Ukubizwa ukuba ube umsizi wokwahlulela ecaleni likahulumeni kuwumsebenzi obalulekile womphakathi. Indima yakho iwukulalela ngokucophelela ubufakazi, ukulandela iziyalezo zomahluleli, futhi ufinyelele isinqumo esilungile esisekelwe emaqinisweni. Enye yemiqondo ebucayi kakhulu ozodinga ukuyiqonda yileyo [ umthwalo wobufakazi . Lesimiso somthetho sinquma ukuthi ubufakazi bulinganiswa kanjani nokuthi yini okumelwe amaqembu abonise ngayo ukuze anqobe icala lawo. Ngaphandle kokuqonda kahle umthwalo wobufakazi, abagcini bejaji bafaka engozini yokwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe ekubikweni noma ezwelaneni kunomthetho. Lokhu kuchaza yonke into edingekayo ukuze wazi njengofakazi womphakathi odingayo, enkcuphelweni eyisisekelo ukuze basebenzise incazelo esebenzayo phakathi nokuhlolwa.

Uyini Umthwalo Wobufakazi?

Umthwalo wobufakazi unomthwalo obekwe koyedwa ukuba afakazele amaqiniso endaba yabo. Ekuqulweni kwecala lomphakathi, umkhandlu oletha icala ````FLT'] uchaza inxenye [ ngokulandelana] unomthwalo wokuqinisekisa izikhalo zabo. Ummangalelwa, omangalelwa, omangalelwayo, angase futhi abe nomthwalo wobufakazi ezimpilweni ezithile aphakamisa. Umthwalo wobufakazi unezakhiwo ezimbili: umthwalo womkhiqizo [[[FLT:]] (isibopho sokunikeza ubufakazi obanele ukuze athathwe ijaji) ngobufakazi [FLT] nobufakazi obuthiwe-FFFOLT] [F:] [5] [5] [ulm]

Ukukusiza ukuba ucabange: cabanga ngesilinganiso sesilinganiso. I-paltiff ifaka ubufakazi ngakolunye uhlangothi; ummangalelwa ufaka ubufakazi ngakolunye. Uma isikali ngisho nakancane emseni we-paltiff, umthwalo uhlanganisiwe. Uma isikali sihlangene, noma ikhokhiso kunommangalelwa, incintiswano. Lendinganiso iphansi ngamabomu kuneyosetshenziswa emacala obugebengu, lapho icala kumele liboniswe khona ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo [[. Kungani umehluko? Icala lombango-cala lihilela ukuphikisana ngemali, impahla, noma amalungelo phakathi kwamaqembu abantu, lapho imiphumela engathi sína ikhona, lapho umuntu elahlekelwa khona inkululeko yakhe eqekelweni lobugebengu.

Ukuqonda Indinganiso Yobufakazi

Indinganiso yezibalo ivame ukuchazwa ngokuthi “cishe kakhulu” noma“>50%.” Kusho ukuthi amajaji kumelwe akholelwe ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uhlobo lwezehlakalo lwe-pasttiff luyiqiniso kunezingalona. Lokhu akusona isivivinyo sezibalo .Akudingekile ukuba ahlukanise amaphesenti . kodwa ukuhlaziya ubufakazi okungakholeki. Uyazibuza: kusekelwe kubo bonke ubufakazi obuqinisekile, ingabe itshekele emseni we-paltiff? Uma, i-potlaff ibhekane nomthwalo. Uma kunjalo, ummangalelwa kufanele anqobe.

Ngokwesibonelo, engozini yemoto, ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi umenzi wobugebengu, lapho noma ikuphi ukungabaza kudinga ukukhohliswa. Ngisho noma kunokungabaza okuthile, `say, ufakazi owabona ukukhanya ngokungafani""'umboni ongawina uma, ngokwengqikithi, ubufakazi bukhomba icala lommangalelwa. Lokhu kuhlukile kwezephulamthetho, lapho noma ikuphi ukungabaza okunengqondo kudinga ukulahlwa. Ijaji lomphakathi livame ukulwa nalokhu mehluko, ikakhulukazi uma beye bakhonza ezicaleni zobugebengu. Isihluthulelo singakhumbula: awunacala noma umsulwa; unquma ukuthi icala linecala eliqinile, ngisho noma imingcele incane.

