Table of Contents

Inkululeko yezindaba ingenye yezinsika ezibaluleke kakhulu zentando yeningi yaseMelika, ebekwe esiGuqulweni sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States. Lelilungelo eliyisisekelo lisiza izintatheli, izinhlangano zezokuxhumana, nezakhamuzi ukuba zimemeze izindaba, imibono, nokwaziswa ngaphandle kokungenela noma ukucusumbula kukahulumeni. Ngokuvikela ukugeleza kokwaziswa okukhululekile, cindezela inkululeko iqinisekisa umphakathi ofundile okwaziyo ukuthatha iqhaza ekubuseni kwentando yeningi futhi ubeke labo abanegunya lokubusa ngentando yeningi.

Siyini Isichibiyelo Sokuqala?

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sithi: “Icala aliyikwenza umthetho mayelana nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqabela ukuyisebenzisa kwayo ngokukhululekile; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba, noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo." Ukuqiniswa ngo-1791 njengengxenye yeSiphakamiso Samalungelo Abantu, iSiphendulo sokuqala siqinisekisa inkululeko ehlangene esebenzayo ukuze kuvikelwe inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi.

Umgomo oyinhloko wokulungisa ukuvimbela uhulumeni ekulawuleni noma ekuvimbeleni ukubonakaliswa ngezindlela zawo ezihlukahlukene. Nakuba ikhuluma ngokucacile ngenkululeko ehlukene emihlanu (inkolo, inkulumo, iphephandaba, ingqungquthela, kanye nesicelo) lamalungelo ngokuvamile ahlangana futhi aqinisana. Isigqebhezana sezindaba sivikela ngokukhethekile indima engokomthetho yezokuxhumana ekuqoqeni, ekunyatheliseni, nasekusakazeni ukwaziswa emphakathini.

Umlando Wenkululeko Yokunyathelisa

Ukuzimisela kwabasunguli ukucindezela inkululeko kwavela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo ngaphansi kokubusa kwamakoloni aseBrithani, lapho ukucusumbula kukahulumeni nokuvinjelwa kwakungamathuluzi avamile okulawula. Baqonda ukuthi umshini wezindaba okhululekile wawubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ubushiqela nokulondoloza uhulumeni onomthwalo wemfanelo ezakhamuzini zawo. Injongo eyinhloko ye-guarant iwukuvimbela imingcele yangaphambili ekukhishweni.

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, izinga lenkululeko yokunyathelisa nokusetshenziswa kwayo kuye kwavela ngezinqumo eziningi zeNkantolo Ephakeme. Kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphikisana nokuthi uhulumeni ungakwazi kangakanani ukubeka imingcele yenkulumo. Lezi zincazelo zokwahlulela ziye zaguqula ukuqonda kwanamuhla ukuthi ikuphi inkululeko ecindezelayo esetshenziswayo.

Kungani Inkululeko Yephephandaba Ibalulekile?

Inkululeko yezindaba ifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi emphakathini wentando yeningi.

Ukulandisa nokubona ngale

Izindaba ezikhululekile zisebenza njengeqembu eligade uhulumeni nezinye izinhlangano ezinamandla. Ngokuhlola ukonakala, ukudalula ububi, nokuhlola izenzo zezikhulu zomphakathi, imithombo yezindaba isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi labo abasezikhundleni zegunya bahlala benomthwalo wemfanelo kubantu abakhonzayo. Le nkonzo yokuqondisa ibaluleke kakhulu ekubusweni kwentando yeningi okumelwe izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuqondisa ngokuqondile yonke imisebenzi kahulumeni.

Imithombo yezindaba inikeza izakhamuzi ukwaziswa okudingekayo ukuze zenze izinqumo eziqondile mayelana nokuvota, isimiso somphakathi nokuhlanganyela komphakathi.

Intengo Yemibono

UMahluleli u-Over Wendell Holmes, Jr. wamemezela ukuthi "uvivinyo olungcono kakhulu lweqiniso amandla omcabango okwaziwa ngokwawo ekuncintisaneni kwezentengiselwano." lemibono isikisela ukuthi iqiniso livela ekuhwebelaneni ngokukhululekile kwemibono nemininingwane ehlukahlukene. Uma amaphepha-zindaba ekwazi ukusebenza ngokukhululekile, lunezela kulendawo ngokuveza imibono eminingi futhi luvumele umphakathi ukuba uhlole izimpikiswano eziphikisanayo.

Izindaba zivikelekile ukuze zithuthukise futhi zivikele ukusebenzisa inkululeko yokukhuluma emphakathini, kuhlanganise nesithakazelo sabantu ekutholeni ukwaziswa. Lokhu kuqonda kuyaqaphela ukuthi inkululeko ecindezelayo ayisizi nje izinhlangano zezezindaba kodwa umphakathi uwonke.

Ukuhlola Amandla Kahulumeni

Iphephandaba lisebenza njengegatsha lesine elingekho emthethweni likahulumeni, linikeza izinhlolo-hlolo nezilinganiselo ngalé kwalezo ezakhelwe ehlelweni lomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuhlolwa nokuhlaziywa kokugxeka, izintatheli zingadalula ukuphamba kukahulumeni, ukuhluleka, nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla. Lomsebenzi uba obaluleke kakhulu ikakhulukazi phakathi nezikhathi zenhlekelele noma lapho ezinye iziphetho zezinhlangano zingahluleka.

