Ukuqonda Ukuma Kwezomthetho: Ukuqulwa Kwecala Kwangaphakathi

Uma izakhamuzi ezivamile zizwa amacala enkantolo ezindabeni noma zihlangabezana nezimpikiswano zomthetho ekuphileni kwazo, umehluko phakathi komthetho wesizwe nowesigebengu ungazizwa ungenaso isisekelo. Kodwa lomehluko uyisisekelo: unquma ukuthi ubani oletha icala, indinganiso yobufakazi edingekayo, futhi yimiphi imiphumela engalandela. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ucabangela ukumangalela, ukubhekana namacala, noma uzama nje ukuzwa izihloko eziphambili, ukuqaphela la magatsha amabili omthetho akunika amandla okulawula isimiso ngokuqiniseka. Lesiqondiso siphula inqubo ngayinye, siqokomisa ukuphikisana kwazo, futhi sinikeza izakhamuzi umongo ongokoqobo.

Ukumangalelwa ngokwezemthetho nokuquliswa kwecala kufeza imisebenzi ehlukene esimisweni sokwahlulela, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kuhambisana (ngokwesibonelo, isenzo esisodwa esinjengokuphahlazeka kokushayela utshwala kungaholela kukho kokubili ukumangalelwa kobugebengu nasemacaleni angokomthetho). Ukuqonda abakhangisi bomuntu ngamunye kuyokusiza ukuba uqaphele amalungelo akho, imithwalo yakho yemfanelo, kanye namakhambi angenzeka kunoma yisiphi isigaba.

Kuyini Ukuqashelwa Kwesizwe?

Inqubo engokomthetho esetshenziselwa ukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele − abantu abazimele, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano − abafuna ikhambi lokulimala noma ukuphulwa kwemisebenzi. Ngokungafani nomthetho wobugebengu, oklanyelwe ukujezisa ububi obusongela ukuhleleka komphakathi, umthetho wesizwe ugxila ekwenzeni iqembu elilimele liphinde liphelele, ngokuvamile ngokukhokha imali noma ngesenzo esigunyaziwe senkantolo (esibizwa ngokuthi umthetho). Uhulumeni awuhileli njengomshushisi; kunalokho, ummangaleli (umuntu okholelwa ukuthi lona owenze okubi) ufaka icala elimelene nommangalelwa (umuntu noma umuntu omangalelwa ukuthi ubangele ukulimala).

Amacala angaphakathi avela ezimpikiswaneni eziningi: isivumelwano esiphukile, ingozi yemoto, umkhiqizo okhubazekile, ukuhlanjalazwa, noma impikiswano yomngcele phakathi komakhelwane. Isimiso esiyisisekelo siwukuthi ummangalelwa wayekweleta umqaphi umsebenzi futhi wahluleka ukubhekana nawo, okuphumela ekulimaleni okungalungiseki. Indima yenkantolo iwukuhlola ubufakazi futhi anqume ukuthi ummangalelwa kufanele abekwe icala ngokomthetho.

Izimpawu Eziyinhloko Zokuqanjwa Kwamacala Omphakathi

  • Izindawo:[ I-paltiff iqala icala; ummangalelwa uyaphendula. Kokubili kungaba abantu ngabanye, izinkampani, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, noma abanye abantu abangokomthetho.
  • I-Protff yobufakazi: I-paltiff kumele ifakazele icala layo nge- ukunaka ubufakazi[ ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu kunanoma izenzo zommangalelwa zabangela umonakalo. Lokhu kuyindinganiso ephansi ngokuqhathaniswa (acabanga 51%).
  • Izinhlobo zempumuzo: Izindlela ezivame ukuhlanganisa umonakalo wemali (inhlawulo, isijeziso, noma igama lomlomo) noma ukukhululeka okulinganayo okufana neyaleye (imiyalelo yomthetho yokuyeka ukwenza okuthile) noma umsebenzi okhethekile (ukugunyaza iqembu ukuze kufezwe isivumelwano).
  • Jury vs. Judge: Iqembu lingacela icala lokwahlulela emacaleni amaningi omphakathi, kodwa kwezinye (njengomthetho womkhaya noma iziphakamiso ezincane) umahluleli kuphela onqumayo.
  • Costs & Timeline: Impikiswano yomphakathi ingathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka, kuye ngobunzima, kuye ngokuthi izindleko zihlanganisa ukukhokha imali, izindleko zokuthola, izindleko zolwazi, izindleko zokufakaza, kanye nezindleko zommeli (kaningi ngehora).

