayo, ukungaphikisiwe okunonya okunga, nokuhlanganisa ukuxoxilonga, izinhlangano zenkululeko zomphakathi, zasungula izimo ezidingekayo eMhlanganweniningokwangoLwesihlanu ukuba zithathe izimpandeni. Lesihloko sihlola lendima esibucayi esithinta izivumelwano esiqinile.

Isizinda Sesivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu

Izinkathazo, ezaqubuka ekupheleni kwawo-1960, zaqala ukuphikisana isikhathi eside ngesimo somthetho-sisekelo sase-Northern Ireland. Iningi lamaqembu, ngokuyinhloko elingumProthestani, lalifuna ukuhlala liyingxenye yeUnited Kingdom, kuyilapho inani elincane labashisekela ubuKatolika, lalifuna i-Ireland ehlangene. Lokhu kuhlukana kwezombangazwe kwabangelwa ukucwaswa kwezimiso zezezikhundla namalungelo omphakathi emakhaya, umsebenzi, namalungelo okuvota. Amaqembu empi kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ezibophakanyiswa ukudubulana, ukubulalana kwamahlelo, okwaholela ekufeni kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-3 500. Ngo-909, ingxube yempi, ukuncipha kwezombangazwe, ukuncipha kwezombangazwe, nokucindezela kwezizwe (kuvela eUnited States, i-Europe Union, kanye nezinye izinhlangano ze-iroundlands.) zasungula ithuba lokuxoxa ngokuthula kwezingxoxo zokuthula. ULwesihlanu nokwe-Bestlyptional, kwazimentshine kanye nezimiso zesizwe (enyuke imibuso zesizwe) zamazwe eziningi zesizwe, imibuso zezwezwezwezwe linye i- - Ireland, imibuso

Ukuvela Kwezinhlangano Zamalungelo Omphakathi Enyakatho Ye - Ireland

Inhlangano yamalungelo abantu eNyakatho Ireland ayizange ivele ingenalutho. Iphefumlelwe yi-Amerika elwela amalungelo omphakathi e-United States kanye nenhlangano yembulunga yonke emelene nezindawo zobukoloni, abashisekeli ekupheleni kwawo-1960 baqala ukuhlela ngokumelene nesimiso sokukhipha imvume yamaKatolika ahluphekayo. I-Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA), eyasungulwa ngo1967, yaba inhlangano ephambili. I-NICRA yafuna “umuntu oyedwa, ivoti eyodwa” (i-ohulumeni wendawo eyayikhona yanikeza abanikazi bebhizinisi futhi yakhipha amaKatolika amaningi ngaphandle), isiphelo sokuthola imingcele yezindawo zomphakathi, ukuqoqa izindlu zomphakathi, nokucwa kwemisebenzi. Ukuhamba kwabo, ukuhlasela kwabo, ukuhlanganisa ukuvota, ukugxazulula kweze, nokungalaleli kwefilosofi ephakathi kwezentengovu ezindaweni zomphakathi kanye nokungahambisa ukuvukela kwefilosofi yeNkosi uMartin.

Izimpikiswano Eziyinhloko Nethonya Lazo

Uhambo lwango-1968 lokumasha okusuka kuCoalisland ukuya eDunhanon, kanye nohambo lweDerry olulandelayo ngo-5 October 1968, lwaphelelwa amanzi. Uhambo lwango - October lwacinywa ngonya yiRoyal Ulster Ustalillary, enezikhalo ze - timpondo namanzi. Ithelevishini izimpawu zobudlova ezasakazwa emhlabeni wonke ezisakazwayo lapho amaphoyisa ehamba eceleni, futhi “isenzakalo sivame ukuvezwa njengesiqalo seNkinganiso, njengoba sadalula amandla kazwe okucindezela nokukhuliswa kwezikhali futhi sandisa izikhalo zesizwe. Okunye ukubhikisha okuphawulekayo kwakuhlanganisa ukulala kweBhulo lika-Burntholotletletry ngo-January 1969, lapho abaqotho behlasela ngenkathi amaphoyisa ehlelile kude, kanye“ nelungelo lokulwa kwempi i-Bhoogleev” eyaholela eMpini ka-Bhooglov ngoAugust 1969. Lezi zenzakalo eziphambili zamabutho zempi zaseBrithani zaqala ukungenela ekungeneni, futhi zihoxazulu, futhi zihoxakele ubudlova.