Lapho Indinganiso Ephakeme Ibonisa: Ubufakazi Obucacile Obuqinisekisayo

Kwezinye izimo zomphakathi, umthetho udinga umthwalo owengeziwe wobufakazi obubizwa ngokusobala nangokugculisayo. Lendinganiso ifuna okukhulu kune-preppective kodwa ayibekeli indingeko enzima kakhulu kunaleyo engangatshazwa. Isetshenziswa ezimweni lapho izithakazelo ezibaluleke kakhulu khona ngokukhethekile njengamalungelo abazali, iziphakamiso zokukhwabanisa, noma ezinye izinhlobo zomcimbi wesibopho somphakathi, `awufaka esiphazanyisiwe'. Ijaji kumelwe “iqiswe kakhulu” ukuthi amaqiniso ayiqiniso, asekelwe ebufakazi obucacile, obucacile, obungakholeki.

Izibonelo zamacala adinga ubufakazi obucacile nobukholisayo zihlanganisa:

  • [[UMTH:0] Fraud - Yinkulumo yokuthi ummangalelwa wakhohlisa ummangalelwa ngamabomu.
  • Ithonya elingadalelwanga [-Ukuhlolwa kwentando ngesisekelo lapho umhloli ecindezelwa khona.
  • [ Ukunqatshelwa kwamalungelo omzali[ - - bonisa ukuthi umzali akafaneleki.
  • [ Isibopho se-Civil [ – ukwelashwa kwempilo yengqondo okuzenzekelayo.

Ijaji lizokuyala uma indinganiso ecacile nekholisayo isebenza. Ezimweni ezinjalo, kumelwe ufune ubufakazi obunamandla kakhulu kunabo obunikezwa yiqembu eliphikisayo. “Umbhalo ocacile nokholisayo” awusho ukuqiniseka okuphelele, kodwa kuseduze kakhulu nalokho kunalokho“kunobuningi.” Uma unokungabaza, umchasi kumelwe anqobe uma ubufakazi buhlangana nalomnyango ophakeme kakhulu", kodwa ukungabaza kumelwe kunikezwe amandla anengqondo obufakazi.

Indlela Umlobeli Wamaphephandaba Abukhipha Ngayo Ubufakazi Bokuthola Lomthwalo

Umsebenzi wakho uwukuhlola ubufakazi obunikezwa nhlangothi zombili. Ubufakazi buvela ngezindlela eziningi: ubufakazi bobufakazi, izincwadi, izithombe, imibono engochwepheshe, amavidiyo, nezinto ezibonakalayo. Nazi izici eziyinhloko okufanele zicatshangelwe:

Ukubonakala KoFakazi Kusobala

Ukuthembeka koFakazi kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu. Zibuze: Ingabe ufakazi ubonakala ethembekile? Ingabe unesisusa sokuqamba amanga noma ukuqisa? Ingabe basibona ngokucacile isenzakalo? Cabangela isimo sofakazi, ikhono lokukhumbula imininingwane, nanoma yikuphi ubandlululo. Umahluleli angase akufundise ukuthi ungamukela konke, ingxenye, noma ubufakazi bofakazi. Uma kuphela ubufakazi beqiniso eliyinhloko buvela kofakazi othole ungathembekile, mhlawumbe ummangalelwa akakawutholi umthwalo.

Ubufakazi Obulotshiwe Nobungokoqobo

Amabhukwana anjengezivumelwano, ama-imeyili, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, nemibiko yamaphoyisa ngokuvamile athembeke kakhulu kunenkumbulo. Hlola ukuthi imibhalo eyiqiniso, ephelele, futhi efanelekile yini. Ubufakazi obungokomzimba obunjengezitho eziphukile noma ukugada. Ijaji kumelwe linqume ukuthi linesisindo esingakanani elinganikeza ubufakazi obubodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, isivumelwano esasayinwayo singase siqinisekise ukuthi isivumelwano sasikhona, ngisho noma elinye iqembu lithi akunjalo.

Izinkolelo Ezingefani Nobufakazi Obuyindida

Abaqondisi bemoto bavunyelwe ukuthola izimpawu ezinengqondo ezivela ebufakazini. Awudingi “isibhamu sokubhema.” Ezimweni zomphakathi, amaqiniso amaningi afakazelwa ubufakazi obulandelanayo (ngokwesibonelo, izimpawu ezishibilikayo emgwaqweni zingabonisa imoto ishesha kakhulu, ngisho noma kungekho muntu oyibonayo. Umthwalo wobufakazi ungahlangatshezwa ngobufakazi obusekelwe ngokobufakazi obucacile kuphela, uma nje ukudweba kunengqondo futhi kusekelwa ngumbhalo.