Izinga Lenkululeko Yemishini

Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sinikeza inkululeko eqinile yokunyathelisa, izinkantolo ziye zazama ukuchaza ngokuqondile ukuthi lesi sivikelo sihilelani nokuthi abezindaba bawajabulela yini amalungelo akhethekile angaphezu kwalawo anikezwa izakhamuzi ezivamile.

Amalungelo Okusebenza Amelene Namalungelo Omphakathi

Abanye baye baphakamisa umbuzo wokuthi i - Free Spee Claus ne - Free Press Claus zivumelana yini nemithombo yezindaba, ngokuphathelene nesivikelo sezindaba. Izinqumo eziningi zeNkantolo Ephakeme zicabangela imithetho yemithombo yezindaba ehlaziya izivikelo ezihlobene nomthetho - sisekelo ngaphandle kokuhluka ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwalezi zisho ezimbili.

Inkantolo ePhakeme iveza isiphetho esiqinile sokuthi iFree Press Claus ayinikezi abanyathelisi amandla okuphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba anikeze ukwaziswa noma ngenye indlela anikeze abezindaba ukwaziswa umphakathi ovamile ongenakho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba iphephandaba lingavinjelwa ekunyatheliseni ukwaziswa okutholakele ngokomthetho, alinalo ilungelo lomthetho - sisekelo lokufinyelela ulwazi lukahulumeni olungaphezu kwalelo elitholakala ezakhamuzini ezivamile.

INkantolo iye yanquma ukuthi ngokuvamile imithetho esebenzayo ayicasuli iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngenxa nje yokuthi ukugcinwa kwayo ngokumelene nemithombo yezindaba kunemiphumela ezenzakalelayo.

Isivikelo Ekuvinjelweni Okusengaphambili

Enye yezindlela eziyisisekelo zokuvikela iphephandaba ukukhululeka ekuvimbeleni uhulumeni ngaphambi kokuba ukhishwe. Indaba yengqopha - mlando iNew York Times Co. ne United States (1971), ebizwa futhi ngokuthi icala "ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sokunyathelisa esikhululekile kuhulumeni.

Kulendaba, uhulumeni wafuna ukuvimbela iNew York Times ne Washington Post ekunyatheliseni izincwadi ezihlelwayo eziphathelene neMpi yaseVietnam. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi uhulumeni akawusingathanga umthwalo onzima odingekayo ukuze athethelele ukuvinjelwa kwangaphambi kokuba akhiphe lamaphepha. Lesi sinqumo saqinisa isimiso sokuthi ukucusumbulwa kukahulumeni ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe cishe akuvunyelwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwenkululeko Yokunyathelisa

Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sinikeza inkululeko eqinile yokunyathelisa, izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela izigaba eziningana zenkulumo ezithola isivikelo esilinganiselwe noma ezingavikelwe umthetho - sisekelo, futhi amaphepha - maphepha angalandisa ngezinhlobo ezithile zezincwadi ezilimazayo.

Ukuvukela: Ukukhululeka Nokunyundela

Ukulahla bekulokhu kusebenza njengomngcele wenkululeko yokukhuluma nenkululeko yezindaba. Ukulahla kuhlanganisa kokubili isoli (izinkulumo ezibhalwe phansi ezihlanjalazayo) kanye nokunyundela (izinkulumo ezihlambalazayo). Inkululeko yenzaka lapho inkulumo engamanga nehlazisayo ngomuntu obonakalayo ikhishwa engxenyeni yesithathu, ibangela ukulimala idumela lendaba.

Ngaphambi kuka-1964, ukusho komthetho kahulumeni ukuthi uhlanjalazwa kwakulinganiselwa kakhulu ekulinganiseni okungokomthetho kunamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo enkululeko yokukhuluma noma esakazwe iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Ukulahlwa, njengezinye izinqanwa eziningi ezivamile, kwakungena ngaphansi kwemithetho esekelwe emthethweni.

INew York Times n. Sullivan

Elinye lamacala ayisisekelo kakhulu eSichibiyelo Sokuqala yenzeka ngo-1964 ngesinqumo seNkantolo eNew York Times Co. Sullivan. Lelicala laguqula umthetho wehlazo eUnited States futhi lamisa izivikelo ezibalulekile zokuqashelwa kwezikhulu zomphakathi.

ITimes yayinyathelise isikhangiso esikhokhelwa inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi yaseNingizimu igxeka ukusabela komphakathi oholwa uDkt. Martin Luther King futhi equkethe amaphutha amaningana ayiqiniso.

Lenkantolo yacabangela icala ngokumelene nesizinda sokuzinikela okujulile kwesizwe esisekelwe esimisweni sokuthi inkulumo - mpikiswano ezindabeni zomphakathi kufanele ingabi namingcele, ibe namandla, futhi ivuleke kabanzi, nokuthi lingase lihlanganise ukuhlasela okunonya, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngokungajabulisi ezikhulwini zikahulumeni nasemphakathini.

