UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, owagunyazwa ngo-1788, wamisa uhlelo lukahulumeni kahulumeni kazwelonke. Nokho amaFramers aqonda ukuthi ifomu elizimele lalingeke lanele ukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ezikhathini ezishintshayo. Ngenqubo yokulungisa ebekwe eSigabeni V, uMthetho-sisekelo uye wakhula ukuze ubhekane nezindaba eziyisisekelo zenkululeko, ukulingana, nobulungisa. Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ziye zasebenza njengemoto eyinhloko yokuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi, ukulungisa ukungalungisi okungokomlando, nokwandisa isithembiso sentando yentando yeningi. Lesi sihloko sihlola inguquko ebaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni inkululeko yomphakathi eMelika, kusukela kuBill of Rights kuya engxabeni yanamuhla evunayo naselinganayo.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu: Isisekelo Senkululeko Yomuntu Ngamunye

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi, ezaziwa njengeSigqi Samalungelo, zagunyazwa ngoDecember 15, 1791. Ukudalwa kwazo kwakuyimpendulo eqondile ezinkathazweni ze-Anti-Federalist phakathi nezimpikiswano zokuhlanganisa. Abaningi babesaba ukuthi uhulumeni onamandla uzowanyathela amalungelo azuzwe kulokhu kuVukela. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni owayengabaza ukuthi imvume yamalungelo, wasekela ukubuyiselwa kweSishaya-mthetho. I-Livill of Rights isebenza ngokuyinhloko kuhulumeni wezwe lonke (16) ukunciphisa kamuva okukhulunywa ngemfundiso yeSiphemende se-145, eyasebenzisa amalungiselelo amaningi ezwe.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Ikhorali Eliyingcaca

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkululeko emihlanu eyisisekelo: inkolo, ukukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, ukuhlangana, nokunxusa. Ivimbela uMkhandlu ekumiseni inkolo noma ukuvivinya umzimba ngokukhululekile, futhi iqinisekisa ilungelo lokukhuluma, ukukhipha, ukuhlanganisa, nokufuna uhulumeni. Izehlolo zeNkantolo Eziphezulu ezifana [[[FLT: 0]] INew York Times Co. v. Sullivan [1964]) imisa isivikelo esiqinile senkulumo yezombangazwe, kuyilapho [[FLT:] i-CP] FFF.[FLT] V [FLT:] [20] [20] Imvume yokulungisa imicimbi yezentengo yezezombangazwe ihlala ingubo ezindaweni zezentengo. I-mendexppoint.[Foctal]

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuphatha Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili simemezela: "Izinkantolo ezilawulwa kahle iMilitia, njengoba zidingekile ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Izikhali, ngeke liphazanyiswe. Incazelo yazo iye yashintsha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Emlandweni weMelika, izinkantolo zasekela imithetho ebanzi nokulawula izibhamu. Intengo zanamuhla zathola ukuvelela nge-Prique of Columbia v. [2001], eyahlasela ukuvinjelwa kwemisebe yesandla eWashington, DC., kanye [FLT] ne-D2]. [FLDND [ir.cD] [FON] [FFOLT] [20] [20], eyasebenzisa ukuncishwa kwemithetho yeSishaya-M.

Isichibiyelo Sesithathu: Amasosha Ahamba Neqembu

Nakuba iqashelwa, iSichibiyelo sesithathu sivimbela isikhathi sokuthula sekota samasosha emakhayeni abantu ngaphandle kwemvume yomniniyo. Sizalwa ezikhalo zamakoloni ngokumelene nemikhuba yezempi yaseBrithani, sigcizelela ukuzinikela kwaBasunguli ekulawuleni ibutho lempi lomuntu siqu nebutho labantu. Sisalokhu siwukulungisa okungasho lutho ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, kodwa izimiso zaso zinanela ekuvivinyweni kwanamuhla okuyimfihlo.

Isichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Nokukhohlisa

ISichibiyelo Sesine sonogada ngokumelene nokugxambukela kukahulumeni okungena abantu, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela. Kudingeka kubekwe izivumelwano futhi kuchazwe ukuthi izimpawu kumelwe ziboniswe. INkantolo Ephakeme ivule izivikelo zesine zeSichibiyeli ekuvikeleni izinto zobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi ezingeni le- Riley v. California [2014] [i-2014] (ithi ngokuvamile amaphoyisa adinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola isehlakalo socingo ukuze abophe. Izinhlelo ze-Surveillance, ime-frisk, futhi izinkulumo zokubhala ngokupendulo ziyaqhubeka zivivinya imikhawulo yale yale.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nokuziphikisa

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqukethe izivikelo eziningana: ukumangalelwa okukhulu kwabasizi bejaji ngenxa yobugebengu obungathi sína bukahulumeni, ukuvikelwa engozini ephindwe kabili, ukuvikelwa ekuphoqelelweni ukuba uzenze, isiqinisekiso senqubo efanele, nokwenqatshelwa kokuthatha impahla ngaphandle kwembuyiselo. Inqubo yokulungisa iye yaba usizo emacaleni ahilela inqubo yobugebengu, imithetho yezomnotho, kanye nokushada okungancintisani. Ilungelo elimelene nokuziphindiselela ngokwako libizwa ngokudume ngezenzo zobugebengu futhi likhonjwe ngesixwayiso se-Miranda.

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okufanele

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi okusheshayo, okungakhethi okwenziwa yijaji elisekumangalelweni. Siqinisekisa futhi ilungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala, ukumangalela ofakazi, ukuphoqelela ofakazi abavikelayo, nokuba neseluleko esingokomthetho. Ilungelo lokululeka lanwetshwa ngokuphawulekayo Gideon v. Wainwright [ [1963], ifuna ukuba kunikezwe abamangaleli abamangalelwa emacaleni angokomthetho. I-andendment ikhulu lesimiso sokwahlulela futhi ivikela abamangalelwa.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Ukuvivinywa Kombango

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji enkantolo yomphakathi lapho ukubaluleka kwempikiswano kungaphezu kuka - R220. Sivimbela futhi abahluleli bahulumeni ukuba baphinde bahlole okuye kwatholwa abahluleli. Nakuba kungavamile ukuba kuchazwe iNkantolo Ephakeme, siveza inkolelo yabaQaphi bomthetho yokuthi amajaji asebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla okwahlulela futhi sivikele izakhamuzi ezinqumweni eziwumthetho.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili eqile, amafa eqile, nezijeziso ezinonya nezingavamile. Siye saba isisekelo sezinselele zesijeziso sokufa, izigwebo eziphoqelelwe zezingane, nezimo zasejele. Furman v. Georgia[ [7972], iNkantolo yayakuvala ngokuphumelelayo ukubulawa ezweni lonke, nakuba kamuva izifunda zemithetho yokujezisa ukufa ukuze idlulise ukuhlangana komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Ukulungisa kuhlala kuyisikhawulo esiyinhloko sempi enguquko yomthetho wobugebengu, kuhlanganise nezimpikiswano zokuvalwa kwezelelwa kwabantu ngabanye nokulahlwa kwempahla yomphakathi.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalolunye: Amalungelo Angenacala

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth sithi: "Umthetho-sisekelo, wamalungelo athile, awuzukuthathwa njengophika noma ulahle abanye abantu abahlala khona." Kwakuhloselwe ukuphikisa impikiswano yokuthi ukudweba amalungelo athile uhulumeni kahulumeni kungasho ukuthi unyathela lawo angaqashelwanga. Izinkantolo azivamile ukusebenzisa iSichibiyelo seNinth njengesisekelo esiyinhloko sezinqumo, kodwa zisekela izimpikiswano zokwethulwa kwasese, ukubusa komzimba, namanye amalungelo ayisisekelo angashiwonga ngokuqondile eMthethweni.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi: Amandla Agciniwe Ezwe

ISichibiyelo seshumi siqinisekisa ukuthi amagunya angaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni noma anqatshelwe ezindaweni agcinelwe izifundazwe noma abantu. Sihlanganisa isimiso sombuso futhi siye sacelwa ukuba silinganisele igunya likahulumeni ezindaweni ezinjengezentengiselwano, ukulawulwa kwezibhamu, nokunakekelwa kwempilo. United States v. Lopez [1995] [Isinqumo se-Gampletedmenterment on the United States, i-Crectory of the Gun - Confects Congress for Presarces.