Ukuhlobanisa Nemizabalazo Yezizwe Zonke Ebanzi

Inhlangano yamalungelo abantu yaseNyakatho Ireland yayiyingxenye yegagasi elikhulu lezenzo zobuzwe ngawo-1960. Abaxhasi badweba ulimi lwamalungelo abantu futhi bahlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, abaholi abaningi bahlanganyela ezingqungqutheleni eziphathelene namalungelo omphakathi, futhi i-U.S. amalungelo esizwe anikeza isibonelo esinamandla sokuziphatha nesobuhlakani. Lomongo wezizwe wasiza ekubekeni izimfuno zenhlangano futhi wadonsa ukusekelwa kwe-Irishrish diaspora nohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe. Inhlangano futhi yahlangana nempi yabafundi, yakha isivumelwano esikhulu sokushintsha kwezenhlalo. Nakuba ukumiswa kwemisha kwemi yesizwe nohulumeni waseBrithani ekuqaleni kwakubheka ukuhlasela kwesizwe njengombangosombuso, amalungelo esizwe ahlukanisa ukulingana nokulunga-bulungisa kancane kancane kancane isuka empikiswaneni yenkolo kanye namalungelo esizwe.

Izimiso Zomthetho Zesivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu Ezisekelwa Izinhlangano Zamalungelo Omphakathi

I-Good Wentrever Agreement ivumelana ngokucacile nezimiso eziningana abashisekeli bamalungelo omphakathi ababezimelele amashumi eminyaka. lezi zihlanganisa ukulingana kwethuba, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu, nokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe. Isivumelwano sasungula i-Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission, i-Exsize Commission, ne-Bill of Rights faceal .)

Ukulingana Nokungavumelani

Ingxenye enkulu yalesivumelwano isibopho sokuthola “ukwehlukana kwenhlonipho” nokulingana kwayo yomibili imiphakathi. Umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu wawusuthathe isikhathi eside uphikisa ukuthi ubandlululo ezindlini nasemisebenzini kwakuyimsuka wempi. Ingxenye 75 yesivumelwano seNyakatho Ireland Act ka-1998 ibeka isibopho esingokomthetho ezindikimbeni zomphakathi sokukhuthaza ukulingana kwethuba nobuhlobo obuhle. Lokhu kuguqula izisusa zotshani ezifunwayo ezingokomthetho. Ngaphandle kokuphikelela kokungavumelani kwe-NICRA, i-Camstia ye-Social Justice, namanye amaqembu, akunakwenzeka ukuthi amalungiselelo anjalo angokwesilinganiso alinganayo ayeyo ayeyohlanganiswa.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu

I-Good Wearth Agreement yakha isakhiwo samalungelo abantu esasingekho eNyakatho Ireland ngaphambili. Sayala i-Bill of Rights for Northern Ireland (nakuba ingakamiswa ngokugcwele) futhi saqinisa i-European Convention on Human Rights esemthethweni wasekhaya. Amaqembu amalungelo omphakathi aye abhikisela phambili iminyaka eminingi ngokumelene nokunqandwa kwecala yijaji, ukusetshenziswa kokuqulwa ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala (ukuwiswa kwecala ngo-1971), kanye nemithetho yokudubula yezokuphepha. Ubufakazi bawo nemvume yokulawula i-athonsi yayiyithuluzi lokugunyaza ukugunyaza izigwebo zomphakathi ukuthi amalungelo abantu ayebalulekile ekutholeni ukuthula okuhlala njalo. Izinhlangano eziwumphumela zifana ne-Nowerland Human Rights Commis kanye ne-Oundermans .

Ukuhlangana Kwezombangazwe Nokukhandleka Kwamandla

Isimiso sesivumelwano sokuvuma [1] ukuthi noma iluphi ushintsho lwezimo zomthetho-sisekelo wase-Northern Ireland kumelwe luvunyelwe yiningi − beluye lwakhuthazwa yizakhamuzi ezilinganiselayo amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Abaholi bamalungelo ezakhamuzi, ngokuvamile ababesuka emuva kwezwe elingenabudlova nelinganxele, babeqhutshelwa ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano zezombangazwe ezihlanganisa yonke imiphakathi. Ukugcizelela kwenhlangano ukuxoxa kunokuba ubudlova kusize ekufuneni amalungelo esizwe (njengeSinn Féin) kanye nabaxhasi abaqotho ngokufanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla abaphathi abanobudlelwanomthetho, nesivumelwano semithetho ehlangene, ayeklanyelwe ukuvimbela “iqembu labantu abaningi” ababekhiphe abathandi besizwe. Lelilungiselelo lasiza ekufuneni amalungelo esizwe ukuba kube nokuhlanganyela ngokulinganayo.