INkantolo yathi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala "isikhulu somphakathi esithola umonakalo ekutholeni umonakalo wokuziphatha kwaso okuhlambalazayo okuhlobene nokuziphatha kwaso okusemthethweni ngaphandle kokuba ibonise ukuthi lenkulumo yashiwo 'ngobubi obungokoqobo' , okungukuthi, ngokwazi ukuthi kwakungamanga noma kwakuwukunganaki ukuthi kwakuyiphutha noma cha." Lendinganiso "yobuqotho" inikeza isivikelo esiphawulekayo ephepheni lapho ibika izikhulu zomphakathi, iqaphela ukuthi amaphutha athile ayiqiniso angenakugwenywa empikiswaneni enkulu yomphakathi.

Okwandiswa Ezithombeni Zomphakathi

Indinganiso yeSullivan kamuva yadluliselwa ngalé kwezikhulu zomphakathi kwaba abantu abadumile noma abadumile noma abaye bazifaka ezimpikiswaneni zomphakathi. Lokhu kuqaphela ukuthi izikhulu zomphakathi, njengezikhulu zomphakathi, ziyakwazi ukufinyelela kakhulu emizileni yezindaba ukuze zisabele ekugxekweni futhi ngokuzithandela ziye zazichaya ekuhlolweni umphakathi ngokwengeziwe.

Kubantu ngabanye abahileleke ezindabeni zomphakathi, isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo asiqinile kangako, nakuba imibuso ingeke ibeke isibopho ngaphandle kokubonisa amaphutha athile. Lendlela elandelanayo ilinganisela isidingo sempikiswano yomphakathi eqinile nesivikelo sedumela lomuntu siqu.

Ububi

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasungula ukuhlola ukuze ithole ukuthi yini ebangela ukuhlanjalazwa kwezithombe, ngokuvamile ifuna ukuba kukhangelwe izinto ezithandwayo, ibonisa ukuziphatha kobulili ngendlela enengekayo, ngendlela ewukwenelisayo, futhi ayinawo nokubaluleka okungathi sína kwezincwadi, ezobuciko, zezombangazwe, noma ezingokwesayensi.

Nokho, umehluko phakathi kokuvikela ubulili nehlazo elibi asekhona futhi sekudlulile. Lokho omunye umphakathi okubheka njengenhlamba kungase kuhluke kuleyo emithethweni yomunye, kubangele izinselele eziqhubekayo ezinhlanganweni zezokuxhumana.

Ukushukumiseleka Esenzeni Esingenamthetho

Inkululeko yokukhuluma nezindaba ayivumeli isimo ukuba senqabe ukuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa kwegunya noma kokwephulwa komthetho ngaphandle uma ukubuswa okunjalo kuqondiswe ekuvuseleleni noma ekubangeleni isenzo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze futhi ngokunokwenzeka sikhuthaza noma siveze isenzo esinjalo. Lendinganiso, eyasungulwa eBrandenburg v. Ohio (1969), ivikela ubudlelwano obuningi kuyilapho ivumela uhulumeni ukuba uvimbele ukukhuluma okubangela ngokuqondile nangokungazelele ubudlova noma umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni.

Ngokuvamile iphephandaba lijabulela isivikelo lapho libika noma linyathelisa ngisho namazwi asekela isenzo esingekho emthethweni, uma nje lencwadi ngokwayo ingahloselwe ukubangela futhi ngokunokwenzeka ibangele isenzo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze.

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nokwaziswa Okuyizinhlobo

Umbango phakathi kwenkululeko yokunyathelisa nokulondeka kwezwe uletha enye yezici eziyinselele kakhulu zomthetho weSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Uhulumeni ngezikhathi ezithile uye wasongela ukuqunga izikhulumi ezingaphansi kwemithetho yokukhipha ukwaziswa okuhlelwa ngokwezigaba, nakuba ukushushisa okunjalo kungavamile. Ilungelo lomphakathi lokwazi ngemisebenzi kahulumeni nesidingo sikahulumeni sokuvikela ulwazi lwesizwe olunendaba ngempela lulokhu luyindaba yempikiswano eqhubekayo.

Amalungelo Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Cishe wonke umbuso uqaphela ilungelo elithile lokufihla imfihlo, kungaba ngomthetho noma ngaphansi komthetho ovamile. Imithetho eminingi yombuso izama ukulinganisela phakathi kwelungelo lomuntu lomuntu lokwethukela nesithakazelo somphakathi kwinkululeko yezindaba.

Umthetho wemfihlo uqaphela amathoyizi amaningana ahlukile anganciphisa inkululeko, kuhlanganise ukuphazamisa ukungazihlukanisi, ukudalulwa kwasobala kwamaqiniso angasese, ukukhanya kwamanga, nokubizwa kwegama noma umfanekiso. Nokho, amaphephabhuku ngokuvamile athola isivikelo lapho ememezela ukwaziswa okuyiqiniso ngezindaba zomphakathi, ngisho noma lokho kwaziswa kuhlazisa noma kuyimfihlo.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zenkululeko Yokusebenza Ngokuzikhandla

Izimiso eziningana eziyisisekelo ziqondisa ukusetshenziswa kwenkululeko yezindaba eUnited States:

