Amandla ayisici esiyisisekelo somphakathi wesintu, esithonya ubudlelwane, ukubusa, kanye nokulawula kwezenhlalo. Ukuqonda onegunya nokuthi kungani kubalulekile kubafundi nakothisha ngokufanayo. Amandla athonya yonke into esuka emithethweni esiyilandelayo kuya esikweni esinalo, eyenza ibe ilens ebucayi ekuhloleni indlela izinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo futhi zivele ngayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola isimo samandla, ukubonakaliswa kwawo okungokomlando nangokosuku lwethu, futhi kungani amandla ebaluleke kakhulu kuyisihluthulelo sokwazi ukuba nesomthetho wezenhlalo.

Ukuchaza Amandla Enkonzweni

Amandla angachazwa njengekhono lokuthonya noma ukulawula ukuziphatha kwabantu nezinhlangano, ngisho noma kuphambene nentando yabo. Isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu uMax Weber sachaza amandla ngokuthi "amathuba okuthi umuntu odlala ebuhlotsheni obungokwenhlalo uyoba sesimweni sokwenza intando yakhe siqu naphezu kokumelana nalempi" kodwa amandla awasebenzi njalo; futhi angathonya, afeze, afeze noma abe yintando yentando yawo. Ukuqonda izinhlobo zawo ezihlukahlukene kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuqapheleni ukuthi asebenza kanjani ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Amandla abonakala ngobuningi obuhlukahlukene:

  • Amandla angokobuProtical: igunya eliphethwe ohulumeni, abaholi bezombangazwe, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuze kwenziwe futhi kuqikelelwe imithetho, ukwabelana imithombo, nokulalela.
  • [ Amandla ezomnotho[: lawula izimali, ukukhiqizwa, nokwabiwa kwezimpahla nengcebo. Izinhlangano nabantu abacebile basebenzisa amandla ezomnotho aphawulekayo alawula izimakethe nesimiso.
  • Ithonya elisekelwe esimweni somphakathi, ezinhlanganweni nasebuhlotsheni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa udumo, ukuxhumana, nekhono lokuhlanganisa amaqembu.
  • Amandla enkolo[: Ikhono lokubumba izinkolelo, izindinganiso, nezimiso ngemithonga, imfundo, inkolo, nobuciko. Amandla omdabu anquma lokho okubhekwa "njengendlela evamile" noma "yamukeleka" emphakathini.
  • Ukusebenzisa iProvince: Igama elaqanjwa nguJoseph Nye, libhekisele ekwazini ukudonsa nokuphoqa kunokucindezela, ukusebenzisa isiko, izinhloso zezombangazwe, nezimiso ezingokomthetho ukuthonya abanye.

Umuntu ocebile angase asebenzise amandla ezomnotho ukuze azuze ithonya lezombangazwe, kuyilapho inhlangano yezokuxhumana ihlanganisa amandla angokwesiko nangokwezomnotho ukuze ilolonge inkulumo yeningi. Ukuqaphela lemidlalo kubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe ngokungafani amandla ashukumisayo ezenhlalo.

Imibono Yamandla

I - “platuralism v. Elitism ”

Ososayensi bezombangazwe sekuyisikhathi eside bephikisana ngokuthi ubani ngempela onegunya embusweni wentando yeningi. Abaholi bezombangazwe baphikisa ngokuthi amandla asakazwa phakathi kwamaqembu amaningi ancintisanayo . njengokuhlangana kwezisebenzi, amabhizinisi, amaqembu emvelo, nezakhamuzi − beqaphela ukuthi akukho cebo elilodwa elibusayo. Kulombono, uhulumeni usebenza njengomsekeli ongathathi hlangothi. Ngokuphambene, abaholi abaphezulu abavelele abanjengo C. Wright Mills no G. William Domhoff uphikisa ngokuthi amandla ahlala nesigaba esincane esibusayo sabaholi bezezembutho, izikhulu zempi, nezombangazwe. Umsebenzi wabo uqokomisa indlela engokongathakazeli nezombangazwe okufeza ngayo izithakazelo zabacebile abambalwa.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kaFoucault