Kubalulekile ukuvumelana: ezimweni zomphakathi, ohlulwayo akadingekile ukuba akhokhe intela engokomthetho uma umthetho noma isivumelwano singasho kanjalo. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi Umthetho wase-American [. Nokho, ezinye izigaba noma iziphakamiso eziqondile (ezinjengemithetho evikelayo yabathengi) zivumela ukusheshiswa kwenkokhelo.

Inqubo Yokuzihambela Kwabantu Ngejubane

  1. Imposiso:[ I-paltiff ifaka isikhalo esichaza izikhalo zomthetho. Umkhomba-mkhomba-mgunyathisi impendulo (noma ukunyakazisa ukuxoshwa).
  2. Incazelo: Zombili izinhlangothi zishintshisana ngobufakazi, zithatha izikhala, zithumele uphenyo (imibuzo ebhaliwe), kanye nezincwadi zokucela. Lengxenye ingaba ngende kakhulu futhi ibiza kakhulu.
  3. Izenzo zePromory:[ Imicimbi ingathatha indiva ukuze kukhishwe ukwahlulela ngokufingqiwe (ukubuza umahluleli ukuba anqume icala ngaphandle kokuqulwa ngoba akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela ngeqiniso eliphathekayo).
  4. [[QUTY:0] :[ Izinhlangothi zonke zinikeza ubufakazi nofakazi. Umahluleli noma abahluleli bamabomu futhi ubuyisela isinqumo.
  5. Iposi-Trial & Ukudlulisa: Iqembu elilahlekile lingase lidlulisele isikhalo enkantolo ephakeme, ebekela amaphutha angokomthetho inselele enziwa phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala.

Icala lomphakathi eliningi alifinyeleli ecaleni, lixazululwa ngokuxazulula ukuvumelana phakathi kwamaqembu, ngokuvamile ngokukhipha isibuyelo esiyimfihlo. Ukuhlala kungakwenzeka kunoma isiphi isigaba, ngisho nangemva kwesinqumo.

Kuyini Ukushushisa Kwesigebengu?

Umthetho wokumangalela abantu uyindlela kahulumeni yokumangalela othile ngobugebengu futhi efuna isijeziso. Uhulumeni (ngomshushisi wesifundazwe, abameli-sifunda, noma abameli bombuso) uthatha isinyathelo ngenxa yabantu sokumisa imithetho evikela ukuphepha komphakathi, ukuhleleka, nokuziphatha. Ummangalelwa ubhekwa njengongenacala kuze kube yilapho enecala, futhi umbuso kumelwe unqobe ibhande elisobala kakhulu elisobala ukuze uvikele icala.

Ubugebengu buhlukaniswa njengezenzo zokuphanga (amacala amakhulu njengokubulala, ukuphanga, noma ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa) noma amaphutha (ngaphandle kwecala elingathi sína njengesela elincane, ukuhlasela okulula, noma iDuI kuqala). Amanye amaqembu futhi anezahluka (ukuphulwa kwamathikithi angezona ezobugebengu ngokwesayensi) ezingenziwa ngendlela efanayo ngenkomba.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zokumangalela Kwesigebengu

  • Izindawo:[ Umshushisi uletha icala (uhulumeni); ummangalelwa umuntu omangalelwe. Isisulu asiyena umbhishobhi kodwa singaba ufakazi.
  • I-Briden yobufakazi: Umshushisi kumele afakazele icala lommangalelwa ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo[]. Indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu esimisweni somthetho, ehloselwe ukuvikela izinkolelo ezingalungile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amajaji kumelwe aqiniseke ngokuqinile ngecala; noma ikuphi ukungaqiniseki okunengqondo kudinga ukuvalwa.
  • Imali ehhoxisiwe: Isigwebo singahlanganisa ukuboshwa, amahlawuliswa, ukugcinwa, umsebenzi womphakathi, ukukhokhelwa (ukukhokhelwa izisulu), noma inhlanganisela. Ezimweni ezinzima, isijeziso sentambo (ukufa) singatholakala kwezinye izindawo.
  • Isivikelo se-Constigational: Omangalelwa ujabulela amalungelo ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. (nemithetho-mthetho yombuso): ilungelo kummeli (nakuba bengenakukwazi ukuthenga), ilungelo lokuthula (ISichibiyelo se-Fondal), ukuvikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka (Impoqo ye-Foursementation), kanye kwesokudla ekuzameni okusheshayo nokuncibilikisa umphakathi (Isinqumo se-X).
  • I-Jury Relation: Emacala amakhulu (amacala), ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala labahluleli. Ukuqulwa kwecala okungafanelekile kungaba phambi komahluleli yedwa ngaphandle uma ummangalelwa ecela ijaji kwezinye izifundazwe.