  • Ukuvikelwa ekucubungulisweni kukahulumeni: Uhulumeni ngeke uvimbele ukusakazwa kokwaziswa ngaphandle kwezimo ezingavamile kakhulu lapho ukuvinjelwa kungalunga khona.
  • Ilungelo lokusakaza imibono ehlukahlukene:[ Iphephandaba linganyathelisa imibono ehlukahlukene, ehlanganisa imibono ephikisanayo, engathandwa, noma ecasulayo, ngaphandle kokungenela kukahulumeni.
  • Amandla okuhlola nobika ngokukhululekile: Izintatheli zingaphishekela izindaba, imithombo yengxoxo, futhi zinyathelise okutholiwe ngaphandle kokufuna imvume kahulumeni.
  • Ukuvikela ekuphindiseleni noma ekujezisweni: Uhulumeni akanakujezisa abanyathelisi bezindaba zokunyathelisa izikhulu eziphoxayo noma ezigxeka izimiso zikahulumeni, ngaphandle kwezimo ezincanyana ezihilela izigaba zenkulumo ezingavikelekile.
  • Akukho zimfuneko ezikhethekile ezidingayo: Ngokungafani namanye amazwe amaningi, i-United States ayifuni ukuba izintatheli zithole amalayisensi kahulumeni noma isiqinisekiso sokusebenzisa amaphephandaba.
  • Igunya emicimbini yomphakathi:[ Izindaba nomphakathi ngokuvamile banelungelo lokuya enkantolo yobugebengu kanye nezinye izindaba zikahulumeni, nakuba lelilungelo lingaphelele.

Uphawu Lwenkantolo Ephakeme Luyenza Inkululeko Yezindaba

Ngalé kweNew York Times v. Sullivan, izinqumo eziningi zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zachaza indlela inkululeko yokunyathelisa eMelika ehamba ngayo.

Branzburg v. Hayes (1972)

EBranzburg v. Hayes (1972), intatheli yaseLouisville, eKentucky, yaxoxa nabantu abaxhumanisa ukuhweba ngezidakamizwa ngendaba ethile, futhi yenqaba ukusho imithombo yayo kumajaji amakhulu. INkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha isinqumo ngo - 5-4 sokuthi ukwaziswa kwafeza isithakazelo esishukumisayo nesiyinhloko sombuso owathatha isikhundla samalungelo akhe okuQonda ukuGunyazelwa kwezephulamthetho.

Lesi sinqumo sathola ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala asidambisi intatheli yephephandaba isibopho sokuphendula i-poena enkulu yamajaji futhi iphendule imibuzo ehlobene nophenyo lobugebengu. Ngakho - ke, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala asilinikezi intatheli ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi obungokomthetho-mthetho lwesivumelwano sokuthi yenza ukufihla amaqiniso abalulekile ekuhlolweni kwabahluleli abakhulu.

Nakuba iBranzburg yayithi izintatheli azinalo ilungelo elingokomthetho lokwenqaba ukunikeza ubufakazi phambi kwezigebengu ezinkulu, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi amazwe amaningi aye amisa imithetho evikela imibandela engokomthetho evikela imithombo eyimfihlo yezintatheli.

Kuhlmeier (188)

Umagazini wokuhlola ukuhlolwa kwezindaba wavela ngomongo ohlukile kuHazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (188). Esinqumweni esingu 5-3, uMahluleli Byron White wanquma ukuthi uthishanhloko wesikole somphakathi unelungelo lokuhlola izihloko ezivela ephephandabeni labafundi elikhethwe abahleli babafundi.

Lelicala laveza ukuthi amalungelo abafundi agunyazwe ezikoleni zomphakathi alinganiselwe kakhulu kunawabezindaba abangochwepheshe, ikakhulukazi lapho incwadi yabafundi iyingxenye yezifundo zesikole. Lesisinqumo siye saphikiswana phakathi kwabasekeli benkululeko yezindaba abaphikisa imfundo yomphakathi nezincwadi zabafundi.

Amaphephandaba aseRichmond, Inc. v. Virginia (1980)

Lelicala lamisa ilungelo lokuthola isiBuyiselo Sokuqala sobugebengu emacaleni ezindaba nasemphakathini. INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala okuvulekile kufeza imisebenzi ebalulekile emphakathini wentando yeningi, kuhlanganise nokuqinisekisa ukuthi kulungile, ukunikeza isheke emandleni okwahlulela, nokugcina ukuthembela komphakathi esimisweni sobulungisa. Lelilungelo lokungena liye ladluliselwa kwezinye izigigaba zikahulumeni, nakuba izinga lalo lisalokhu lisewumphumela oqhubekayo wokubekwa icala.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Zokuphoqelela Inkululeko

Inkululeko yokunyathelisa e - United States ibhekene nezinselele eziningi ekhulwini lama - 21, okudinga ukuba kuhlale kuqaphile futhi kuvumelaniswe nezimiso zokuQothulwa Kwezinqumo Zokuqala nezimo ezintsha.

Ukunyathelisa Ngemishini Yezindaba Nezingosi Zokuxhumana

Ukuvela kwe-Internet ne-techism kuye kwaguqula izinhlelo zezindaba futhi kwaphakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nenkululeko yezindaba. Abanyathelisi be-website, abaqondisi be-methomu, nabasebenzisi bezokuxhumana manje bangafinyelela izibukeli eziningi ngaphandle kwesisekelo sezinhlangano zezezindaba ezivamile. Izinkantolo zivame ukudlulisa iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ezingenisweni ze-inthanethi, kodwa imibuzo isalokhu ikhona ngecala lezindawo zobuchwepheshe zomphakathi ezifakwe ezingenisweni ezintsha zokuxhumana.