Ukuchazwa Komthwalo Wokukhiqiza Nokuthonya

Isiza ekuhlukaniseni imithwalo emibili engaphansi ehlanganisa yonke eyakha wonke umthwalo wobufakazi:

  • Iqembu kumelwe liveze ubufakazi obanele obungathola ijaji elinengqondo libutholele lona. Uma iqembu lihluleka ukuveza ubufakazi obanele esicini esibalulekile, umahluleli anganikeza ukunyakazisa isinqumo esiqondisiwe, asuse leyondaba kubahluleli.
  • I-fullen ye-full:[ Iqembu kumelwe liqinisekise ijaji ukuthi ukulandisa kwalo amaqiniso kuyiqiniso. Yilokhu onquma ngakho ekugcineni phakathi nokuhlela.

Ngokwesibonelo, endabeni yokulimala komuntu siqu, ummangalelwa kumelwe aqale aveze ubufakazi bokuthi ummangalelwa wayenganaki (isimo, ubufakazi bokuthi ummangalelwa wayenombala obomvu). Uma ummangalelwa engasho lutho, uma ijaji lingalikhiphanga lutho icala ngaphambi kokuba lifike kuwe. Uma ummangalelwa enikeza ubufakazi obuthile, umthwalo wokukhiqiza ushintsha ummangalelwa ukuze akhiphe ubufakazi bokuvikela kwabo − kodwa umthwalo wokukholisa uhlala kumphathi wecala phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukushintsha Indawo Nokuhlala

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, ummangalelwa ngokuvamile unomthwalo wokuveza iphuzu ngalinye lokuzibeka engozini. Nokho, umthwalo ungashintshela kummangalelwa ezindabeni ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ummangalelwa ephakamisa isivikelo esiqinile[[ [1] njengokungathi umthetho wokulinganiselwa, ukulinganiselwa kwengozi, noma ukunganaki okunesandla, kumelwe afakazele lowommangalelwa ngobufakazi obuqanjiwe. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ummangalelwa uba “ummangalelwa ochazi” kuleyondlela yokuvikela. Ijaji ngalinye kumelwe likhumbule: iqembu ngalinye linomthwalo owe yizibo abakushoyo nabavikeli balo.

Elinye iphuzu eliyisihluthulelo: umthwalo awushintshi kulendaba yokugcina yecala − umlahli uthwala umthwalo wokugcina wokuqinisekisa icala labo. Uma ekugcineni ulinganisela, i-patlaff iyalahleka. Lokhu kuvame ukufingqwa ngokuthi “uthayi uya kummangalelwa.”

Imibono Evamile Enganembile Ngomthwalo Wobufakazi

Abamangaleli bavame ukungena enkantolo benokungaqondi okungathinta ukwahlulela kwabo. Nakhu imibono emithathu ephambene evamile:

Ubufakazi obufingqiwe 1: “Zombili izinhlangothi maziyifakaze indaba yazo. Cha. Ummangalelwa kuphela onomthwalo wokufakazela lokho abakushoyo. Ummangalelwa akadingeki ukufakazela ubumsulwa babo; kudingeka kuphela ukuba angabaze ubufakazi obuphelele bommangalelwa ukuze avimbele isikali ekuhlohleni. Nokho, uma ummangalelwa ephakamisa isivikelo, kumelwe afakazele ukuthi ukuzivikela.

Intembeko 2: “Ingakho ukungabaza okunengqondo kuyasebenza ezicaleni zomphakathi.” Lena inganekwane eyingozi. Indinganiso yobugebengu iphakeme kakhulu. Icala lomphakathi lisebenzisa indinganiso ephansi kakhulu ngoba izigxobo zihlukile. Uma umgcini womthetho ngephutha esebenzisa indinganiso yobugebengu, bangafuna ngephutha ubufakazi obungadingekile, obuholela esinqumweni esingalungile se-paltiff.

I-Miscreency 3: “Uma zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza ubufakazi obulinganayo, ummangalelwa uphumelela ngokuzenzekelayo. eqinisweni, lokho kulungile", kodwa ngenxa nje yokuthi i-paltiff yehluleka ukuhlangabezana nendinganiso ye-prebistic. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi umthwalo usemacaleni. Ubufakazi obuphelele busho ukuthi akukho siqalo esiphambili, ngakho ummangalelwa uyalahlekelwa. Lokhu akukona “u-i-piedia eya kummangalelwa” ukubusa ngomqondo wezemidlalo, kodwa umphumela onengqondo ka-bani othwele umthwalo.