Uhulumeni kumelwe uqalise ukuqulwa kwecala. Abantu abazimele abanakubhala amacala obugebengu kuphela emacaleni angokomthetho, abese enquma ukuthi angaboshwa yini futhi adlulisele icala kumshushisi. Umshushisi unelungelo elikhulu lokwenqaba amacala, ukuwanciphisa, noma ukuxoxa ngesicelo esithengiswe.

Isigebengu Sithatha Isinyathelo Ngecala

  1. Ukugcinwa komthetho & Ukuboshwa: kuhlanganisa ubufakazi, izingxoxo zofakazi, futhi kungathola isiqinisekiso sokubopha noma sokusesha. Umsoli uboshwa.
  2. [[QUT: 0] I-Intial Modial & I-Argigiment: Ummangalelwa ulethwa phambi komahluleli, atshelwe ngamacala, acelwe ukungena esicelweni (icala, hhayi icala, noma ungenamncintiswano). I-Bail imisiwe noma ummangalelwa angakhululwa ngokuphinde aqashelwe.
  3. I-Preliturary Ukuzwa / Grand Jury: [ngecala, ukushushisa kumelwe kubonise imbangela okungenzeka ukuthi ubugebengu benziwe. Lokhu kungakwenziwa phambi komahluleli (ukuzwa kuqala) noma ngecala elikhulu eliya kubahluleli.
  4. I-Discopey & Intshukumo: Zombili izinhlangothi zishintshana ngobufakazi. Ukuzivikela kungathatha uhambo lokuvimbela ubufakazi obuthola ngokungemthetho noma ukulahla izikhalo.
  5. Icala lobugebengu elingaphezu kwa 90% lixazululwa ngezivumelwano zezicelo, lapho ummangalelwa encenga icala elingaphansi noma ethola umusho olula ukuze athole ilungelo lokuthola icala.
  6. : Uma kungekho kunxusa okufinyelelwe, icala liqhubekela ecaleni. Ukushushisa kunikeza ubufakazi; abavikeli bokuzivikela futhi bangase babize ofakazi. Ijaji (noma umahluleli) lihumusha isinqumo sokuba necala noma ungenacala. Ijaji elilengiwe (isinqumo esingafinyelelwanga) lingaholela enkantolo engalungile nasenkantolo.
  7. Isivumelwano:[ Uma ummangalelwa eboshiwe, umahluleli uphoqelela isigwebo ngemva kokucabangela iziqondiso zomthetho, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, nezinkulumo ezithinta izisulu.
  8. Appal:[ Ummangalelwa angadlulisa imvume noma isigwebo, aphikisane ngamaphutha angokomthetho. Umshushisi ngokuvamile akanakudlulisa isinqumo esingangeni cala ngenxa yokuvikelwa ngokuphindwe kabili.

Umehluko Omkhulu Phakathi Kokumangalela Kwezakhamuzi Nokushushisa Kwezigebengu

Nakuba kokubili lokhu kwenzeka ezinkantolo futhi kuhilela abahluleli, abahluleli, nobufakazi, amafilosofi ayisisekelo afingqa kakhulu. itafula elingezansi lifingqa ukuqhathanisa okuyinhloko (nakuba sisebenzisa uhlu olungahlelekile lwe - HTML ukuze kucace, hhayi itafula).