Umehluko phakathi kwezintatheli ezingochwepheshe nezintatheli zezakhamuzi uye wafiphazeka ngokwengeziwe, uphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi ubani ofanelekela ukuvikelwa emaphephandabeni namalungelo.

Isilinganiso Somsebenzi Kahulumeni Nesivikelo

Ikhono lokuqapha likahulumeni liye lakhula kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva, ladala izinsongo ezintsha zokucindezela inkululeko. Ukuxhumana kwabacosheli bezindaba nemithombo kungaqashelwa ngokuqapha kwemishini, abashaya ikhwelo abashaqisayo nombiko wophengululo. Ikhono lokuvikela imithombo eyimfihlo libalulekile kumagazini ohlolayo, kodwa ukuqapha kukahulumeni kwenza ukuvikela okunjalo kube nzima kakhulu.

Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivame ukuvikela ukunyatheliswa kokwaziswa okuthola ukwaziswa okungokomthetho, uhulumeni uye waphikisa ngokuthi izintatheli ezifuna ukwaziswa okuhlelwa ngokwezigaba zingaqulwa ngaphansi kwemithetho yezephula - mthetho.

Ukuhlasela Kwezinga Lokucobeka

Ukuthembela komphakathi emithonjeni yezindaba kuye kwancipha eminyakeni yamuva, njengoba abaholi bezombangazwe nabanye behlasela abezindaba njalo bethi bangabandlululayo, abangathembekile, noma "abangathembekile" nakuba ukugxekwa kwemithombo yezindaba ngokwako kuyinkulumo evikelekile, ukuhlasela okuqhubekayo kokuncishiswa kwekhono lobundaba kungalulaza ikhono lemithombo yezindaba lokufeza umsebenzi wayo wokugada futhi kungase kube nesibindi sokuvimbela ukutholakala noma ukuphindisela ekuhlaseleni impikiswano egxekayo.

Ukwanda kokungaqondi kahle nokungahambisani nezindaba kuyi - Internet kuye kwayidida imithombo yezindaba, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngomphakathi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokukhishwa kwezincwadi okunokwethenjelwa nokungamanga noma okudukisayo.

Ukucindezela Kwezomnotho Kokuthola Imithombo Yezindaba

Ibhizinisi elisebenza ngokudayisa liphazamisekile ngokushintsha kwezezindaba nokuncipha kwenzuzo engokwesiko yokukhangisa. Izinhlangano eziningi zezindaba ziye zavala noma zanciphisa izisebenzi zazo ngokuphawulekayo, okungaholela ekutheni kungaphenduli futhi kungancishisi ukukhomba kukahulumeni wendawo nezinhlangano. Nakuba lezi zingcindezi zezomnotho zingahileli ngokuqondile ukucusumbula kukahulumeni, zisongela ikhono elisebenzayo lamaphephandaba lokufeza imisebenzi yakhe yentando yeningi.

Ukufinyelela ukwaziswa kukahulumeni

Naphezu kwenkululeko yemithetho yokwaziswa emazingeni kahulumeni nombuso, izintatheli zivame ukubhekana nezithiyo ekutholeni amarekhodi kahulumeni nokwaziswa. Izinkampani zingahlehlisa ukusabela lapho kucelwa ukwaziswa, zifuna ukudedelwa okukhulu, noma zikhokhe izindleko ezikhudlwana zezincwadi. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zingalinganisela ukungeniswa kwezenzakalo, izakhiwo, noma izikhulu, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba izintatheli ziqoqe ukwaziswa futhi zibeke uhulumeni icala.

Ilungelo lentatheli nelokuvikela imithetho

Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme eBranzburg yathi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala asinikezi izintatheli ilungelo elingokomthetho lokwenqaba ukufakazela imithombo eyimfihlo, amazwe amaningi aye amisa imithetho yezihlangu enikeza isivikelo somthetho. Lemithetho iyahlukahluka kakhulu ngobukhulu nangamandla ayo, eminye inikeza isivikelo esiphelele emithonjeni eyimfihlo futhi eminye inikeza isivikelo esifanelekayo kuphela esinganqotshwa ngokubonisa isidingo esiphoqelelwe.

Kuhulumeni, awukho umthetho obanzi wesivikelo, nakuba ezinye izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zaqaphela ilungelo lentatheli efanelekayo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala noma umthetho kahulumeni ovamile. Imizamo yokumisa umthetho kahulumeni wesivikelo iye yamiswa kaningi kuKhongolo kodwa ayiphumelelanga, ishiya izintatheli zingavikelekile ezinhlalweni zomphakathi ngenxa yemithombo yazo nokwaziswa okungasakazwanga.

Ukuntuleka kwesivikelo esifanayo semithombo yezintatheli kungaba nomphumela ohlasimlisayo ekubikeni, njengoba abafuyi bekhwela banganqikaza ukuvela uma bengenakuqinisekiswa ngemfihlo. Lendaba iye yacindezela kakhulu njengoba ukuhlola okuvuzayo kukahulumeni kuye kwabhebhethekisa imithombo yezindaba nezokuxhumana.