Ukubuyisana Nobuhlobo Bomphakathi

Ngaphandle kwezakhiwo ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe, inhlangano yamalungelo abantu yakhuthaza ukubuyisana. Abashisekeli abaningi basebenza emisebenzini yokuhlanganisa amaKatolika namaProthestani. Amaqembu anjenge-Peace People (asungulwe nguMairead Corrigan noBetty Williams ngo- 1976, awina uMklomelo woPalamente) kanye nezinhlangano ezalandela njengeCorrymeela Community ithuthukisa ingxoxo nokuphulukisa. I-Good Wearver Agreement ihlanganisa amalungiselelo amalungelo ezisulu, imfundo ehlangene, kanye nolimi (isungulwe nguMaild Corrigan no-Ulster-Scots), konke okubonisa umsebenzi wesikhathi eside wezenteko yamalungelo abantu ekuguquleni izimo zengqondo.

Ithonya Lamalungelo Omphakathi Enqubweni Yokuthula

Nakuba izingxoxo zokuthula ezingokomthetho zamaqembu ezombangazwe o 1990, isisekelo sabekwa amashumi eminyaka ezenzo zomphakathi. Izindlela zalenhlangano ezingenabudlova zanikeza enye indlela kunobudlova bezempi, zibonisa ukuthi ushintsho lungafinyelelwa ngokubhikisha nangokuxoxisana. Ngisho naphakathi nezikhathi ezinzima kakhulu zeZinkathazo, izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi zalondoloza umbono womphakathi onobulungisa nongahlanganisiwe. Zabhala ukuxhaphaza, zafaka izinhlangano zezizwe zonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene neSishayamthetho waseYurophu, futhi zakha izibopho nezinhlangano zezezohwebo, amasonto, nezinhlangano zezemfundo.

Abantu Abayinhloko Nendima Yabo

Izibalo ezinjengoJohn Hume, umsunguli we-Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), zavela ngokuqondile emzabalazweni wamalungelo abantu. Ukuhola kukaHume e-SDLP nomsebenzi wakhe wokungakhathali ekwakheni amabhuloho nawohulumeni baseBrithani nabase-Ireland, kanye neUnited States, kwakubalulekile enqubeni yokuthula. Waphikisa ngokuthi le ngxabano yayingengenxa yenzondo yasendulo kodwa ngokuphathelene namalungelo, futhi ikhambi lezombangazwe kumelwe likhulume ngokulingana. UMklo wakhe wokuthula ngo-1998 (okanye noDavid Trimble) wawuqaphela lendlela yokusondela kwamalungelo abantu. Abanye abashisekeli be-Bernadette Declin (Mlikey), kusukela kuma-1960 kwavela nakuphikisa kwezezomthetho womphakathi.

Indima Yamaqembu Abesifazane

Abesifazane bafeza indima ebalulekile kuyo yomibili imikhakha yamalungelo omphakathi nenqubo yokuthula. I-Narvery Women’s Coalition (NIWC), eyasungulwa ngo-1996, kwakuyiqembu elinobuthakathi elalilwela ukumelelwa kwabesifazane nokufakwa ezinkulumo. Amalungu ayo amaningi ayenezizinda zomphakathi zesenzo sobuzwe kanye namalungelo omphakathi. I-NIWC yakwazi ukulwela ukufakwa kwamalungelo abesifazane, amalungelo abantu, nemfundo ehlangene eGood Wesihlanu. Umsebenzi wawo waqokomisa ukuthi izimiso zokulingana nokungahlangani zazingasebenzisi nje kuphela ukuhlukanisa kwenyunyana kodwa futhi namalungelo obufanayo nabobulili nezinye izinhlobo zobulili.