Injongo Nefilosofi

I-Civil ligitation[[FLT: 1] ihlose ukuxazulula izingxabano zangasese futhi enze iqembu elilimele liphelele. Ummangalelwa angabekwa icala ngisho noma izenzo zakhe zazingahleliwe noma zinganakwa.] Iphutha akudingeki ukuba libe ngenhloso. Umgomo uyimbuyiselo, hhayi isijeziso. Umshushisi womthetho uzama ukujezisa ukuziphatha okulimazayo noma okubi, ukuvimbela ukwephula umthetho esikhathini esizayo, nokubuyisa isono. Isimo kumelwe sibonise ukuthi abantu bazimisele noma bahlukubekile (ahdro, noma banecala) ngenxa yobugebengu obungathi sína.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi

Umehluko awunakushiwo ngokweqile: izenzakalo zombango zidinga ukucabangela ubufakazi , kuyilapho amacala obugebengu efuna ubufakazi ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo [. Lokhu kusho iqoqo elifanayo lamaqiniso lingaholela ekutholeni icala lomphakathi kanye nobugebengu obungakhohliswa. Ngokwesibonelo, O.J. uSimpson watholakala enkantolo yomphakathi yokufa kukaNicole Brown Simpson noRon Goldman (preance) kodwa ehoxiwe enkantolo yobugebengu (ukungabaza okunengqondo).

Imicimbi Nokuhlanganyela

Amacala angokomthetho aqalwa amaphekula azimele; amacala obugebengu aqalwa abashushisi ngenxa kahulumeni. Isisulu esinecala lobugebengu asinakulawula ngokuqondile ecaleni (nakuba singanikeza umfakela). Empikiswaneni yesizwe, ummangalelwa unquma ukuthi kufanele amangalelwe, ahlale, noma alahle icala ngokuphelele.

Imiphumela

Imiphumela ye- Imiphumela ye-CIIIL:[ Imiphumela yentengo (i-paresar, i-pactaling), imiyalo, ukwenza okuthile, noma izahlulelo zokususa. Akukho sivumelwano. Umphumela wobucala: Ukuvalelwa, amasheya, ukumiswa kwesigwebo, inkonzo yomphakathi, ukubuyiselwa, nokufa kwezinye izimo. Isiqinisekiso sibuye siholele ihlazo emphakathini futhi singaholela ekuvaleni imiphumela efana nokulahlekelwa amalungelo okuvota, amalayisensi, noma isimo sokufuduka.

Izivikelo Zemvelo

Abalweli ezinkantolo zobugebengu bathola isivikelo esikhulu somthetho-sisekelo (ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, isivikelo ekuzixazululeni, ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo, njalonjalo) ngoba inkululeko isengozini. Abamangalelwa bomphakathi banezindawo zokuvikela ezisemthethweni ezimbalwa; abanalungelo kummeli ogunyaziwe kahulumeni uma bengakwazi ukuthenga, futhi bangaphoqelelwa ukuba bafakazele (izinga eliphansi bangacela iSiphendulo seNguquko sesihlanu uma izimpendulo zingaba ezizifunela ngokwabo).

I - “goodi ” Ekabili

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinqabela ukuqulwa kabili kwecala elifanayo. Lokhu kusebenza kuphela emacaleni obugebengu. Amacala asemshadweni angafakwa ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo okwaholela ekumangalelweni kobugebengu (njengasesibonelo se-O.J.Simpson). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kokubili uhulumeni nohulumeni ungamangalela umuntu ngokwehlukana ngesenzo esifanayo uma wephula zombili iziteji zemithetho (imfundiso yobukhosi).

Ukukhanga

Kuwo wonke amacala obugebengu, ummangalelwa angadlulisela isiqinisekiso, kodwa umshushisi akanakudlulisela icala (ingozi ephindwe kabili). Nokho, umshushisi angase adlulisele izinqumo ezithile zangaphambi komthetho (njengokucindezela kobufakazi) kwezinye izindawo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.

Izibonelo Zamacala Ezakhamuzi Nezobugebengu

Ukuze ubone ukuthi umngcele uhlukanisa kanjani, hlola indlela isenzakalo esifanayo esingase sisingathwe ngayo kuzo zombili lezi zimiso.

Izibonelo Lapho Kuvela Amacala Omphakathi Nawesigebengu

  • [[[FLT: 0] Ingozi Yokushayela Engalawuleki: Ukumangalelwa kwecala lobugebengu lwe-DUI (ijele eliyifa, amafashini, amalayisense). Ukumangalelwa kwamacala esizwe ngezindleko zokwelapha, ukulahleka kweholo, ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka (umonakalo wesimo).
  • Assault:[ Ukumangalelwa kwecala lokuhlasela (umhlahlo noma i-felony). i-garter ifuna ibhethri (inxeba lokulimala).
  • Fraud:[ ukumangalelwa kwecala lokukhwabanisa (ukuphamba). Isudi lomphakathi lokukhohlisa (ukuncishiswa kwesivumelwano, ukulimala).