Izinqumo Zokwakha: Ukunciphisa Izakhamuzi Nokulingana

IMpi Yombango yaqeda ubugqila, kodwa kwadinga izinguquko ezintathu zomthetho - sisekelo ukuze kuqalwe ukuvikela amalungelo abantu baseAfrika abasanda kukhululeka. ISichibiyelo seReconstruction (esithi 13, 14, nese-15) sabuguqula kakhulu ubuhlobo boMthetho-sisekelo nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kanye negunya likahulumeni.

Isichibiyelo Se - 13: Ukuqedwa Kobugqila

I-Instruction yeshumi nantathu yakhishwa ngo-December 1865, yaqeda ubugqila nokugqilazwa ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu. Yamelela ukushintshwa komthetho waseMelika, ngokushesha okukhulula abantu abagqilazwayo abangaba yizigidi ezine. Nokho, ukuvuma ukugqilazwa ngokungenhloso njengesijeziso sobugebengu eSikoleni somthetho wamaSowest [FLT] [iSivumelwano seMibukiso] sasetshenziswa kabi yimibuso yaseNingizimu ngokuncishiswa kweziboshwa, isimiso esaqhubekisela phambili ngokuphumelelayo ukusebenza ngempoqo. Ukuhlelwa kwanikeza futhi iSishaya - mthetho esine sokuphoqesha, kuholela ekwanini kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu. [[FLT:] Inhlangano ye-Informationation eSiko soMthetho somthetho we-Cornell [FLT] [FLT]] inikeza ukuhlaziswe okubanzi kokusebenza kwalempiswa kweminye futhi nokuchazwa kwayo kamuva.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane: Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nenqubo Efanele

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane, esagunyazwa ngo-1868, siyilungiselelo elibaluleke kakhulu lomthetho-mfashini lenkululeko yomphakathi. Isabelo sayo u-Claus sashintsha .Dred Scott isinqumo, simemezela bonke abantu abazelwe noma abadalwe eUnited States ukuba babe izakhamuzi. I-Bact Programme Claus ewed Bill of Rights isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi. [[FLT] i-v [FLT].[5] [FLT], isisekelo semithetho ye-liv [[3],[5], [5], i-FFFogrog], i-Fogde, noma i-Fogde.[3] i-Fogde, iyaqhubeka i-Revolutionstions.[3]

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu: Ukunikeza Amalungelo Abantu Abansundu

I-Creatence yabekwa ngo-1870, iSichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu senqabela ukuncishwa kwevoti esekelwe ohlazweni lohlanga, ebala, noma esimweni sangaphambili sobugqila. Kwakuyimpendulo eqondile kuma-Someter Black Codes ayefuna ukubuyisela ukuphakama kwabamhlophe. Naphezu kokulungisa, ukuhlelwa kwentela, ukuhlolwa kokufunda nokubhala, ukuhlolwa kwemidaba, umkhulu, nokuyengasatshiswa kobudlova kokulahla ama-Afrika. Yathatha cishe ikhulu leminyaka yezenzo zobugqilanisi kanye ne-Voting Rights Actal Act ka-65656 ukuze iqale ukugcwalisa isithembiso se-Andement. Isinqumo seNkantolo ephakeme ye-FLD [FL:0] i-Cuter v. Baker[FLD:1] [2013]) isihluthulelo sokuncintisana kwe-Act, sihosayo i-Act, sihost (inquisi ye-Admist) emisha ye-outrst) emisha ye-Act

Izinqumiso ZeNkathi Eqhubekayo: Ukwandisa Intando Yeningi Nentela

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili kwaba negagasi lenguquko esingatha izindaba zezezomnotho nezezenhlalo. ISichibiyelo se 16th esigunyaza intela yeholo kahulumeni, ukushintshwa kwenzuzo kahulumeni ehholo ehlwishiwe ukuba intela iqondiswe. ISichibiyelo seSeventeenth (1913) sasidinga ukukhethwa okuqondile kwama-senator, ukunqandwa kwethonya lemithetho kahulumeni. ISichibiyelo seshumi elineshumi elinesithupha (191919) sagunyaza iProjiji, kamuva sakhishwa iNguquko Yezinguquko Yokuqala engu-20 (1933). Intethelekiso yenkululeko yomphakathi yayibaluleke kakhulu ekuhlawulwani kwenkululeko yomthetho ye-1995.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nesishiyagalolunye: Impoqo Yabesifazane