Ukuqhathaniswa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Nenkululeko Yokunyathelisa

Nakuba iUnited States inezimiso eziqinile zomthetho - sisekelo zokuvikela inkululeko eyandayo, izinhlangano zemithombo yezindaba zomhlaba wonke ziye zaphawula izici ezikhathazayo. izici ezihlukahlukene zithinta inkululeko eyandayo emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise nesivikelo esingokomthetho, ukuvela kukahulumeni, ukuzimela kwemithombo yezindaba, ukuphepha kwezintatheli, nokucindezela kwezomnotho ezinhlanganweni zezindaba.

IUnited States ngokuvamile ilandela kahle izinqumo zenkululeko yezindaba zomhlaba wonke ngenxa yesiphetho sayo esinamandla seSichibiyelo Sokuqala, kodwa ayiholi ngaso sonke isikhathi ezingeni eliphezulu. izihloko ezinjengokuphepha kwezintatheli, ukuqapha kukahulumeni, ukunyathelisa ukutholakala kokwaziswa, nokugxiliswa kwemithombo yezindaba kuye kwaphawulwa njengezici lapho inkululeko yezindaba yaseMelika ingaqiniswa khona.

Ukuqhathanisa inkululeko yezindaba emazweni wonke kwembula izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulinganisela ukuveza inkululeko nezinye izithakazelo zomphakathi. Ezinye idemokrasi zinezivikelo zezindaba eziyimfihlo ezinamandla kakhulu noma imithetho yenzondo evimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma engavunyelwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala sase-U.S. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kwezizwe ngezizwe kungazisa izimpikiswano ngobukhulu obufanele benkululeko yokunyathelisa kanye nokungalawuleki okuhilelekile ezindleleni ezihlukene zokuzihlela.

Indima Yenkululeko Yokunyathelisa Ebuthweni Lentando Yeningi

Inkululeko yokugcizelela ayilona nje ilungelo elijatshulelwa izinhlangano zemithombo yezindaba; iyisici esingokwesimiso sokubusa kwentando yeningi esizuzisa zonke izakhamuzi.

Ukwakhela Umbono Womphakathi

Idemokrasi ixhomeke ekukhetheni okunolwazi olukwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezicatshangelwe kahle ngokuphathelene nenqubo yomphakathi nobuholi bezombangazwe. Izindaba zifeza lomsebenzi ngokuqoqa, ukuqinisekisa, nokusakaza ukwaziswa ngemisebenzi kahulumeni, izimpikiswano zezimiso, nezindaba ezikhathaza umphakathi. Ngaphandle kwezindaba ezikhululekile, izakhamuzi bezingeke zithole ukwaziswa okudingekayo ukuze zifake abameleli bazo icala noma zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ezinqubweni zentando yeningi.

Ukubhekana Nempikiswano Yomphakathi

Izindaba zinikeza inkundla yengxoxo yomphakathi ngokunikeza imibono ehlukene nangokunikeza izingxoxo eziphikisayo zezimpikiswano ezibalulekile. Ngokunyathelisa izingxenyana zemibono, izincwadi kumhleli, nokuhlanganisa imibono ehlukene, izinhlangano zezokuxhumana zisiza ekudaleni imiqondo ebalulekile ekuhlonzeni kwentando yeningi. Le misebenzi ibaluleke kakhulu emphakathini omkhulu, ohlukene lapho izakhamuzi zingenakuhlanganyela khona empikiswaneni ebhekene nazo zonke izindaba zomphakathi.

Ukuhlola Ukwenziwa Kobubi

I-pagerism isebenza umsebenzi obalulekile wokuhlola ngokuveza ukukhohlakala, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, kanye nokwenza okubi okungahlala kufihlekile. Amahlazo amakhulu anjengeWatergate, iPentagon Papers, kanye nezinye izimemezelo eziningi zibonise ikhono lezindaba lokubeka izinhlangano ezinamandla icala. Lendima yokuhlola idinga isivikelo esiqinile esingokomthetho, njengoba lawo avezwa ukubika okunjalo ngokuvamile anezisusa ezinamandla zokucindezela noma ukujezisa intatheli ezihilelekile.

Ukuhlola Amandla Kahulumeni

Ngokuhlola izenzo zikahulumeni nangokunikeza isikhulumi sokuphikisana, iphephandaba lisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ngokwethukela amandla kahulumeni angaphaya kokuhlukaniswa okungokomthetho kwemibuso. Lokhu kuhlola umsebenzi kubaluleke kakhulu ikakhulukazi phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo noma izikhathi zenhlekelele lapho ezinye izingcingo zenhlangano zingalulama. Umbiko okhululekile ungakhipha isixwayiso ngohulumeni ocuphekayo futhi uvuse ukuphikiswa komphakathi ekuxhashazweni kwegunya.

Izincwadi Eziwusizo Zezintatheli Nabamemezeli

Ukuqonda inkululeko yokunyathelisa akudingi nje ukwazi izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo kuphela kodwa nokuqaphela ukucatshangelwa okuwusizo okubhekene nako ezintathelini nabamemezeli lapho besebenzisa amalungelo abo okuQothulela Umthetho.