Icala Langaphakathi Elimsulwa

  • Imibiko yokulimala komuntu siqu (ukufiphala nokuwa, ukungasebenzi kahle kwezokwelapha, ukulahlekelwa umkhiqizo).
  • Ukunqamuka kwesivumelwano (ukuhluleka ukuletha izimpahla, ukungqubuzana kwesivumelwano semisebenzi).
  • Izingxabano zempahla (izintambo zokuthutha impahla, izinkathazo, izingxabano ezidambisayo).
  • Umthetho womkhaya (ukwehlukana, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukutholwa).
  • Ubandlululo lomsebenzi (lapho lungahileli inhloso yobugebengu).

Amacala Ecala Elimsulwa Lobugebengu

  • Ukubulala, ukubulala abantu (nakuba isenzo sokufa esingekho emthethweni singafakwa naso).
  • Ukweba, ukugqekeza, ukuphanga.
  • Ukuba nezidakamizwa, ukushushumbisa.
  • DUI (engaphansi kwethonya).
  • Ubugebengu belanga elimhlophe (ukuhweba, ukuhweba ngaphakathi, ukukhohlisa).

Izicelo Eziwusizo Zezakhamuzi

Ukuqonda lomehluko akuyona nje imfundo kuphela — kuthinta izinqumo namalungelo akho ezimweni zangempela.

  • Uma ulinyazwa: Ungafuna isinxephezelo kuphela ngokumangalelwa komphakathi. Ukubika ukulimala emaphoyiseni kungabangela uphenyo lobugebengu, kodwa ungakwazi ukuphoqa umshushisi. Kufanele uthintane nommeli wezwe ukuze uhlole icala.
  • Uma umangalelwa ngobugebengu: Unelungelo lokuthula kanye nommeli. Ungazami ukuxazulula udaba ngokuthembisa ukukhokha isisulu − esingabhekwa njengokuvuma icala. Isivumelwano sesizwe asivimbeli ukuquliswa kwecala.
  • Uma uthola ipeni elingaphansi: Kubalulekile ukuthi kuvela enkantolo yomphakathi noma ekuphenyeni kobugebengu. Ecaleni lobugebengu, unelungelo elandayo lokwenqaba ukuphendula uma izimpendulo zingakuphatha. Uma uthola iziphakamiso, kumelwe uvumelane ngaphandle kokuba ungenza ilungelo.
  • Inkokhelo yezentengiselwano: umshuwalense wasekhaya noma wemoto uvame ukuhlanganisa ukukhokhwa kwemali yomphakathi (imali onecala ngemva kwengozi) kodwa awugubuzeli inhlawulo yobugebengu noma ukubuyiselwa. Ezinye izinqubo zisusa izenzo zenhloso.

Imithombo enjengewebhusayithi U.S. inikeza ukuwohloka okuningiliziwe kwezinhlobo zecala likahulumeni. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zisingatha iningi lamacala omphakathi nawobugebengu; ungathola isiqondiso sendawo ngewebhusayithi yokwahlulela yegatsha lakho (umz., i-Calilifonsia Sulf-Help Center[). Ukunyukela kakhulu enqubeni yobugebengu, thintana ne-Cornell Informationation Office [[FLT].]

Isiphetho: Ukuwasebenzisa Womabili Ama - system

Ukumangalelana ngokwezemthetho kufana nezinjongo ezihlukene kodwa ezingokomthetho waseMelika. Enye ixazulula izimpikiswano zomuntu siqu ngokukhokhelwa; enye iphoqelela imithetho yomphakathi ngokujeziswa. Ngamunye uphethe amagama akhe siqu, imithwalo, namasu. Kuzakhamuzi, ukuthatha impumelelo kulokhu: uma ukholelwa ukuthi uphathwe kabi, hlola ikhambi lomthetho; uma uye wamangalelwa ngecala lobubi, ubangela amalungelo akho obugebengu asemthethweni ngokujeziswa ngesijeziso. Futhi njalo khumbula ukuthi isisekelo esifanayo samaqiniso singaholela ekumangalelweni kanye kanye kanye ezinkundleni zombili, ngemiphumela ehlukene. Ukuqonda okuqinile kwalokhu kungalungisi nje kuphela okunga okungakhonzi ukuvikela ukukhathalela kwakho uma ukwahlulela kuthinta ukuphila kwakho.