Michel Foucault waguqula ukuhlolwa kwamandla ngokuphikisa ngokuthi akuwona nje ophezulu noma ocindezelayo, kodwa udlulisa futhi ukhiqize. Ngokwe-Foucault, amandla asebenza ngezinhlangano zezenhlalakahle($isikole, izibhedlela, amajele, ngokuyala izindikimba nokulungisa ulwazi. Amandla afakwa emikhubeni nasezinkulumweni zansuku zonke, okwenza kube nzima ukuthola umuntu oyedwa noma iqembu. Lombono wembula ukuthi amandla angaba kanjani kokubili afihlekile nande, athonya lokho esikucabangayo, sikushoyo, sikwenze, futhi senze.

Umlando Wamandla

Ukuqonda amandla angokomlando kunikeza ukuqonda ezindabeni zanamuhla ezinjengobandlululo lwesimiso sobuhlanga, ukuhlukana kwezomnotho, nokuwohloka kwezombangazwe.

Impucuko Yasendulo Nelungelo Laphezulu

Emiphakathini yasendulo, amandla ayevame ukuhlanganiswa negunya lombuso nelungelo laphezulu. Amakhosi namandlovukazi ayebusa ngegunya eliphelele, ethethelelwa yizinkolelo ezingokwenkolo ezaziwamisa njengabameleli bonkulunkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, oFaro baseGibithe babebhekwa njengonkulunkulu abaphilayo, kuyilapho ababusi baseChina babephethe u "usuku lwezulu." Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwegunya lezombangazwe nelengokomoya kwenza ukuba kuphikiswe kokubili ukuvukela nokuhlanzwa kwezithixo, kuncishiswe ngokuphumelelayo izinselele ezisemthethweni wokubusa.

Ukufuna Ukuzitika Namandla Awohlosiwe

Isimiso sobuphostoli eYurophu yeNkathi Ephakathi sasakaza amandla phakathi kwamakhosi, izikhulu, neSonto eqenjini lezikhulu. izindela zazilawula izwe nengcebo futhi zibophele ukwethembeka kumakhosi aphakeme noma umqhele. Abaserefu nabasebalimi babengenawo amandla anele, beboshelwe ezweni futhi bengaphansi kwentando yamakhosi abo. Lesimiso saphikelela amakhulu amaningi eminyaka, siqiniswa ngomkhuba nangenkani, ngaphambi kokubekelwa inselele ngezinguquko zezomnotho nemibono emisha ngokuphathelene namalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Ukuphakama Kwentando Yeningi Nesizwe

Ukusungulwa kwezimiso zentando yeningi kwasusa amandla emibuso yentando yeningi kwaya kubantu, okungenani ngokwesimiso. IMagna Carta (1215), i-Lill of Rights yaseNgilandi (1689), iSimemezelo saseMelika seNguquko yezombangazwe (1776), kanye neNguquko yaseFrance (1789) zonke izenzakalo eziphawulekayo ekudluliseleni ubukhosi kancane kancane emakhosini kuya ezakhamuzini. Amandla anamuhla asungulwe ngemithetho-mthetho - sisekelo, ngokhetho, nangokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, nakuba ukusakazwa kwangempela kwethonya lezombangazwe kuye kwahlala kungenakulinganiswa kakhulu phakathi kwesigaba, uhlanga, nemigqa yabesifazane.