Izingozi Ezingokomthetho Nezokuvikela

Izintatheli kumelwe zisebenzise izingozi ezihlukahlukene ezingokomthetho, kuhlanganise nezindlela zokuhlambalaza, iziqu zangasese, kanye necala elingenzeka lokunyathelisa izinhlobo ezithile zokwaziswa. Ukuqonda izisekelo zomthetho ezikhona − njengeqiniso, ukukhulumela okulungile, kanye nendinganiso yangempela yezibalo zomphakathi — kubaluleke kakhulu ekutholeni imingcele evimbela ukuchayeka okungokomthetho kuyilapho kunciphisa ukuchayeka okungokomthetho.

Nokho, izindleko zokuzivikela ngokomthetho zingaba nkulu, futhi ngisho nokumangalela okungafanele kungaba nomphumela owethusayo ekubhaleni izincwadi ngokudla imithombo yemali nangokuvimbela ukuqubuka kwezindaba eziphikisanayo.

Ukucabangela Okunengqondo

Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sinikeza isivikelo esingokomthetho esibanzi senkululeko yokunyathelisa, izintatheli zisebenza ngaphansi kwezibopho eziqinile ezithiya kakhulu kunezimfuneko ezingokomthetho. Izimiso zokubhala ngezincwadi zigcizelela ukunemba, ukungalungi, ukunciphisa ukulimala nokulandisa.

Ukulinganisa ilungelo lomphakathi lokwazi nezinye izinto, njengokuzihlola komuntu siqu, ukulondeka kwesizwe, nokulimala okungavela ekunyathelisweni, kudinga ukwahlulela okucophelelayo. Izintatheli kumelwe zihlole lezizithakazelo ezincintisanayo futhi zenze izinqumo ezinzima ngokuthi yini okumelwe ikhishwe nokuthi inganikeza kanjani ukwaziswa okubucayi.

Umthombo Wesivikelo

Imithombo eyimfihlo yokuvikela ibalulekile ekuhloleni amaphephandaba, ngoba izindaba eziningi ezibalulekile zixhomeke ekwazisweni okuvela kubaculi bekhwelo nakwezinye imithombo ezingabhekana nokuphindisela uma zikhona. Izintatheli kumelwe zithathe izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuvikela imithombo, kuhlanganise nokusebenzisa izindlela ezilondekile zokuxhumana, zinciphise inani labantu abazi ukuthi ungubani, futhi zizimisele ukubhekana nemiphumela engokomthetho kunokuba zembule umthombo.

Inkathi yokuxhumana kwemishini yenze kwaba isivikelo esinzima kakhulu, ngoba imishini yokuxhumana ingavinjelwa noma ivinjelwe. Izintatheli zisebenzisa kakhulu ukufinyeza nokunye ukuvikela imithombo yazo, nakuba la mathuluzi engawavikeli ngokuphelele ekuqapheni okunqunyiwe kukahulumeni.

Ikusasa Lenkululeko Yokusebenza

Njengoba ezobuchwepheshe, imithombo yezindaba nomphakathi kuqhubeka kushintsha, inkululeko yokunyathelisa iyobhekana nezinselele namathuba amasha.

Ushintsho Lwezobuchwepheshe

Ubuchwepheshe obuxubile obunjengobuhlakani obungeyomvelo, ama-atre, namathuluzi okuhlola athuthukisiwe kuyokwenza kube nezinselele ezintsha zenkululeko yokunyathelisa. Okuqukethwe yi-ai-oce kungafiphaza umehluko phakathi kobuthakathi bezincwadi zomuntu nendalo edalwe yimishini, kuyilapho ulwembu olujulile lunganciphisa ukuthemba ubufakazi obubonakalayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubuchwepheshe bunganika izintatheli amandla ngamathuluzi amasha okuphenya, ukuhlaziya ukwaziswa, nokuxhumana okulondekile.

Ukuvuselelwa Kwezimo

Impikiswano ephathelene nokuqondisa iziteshi zezokuxhumana nezindaba nezinye izikhulumi ezikuyi - Internet ziyoba nethonya elikhulu ekutholeni inkululeko yokunyathelisa.

Ukushintsha Izindinganiso Zomthetho

Umthetho weSichibiyelo sokuqala uyaqhubeka uguqukela ngezinqumo ezintsha zenkantolo nangentuthuko yemithetho. Amacala esikhathi esizayo angaxoxa ngemibuzo ephathelene nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zenkululeko ezingokwesiko zezindaba kubuchwepheshe obusha nezindlela zokuxhumana. Ukwakhiwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi kuyothonya indlela inkululeko ecindezelayo echazwa futhi isetshenziswe ngayo emashumini eminyaka azayo.

Amathonya Embulunga Yonke

Intuthuko yomhlaba wonke yenkululeko nemithetho yezindaba ingathonya amaMelika angenele lezindaba. Njengoba ukwaziswa kudlula emingceleni nakumaqembu emithombo yezindaba asebenza emhlabeni wonke, izindinganiso nemikhuba yomhlaba wonke kungaguqula izimpikiswano zezenkululeko yokunyathelisa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isiko leSichibiyelo sokuqala esiqinile sase-United States lingase lithonye intuthuko yenkululeko kwamanye amazwe.