Ngo-1920, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba sagcina sinike abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka esenzo sobufandandi obuholwa amanani afana noSusan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, noAlice Paul. Ilungelo lokulungisa umbhalo we-mbhalwe (8)"Ilungelo lezakhamuzi zase-United States lokuvota) ngeke linqatshwe noma livinjelwe noma livinjwe yi-United States noma yinoma yimuphi uMbuso ngenxa yezenzo zocansistry""""(16) i-mirroroda i-Demendementmentated transchtement. Nakuba ithengisene izigidi, ikakhulukazi abesifazane base-Afrika ne-Melika Nomdabuko, baqhubeka bebhekene imigoqongo ebaluleke kakhulu ekulweni isikhathi eside ngenxa yokulingana kwabesifazane futhi ikhunjulwa ezimweni zanamuhla ngokuphathelene nenkululeko ephakathi kwenkululeko ephakathi.

ISichibiyelo Se - 20 Seminyaka Engamashumi Amane: Ukwenqatshelwa Kwentela Yempova

Ngo-1946, iSichibiyelo seNkathi yokuHlakulela samashumi amabili nane senqabela intela yokuvota kuhulumeni okhethayo. Intela yokubheja yayiyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokucindezela abavoti eNingizimu, ngokungenakuqhathaniswa ithinta abavoti base-Afrika kunye nabavoti abangaphansi. UKhomishano yadlula ngokusekela kwe-bipartisan phakathi nobukhulu benhlangano yamalungelo abantu. INkantolo Ephakeme kamuva yandisa ukuvinjelwa kokuvota [FLT:] Harper v. Virginia Board of Evotions[[FLT:] (186], ishaya intela yokukhothoza njengokunga intela kokuvikela i-ekhotho njengesethiwe njengesephulo yomthetho we-Combiclotment Claus Claus. I-Amperence yayiyisi isinyathelo esibucayi ekususeni kwemingcele yezimali ekuvoti.

ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanye: Izingxenye zeminyaka engu-18 yakudala

I-Retiod yabekwa ngo- 1971, iSichibiyelo seSiphendulo samashumi amabili nanhla kwenkathi yokuvota kusukela ku-21 kuya ku-18. Kwakuyimpendulo eqondile yokuthatha isinyathelo ngentsha eyayithi uma imdala ngokwanele ukuba ijoyinwe eMpini yaseVietnam, yayimdala ngokwanele ukuba ivote. Inguquko idluliswe ngesivinini esiphawulekayo . /ukuvunyelwa okuphawulekayo okungalé ngoMashi 1971 kanye nokuncishiswa kwezifunda ngezinyanga ezintathu nje kuphela. Yaphawula ushintsho oluqhubekayo kuyinkathi yokuvota, nakuba i-votiout eshaout iphawulwe ngokuqhathaniswa namaqembu amadala. Ukuncintisana kuhlala kuyi-screast mayelana nokuncitshiswa kwezingxoxo zokuvota enkathi yokuqhubekela ukufinyelela eminyakeni engu-16.

Izimpikiswano Zanamuhla: Izinqumo Ezingase Zibe Khona Nomsebenzi Ongaphendulwanga

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungakalungiswa kusukela ngo-1992 (iSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu, ngokuphathelene neholo le-cornional), izingxoxo ngokulungisa okusha ziyaqhubeka. Izihlongozo eziningana eziphezulu zibonisa ukukhathazeka okuqhubekayo ngezimali ezilinganayo, umkhankaso, kanye nenguquko yokwakha.

ISichibiyelo Samalungelo Alinganayo (ERA)

Okokuqala okwenziwe ngo-1923, i-ERA ingaqinisekisa ukuthi ukulingana kwamalungelo ngaphansi komthetho akunakuphikwa noma kuvinjelwe ngenxa yobulili. ISishaya - mthetho sadlula i-ERA ngo-1972, kodwa yehla izifundazwe ezintathu ngokuncishiswa kwemigqa yonyaka ka-1988. Ngo-202020, iVirginia yaba yizwe lama-38 ukuya e-ravize, nakuba imibuzo engokomthetho isalokhu ikhona ngokuphathelene nonyaka owengeziwe futhi ukuthi izifunda zingaphinde zivuselelwe yini eMkhankambini wonke kusukela ngo-198222. Uma i-ERA ibinganikeza isisekelo esicacile somthetho sokucwasahlulwa kwabesifazane okungatshazwayo, umsebenzi, nezinye izindawo. Ngomlando we-ERA, bheka [FLD]