Indima KaJury Ekusebenziseni Umthwalo Wobufakazi

Indima yakho njengejaji akukona nje ukulalela ngokunganaki. Usebenza ngokuthatha iqiniso. Umahluleli uzokunika iziyalezo eziqondile emthwalweni wobufakazi obusebenzayo ecaleni, kuhlanganise nendinganiso (ecacile noma ecacile nekholisayo) futhi iliphi iqembu elinayo. Landela leyomiyalo ngokunembile. Ungafaki imibono yakho siqu ngalokho okubonakala kulungile. Umthetho uklanyelwe ukudala isisekelo esiqinisekile nesilungile.

Iziqondiso Zobufakazi

Ekupheleni kwecala, umahluleli uzofunda iziyalezo zejaji. Zihlanganisa iziyalezo eziyisibonelo ezichaza “ubufakazi” futhi zichaze indlela yokubusebenzisa. Uzothola ikhophi ebhaliwe ukuze uyingenise ekamelweni labahluleli. Funda ngokucophelela iziqondiso ngasinye. Uma unemibuzo lapho uhlola, ungabuza umahluleli ukuba uyichaze. Kungcono ukufuna ukucaciswa kunokuqagela.

Inqubo yokuzinqumela

Phakathi nokucabangisisa, xoxani ngesici ngasinye sendaba futhi nquma ukuthi umbhishobhi uphumelele yini. Sebenzisa ubufakazi ukuze usekele izimpikiswano zakho. Gwema imizwa yakho ngeqembu. Gxila ekutheni ubufakazi bungalingani futhi buthembeke. Khumbula ukuthi umthwalo awudingi okungenakwenzeka − kudinga ukuba indaba yombhishobhi ibe yincazelo engcono kakhulu. Uma uthola ukuthi umfethisi uhlulekile ukufakazela isici esibalulekile ngokwendinganiso edingekayo, khona - ke isinqumo sakho kumelwe sibe sesommangalelwa. Uma uthola ummangalelwa uthola ukuthi uhlangene nomthwalo kuzo zonke izici, khona isinqumo sakho kumelwe sibe yincazelo engcono kakhulu.

Amacebiso Awusizo Kubavumisi

  • Thatha amaphuzu[ - Izinkantolo eziningi zivumela abahluleli ukuba babhale amanothi. Lokhu kukusiza ukuba ukhumbule amaqiniso ayinhloko nobufakazi lapho uhlola.
  • qaphela iziyalezo zomahluleli - Umthetho uchazwa eziyalweni. Unganciki kulokho okufundile ku-TV noma kuma-movie.
  • [ Buza imibuzo [ - Kwezinye izinkantolo, amajaji anganikeza ofakazi imibuzo ebhaliwe. Uma uma umahluleli wakho ekuvumelayo, sebenzisa lelithuluzi ukucacisa ubufakazi obucacile.
  • Gwema ukucwaninga kwangaphandle - Ungabheki izincazelo noma umthetho wezezimali ngokwakho. Konke ukwaziswa kumelwe kuvele embhalweni wokuhlola.
  • vumela imibono yabanye [ – Inkululeko isebenza kangcono uma wonke umuntu elalela futhi ehlola ubufakazi ndawonye. Ukushintsha ingqondo yakho kuyamukeleka uma ubufakazi buyisekela.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda umthwalo wobufakazi kubalulekile emsebenzini wakho njengomsizi wejaji. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zisekelwe emthethweni nasebufakazini, hhayi ekuqageleni noma emzwelweni. Indinganiso yokuqagela ingabonakala ilula, kodwa ukuyisebenzisa kahle kumaqiniso ayinkimbinkimbi kudinga ukucabangisisa. Uma indinganiso icacile futhi ikholisa, ukuhlola kumelwe kube kujule nakakhulu. Ngokulandela iziqondiso zomahluleli, ngokuhlola ubufakazi ngokungakhethi, nangokugcina ingqondo ivulekile ngesikhathi sokucabangisisa, usiza ekusekeleni ubuqotho besimiso sobulungisa. Isinqumo sakho sidinga ukucabangisisa ngobufakazi.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, ungahlola i-Cornell Legal Information i-cornell incamary Institute mayelana nomthwalo wobufakazi, isiqondiso sika-American Bar Association ku-memocations [, noma [[FLT]] i-Judiary's judary imithombo ye-jar'um.