Imithombo Yokuqonda Inkululeko Yokucosha Imishini

Kunezinhlangano nengcebo eningi yalabo abafuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngenkululeko yokunyathelisa nangeSichibiyelo Sokuqala:

  • I-Arediers Komiti ye Freedom of the Press inikeza imithombo engokomthetho, usizo, kanye nokuqapha kwabacosheli bezindaba ababhekene nezinselele zomthetho. Iwebhusayithi yabo inikeza iziqondisi, izintambo ezishisayo, nokwaziswa ngezindaba zenkululeko yokunyathelisa.
  • INhlangano yenkululeko isebenzisa iSikhungo Sokuqala Seziphendulo, esinikeza ingcebo yemfundo mayelana nazo zonke izici zenkululeko yokuHlaziya kokuqala, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yokunyathelisa.
  • INhlangano yezikhulu zezindaba ezingochwepheshe abameleli benkululeko yokunyathelisa futhi banikeza imithombo yezindaba imithombo yezomthetho, izimiso, nemikhuba emihle kakhulu kubacosheli bezindaba.
  • Isikhungo soMfundi somthetho wePress igxila ekucindezeleni izindaba zenkululeko ezithinta izintatheli zabafundi futhi inikeza usizo olungokomthetho nemithombo yemfundo.
  • I-Prefight First Amendment Institute eYunivesithi yaseColumbia iqhuba ukucwaninga, ukuhlaziywa, kanye nokungavumelani ngezindaba zeSichibiyelo sokuqala ngenkathi yobuchwepheshe.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekuhloleni imithombo eyinhloko, imibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme emacaleni amakhulu enkululeko itholakala nge-memostry engokomthetho nangengosi yeNkantolo. Ukufunda lezi zinqumo kunikeza ukuqonda ngokucabanga okusekuhlolweni kwenkululeko kucindezela izikhuselo nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nesikhundla nesicelo sayo.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kwenkululeko Yokunyathelisa

Inkululeko yezindaba ilokhu iyisisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika, yenza ukuba ukwazi ukugeleza kokwaziswa okubalulekile ekuzilawuleni nasekuzilandiseni. Nakuba iSichibiyeli Sokuqala sinikeza isivikelo esinamandla senkululeko yokucindezela, lezisivikelo azizona izinqamulo eziziqedayo futhi zidinga ukuzivikela nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha.

Izinselele ezibhekene nenkululeko ephoqelelwe namuhla, ezingcindezelweni zezomnotho ezisentabeni zikahulumeni zokuhlola ukuhlasela ukukholeka okucindezelayo, funa ukuqapha okuvela ezintathelini, izakhamuzi, nezinhlangano ezizinikele ezindinganisweni zentando yeningi. Ukuqonda izimiso ezingokomthetho, intuthuko engokomlando, kanye nezimiphumela engokoqobo yenkululeko yokunyathelisa kubalulekile kunoma ubani obheka uhulumeni onolwazi nolandisa.

Njengoba uMahluleli uHugo Black abhala ecaleni lePentagon Papers, "Umnyango wokunyathelisa wawungakhonzi ababuswayo, hhayi ababusi." Lesi simiso siyaqhubeka siqondisa inkululeko ecindezelayo eMelika, siqinisekisa ukuthi abezindaba bangafeza indima yabo ebalulekile ekubuseni umbuso wentando yeningi naphezu kwezithiyo nokulinganiselwa okubhekene nazo. Ngokuvikela ikhono lezindaba lokuqoqa nokusakaza ukwaziswa ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kukahulumeni, iSichibiyelo sokuqala sisebenza hhayi nje izintatheli kodwa zonke izakhamuzi ezithembele ekungeneni ngokukhululekile kokwaziswa okungahlanganyeli ekuphileni kwentando yeningi.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyintatheli, umfundi, umfundisi, noma uthembise isakhamuzi, ukuqonda inkululeko yezindaba kukusiza ukuba uqonde elinye lamalungelo ayisisekelo ahlukanisa izinhlangano zentando yeningi nezibusa ngempoqo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe obusha buvela futhi umphakathi ushintsha, izimiso eziyisisekelo zenkululeko yokunyathelisa ezimiswe eSimisweni Sokuqala zizoqhubeka ziqondisa izimpikiswano ngokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwenkulumo ekhululekile nezinye izithakazelo zomphakathi, ziqinisekisa ukuthi iphephandaba lingaqhubeka lifeza imisebenzi yalo ebalulekile yentando yeningi ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngamalungelo eSichibiyelo sokuqala futhi ucindezele inkululeko, vakashela i-Komiti yabaholi bezindaba yenkululeko ye-Press kanye ne- Freedom Forum Institute[. Ukuhlola amacala esazimendo evelele eNkantolo Ephakeme, hlola inkululeko [[FLT:].S. Website yeNkantolo ephakeme[[[[FLT]]] [[FLT]] nezisekomfa engokomthetho njenge Cornell Law School's Legit Information Information Institute yolwazi [. Ukuhlola kwamanje impikiswano ne-dvokigcon, bheka i-Socie ye-Prolencelgney]