Umkhankaso Wezimali Wokushintsha

Abasekeli bemali yomkhankaso wokulungisa izimali zezezimali baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yezimali yeNkantolo Ephakeme kwesinqumo seNkantolo ehlangene (2010) kanye nemithetho eyalandelayo kulinganiswa ngokuphumelelayo nemali ehambisana nokukhuluma, ukuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwenkampani nokuhlangana. Ukulungisa komthetho-sisekelo kunganika i-Congress amandla futhi kunqume ukulawula iminikelo yomkhankaso nokusebenzisa imali. Izinguqulo eziningi ziye zahlongozwa, njenge “Demoracracy for All". Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ukubuyiselwa okunjalo kungaphula izimiso eziyisisekelo zeSilungiso Sokuqala nemithetho yokudalula nokuthi imithetho yokudalula ingcono.

Ukusakaza Izinqumiso Zamalungelo Abantu

Ngemva kwesinqumo iShelby County, abameleli baye bahlongoza ukubuyiselwa ukuze baqinisekise ngokucacile ilungelo lokuvota nokulwa nokunqanda ukuvota. I-“Oille u-Vote Isichibiyeli” iyakumisa ilungelo lokuvota kuzo zonke izinqumo, inqabe izimfanelo zokuvota ezisekelwe engcebweni, iqinisekise ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, futhi ivikele ekunqanyulweni kokunga ngokuvalwa kwemvume ejele. Ukunqanyuliswa okunjalo kungasusa imingcele yombuso futhi kunikeze ithuluzi elinamandla lokulawula uhulumeni.

Imingcele Yemithetho Yobumbano

Imingcele emisiwe yamalungu e-Congress iye yaphikiswana amashumi eminyaka. ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili namashumi amabili (1951) silinganisela amongameli ngokwezigaba ezimbili, kodwa akukho mingcele enjalo kubameli noma abameleli. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi imingcele yegama inganciphisa inkohlakalo, ukwandisa ukulandisa, nokuvumela imibono emisha. Abaphikisi baphikisa ukuthi ukhetho kakade lusebenza njengemingcele ephumelelayo yaminyaka futhi ukuthi imingcele yamagama ingalulaza ulwazi lwenhlangano nobuchwepheshe bemithetho. Nakuba kungekho mingcele yemithetho iye yadlulisa i-Congressko, ezinye izigaba ziye zamisa imingcele yazo ezindaweni zikahulumeni, zinikeza ubufakazi bangempela benkulumo mpikiswano.

Isiphetho: UMthetho - sisekelo Oshintshayo Nekusasa Lokukhululwa Kwabembutho

Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho azizona izinsalela zesikhathi esidlule; zingamathuluzi aphilayo aye andisa ngokuphindaphindiwe incazelo yenkululeko nokulingana. Kusukela ekuvikeleni kwezentengiselwano zamalungelo kuhulumeni ukuhlasela iSichibiyelo sokulungisa izakhamuzi, kusukela ekuvoteni kwabesifazane, ukulungisa ngakunye kubonisa ukuqaphela okuhlangene ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kumelwe ukhule nesizwe. Ukulungisa inqubo kunzima ngamabomu, kudinga ukuba izakhiwo ezinkulu zivuleke kuzo zombili izindlu zeBhungane kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindawo ezintathu zamazwe. Lokho kuqinisekisa ukuthi ushintsho olusekelwe kakhulu, luba ingxenye yomthetho-sisekelo olwenziwe ngokusekelwe ekuboneni ukuthi inqubo ye-Constitution idlula izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa. Kodwa iqiniso lokuthi ukushintshwa kwenqubo kubonise ukuthi inguquko ingenzeka uma kufunwa abantu.

Njengoba ama-America eqhubeka ephikisana ngezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi − kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokulungisa okusha noma ngencazelo yokwahlulela yalabo abakhona manje − izifundo zomlando zihlala zicacile. Amandla oMthetho-sisekelo awakho embhalweni wawo wokuqala nje kuphela kodwa nasekhonweni lawo wokuvuselela. Ukuqonda izinguquko ezivikela inkululeko yethu namuhla kuhlomisela izakhamuzi ukusekela iziqinisekiso zomthetho-sisekelo zakusasa.