Ukusekela Nobunye Bomhlaba Wonke

Lenhlangano yasebenzisana futhi nobunye bomhlaba wonke. i-Ireland America, ehlelwe ngamaqembu njenge-Irish Northern Aid Committee (NORAID) futhi kamuva nge-Clinton, yacindezela uhulumeni waseBrithani ukuba axoxe. Umqondisi we-U.S. uGeorge Mitchell, owayephethe izinkulumo, wayethonywe amalungelo omphakathi. Izimali ze-European Union kanye nezinhlelo zokuthula zanikeza imithombo yemisebenzi enqamule amaqembu omphakathi, ngokuvamile elawulwa amalungelo omphakathi kanye namaqembu omphakathi. Lokhu kusekela ukukhuliswa kwezinhlangano zenhlangano futhi kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi i-Governmentation yayihlanganisa amalungelo aqinile abantu nezinhlelo zokulunga.

Ifa Nomphumela Oqhubekayo

Eminyakeni engu-20 namashumi amabili nanhlanu ngemva kwe-Good Wearvent Agreement, ifa lenhlangano yamalungelo abantu lisalokhu libonakala. Izinhlangano eyazilwela `iKhomishane Yokulingana, iKhomishane yamaLungelo, i-Police Ombudsman, nenkonzo yamaphoyisa eguquliwe (iNkonzo yamaphoyisa aseNyakatho Ireland, eyathatha indawo ye-RUC). Ziyaqhubeka zisekela izimiso zesivumelwano. Nokho, izinselele ziyaqhubeka. Isivumelwano seBill of Rights kusazondlalwa ngokugcwele, futhi eminye izinhlangano zolimi nempucuko zisalokhu ziphikisana. Izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi njengeKomiti ye-Administration of Justice (CAJ) neNyakatho YaseNyakatho ye-Ireland Inhlangano Yenkululeko Yomphakathi ziyaqhubeka zisekela ukufezeka ngokuphelele nokubekela inselele noma yiziphi iziphi izivumelwano zomthetho.

Ukwehlukana Kwamahlelo Nesidingo SobuProthestani Obuqhubekayo

Naphezu kokuthula, i-Northern Ireland ihlala ihlukene kakhulu ngenxa yamahlelo. Izindlu ezihlukene ngokwezezenkolo, imfundo, kanye nezindawo zomphakathi zisalokhu zikhona. Umbono wenhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi ehlangene ngokugcwele usewumsebenzi oqhubekayo. Izinhlangano ezintsha zivele, njengalezo ezikhuthaza ukulingana komshado (owenziwe ngo-202020) kanye namalungelo abantu abambalwa abavela kwamanye amazwe. Lamaqembu adonsela emaqhingani nasemibangweni yokuziphatha efanayo nabangawokuqala. Ifa le-Good Wetwe Revement libonisa ukuthi amalungelo awasoze alondeka unomphela; adinga ukuqapha nokuthatha isinyathelo esiqhubekayo.

Izifundo Ezitholakala Kwezinye Izifunda Ezingqubuzanayo

I-Northern Ireland inikeza izifundo kwezinye izimpi emhlabeni wonke. Ukubaluleka komphakathi womphakathi onezimpande zotshani, amandla okuvukela okungenabudlova, nesidingo sokufaka amalungelo abantu ezivumelwaneni zokuthula kuye kwaphawulwa ezinqubweni zokuthula eColombia, eNingizimu Afrika, naseBalkan. I-Good Wear Account ayiyona incwadi eqinisekile; iyisici esiphilayo esixhomeke emphakathini womphakathi ukuba uhulumeni ulandise. Inhlangano yamalungelo abantu inikeza isisekelo sokuziphatha nezombangazwe, futhi izindlela zayo zisalokhu zisebenza noma kuphi lapho ubulungisa nesilinganiso sincintisana khona.

Isiphetho

I-Good Wear Agreement yayingeke ifezwe ngaphandle komsebenzi ophikelelayo, onezimiso wezinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi eNyakatho Ireland. Lezinhlangano zaguqula isimo sezombangazwe ngokususa impi njengenye yamalungelo nobandlululo, kunokuba nje zibe ubuzwe. Zakha icala lokulingana, amalungelo abantu, nokubusa okuphelele ngokuqondeneyo esabelweni sokuthula. Ifa lazo lisobala ezinhlanganweni nasemithethweni evikela izakhamuzi manje, kodwa nasemisebenzini eqhubekayo yamaqembu ahlola afeza futhi aqhubekisela phambili intuthuko. Njengoba isivumelwano singena engxenyeni yaso elandelayo yekota, ukukhumbula amalungelo abantu, ukuthatha indima yamalungelo omphakathi akuyona nje indlela engokomlando kuphela yokusebenza. Isikhumbuzo sokuthi ukuthula kukhula enhlabathini yobulungisa.

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