Ubukoloni Nombuso Wembulunga Yonke Kuyalingana

Izwe laseYurophu, kusukela ngekhulu le-15 kuya kwelama-20, lamisa amandla amakhulu embulunga yonke. Imibuso yamakoloni yasebenzisa imithombo yengcebo nemisebenzi, yachitha izakhiwo zomdabu zokubusa, futhi yamisa amasiko nenkolo yayo. Lelifa liyaqhubeka liguqula ubuhlobo bezombangazwe zezwe, ukuncika kwezomnotho, kanye nempucuko ezindaweni zangaphambili. Ukuqonda amandla amakoloni kubucayi ekuhloleni izindaba zanamuhla ezinjengezinguquko zezwe nenani eliphakathi kwembulunga yonke.

Ubani Onamandla Namuhla?

Nakuba imibono yentando yeningi ithembisa ukuthi ekugcineni amandla ahlala kubantu, empeleni ivame ukugxila ezinhlanganweni ezinamandla nakubantu abavelele.

Ohulumeni Nezimpepho Zezombangazwe

Izikhulu eziqashelwe, iziphathi-mandla ezimiswe ngomthetho, imithetho, nokuqiniswa kwemithetho. Nokho, amandla ezombangazwe awabeki inzuzo. Abanikeli abacebile, abazamkeli, namaqembu anesithakazelo basebenzisa ithonya elingalinganiyo emiphumeleni yezimiso ngeminikelo yomkhankaso nangokuqashwa kabusha. Ukuhlola kwesazi sePrinceton uMartin Gilens nabanye kubonisa ukuthi izikhulu zezomnotho nezithakazelo zezentengiselwano zinethonya elikhulu kakhulu enqubweni ye-U.S.

Izinhlangano Namandla Ezomnotho

Izinhlangano ezinkulu zezizwe ngezizwe zinamandla amakhulu ezomnotho, zithonya yonke into kusukela emsebenzini kuya kwezentela kuya ezimisweni zendawo ezungezile. Inzuzo yomhlaba wonke yezinkampani ezinjenge Walmart, Amazon[[, futhi [[FLT]] [[FLT]] Extonmobil [ ilula i-GDP yezizwe eziningi. Ngokukhuthaza, ngokuxhasa izimali, nangokuhlela imikhankankatho yomphakathi, ihlela iziteshi zezombangazwe ezisekela izigwebo zezentengo zezentengo yezentengo yomphakathi. Isenzakalo se "FLTrate" siveza ukukhomba ukukhomba kwezelelwa kwezentengo yomphakathi.

Abagcini-midiya Nolwazi

Izikhangiso zezezindaba zakudala, amatheku ezokuxhumana, nobuchwepheshe obukhulu bulawula ukugeleza kolwazi nokwakheka kwenkulumo yomphakathi. Izinqumo ze-Journatic ngokuphathelene nokuthi yini okumelwe imbozwe futhi ingathonya kanjani izindaba zezombangazwe nombono womphakathi. Ukunakwa kwezezindaba (ngokwesibonelo, ukubusa kwezinkampani ezinjenge [[FLT:]]] [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]], kanye [FLT]] ne[FLT:] ne[FLT][FLT][FL:][5]] ukuphathwa kwezinkampani [[FLT:]]] [5]] [izinto ezikhathaza amaprojekthi nokunci aphikisana nokuphikisa.

Izinhlangano Zomphakathi Neziqu Zomlotha Zibangela Amandla

Amandla futhi ahlala kubantu abavamile abahlela ndawonye ukufuna ushintsho. Izinhlangano zomphakathi ezinjenge- Black Live Matter, I-Me Too, [ ISishaya, [[FLT]], , [[FLT] ne[FLT] izinyunyana [ zibonisa ukuthi ngisho nangaphandle kwegunya elingokomthetho, izakhamuzi zingabekela izakhiwo eziqinile amandla. Ngokukhuthaza ukucindezela komphakathi, ukubhikisha, nokungalaleli, lezinhlangano, inguquko yezentengo yezentengo yeze, ukushintsha kwezemisebenzi, nokushintsha kwezempucuko. Impumelelo yazo ixhomeke ekusebenziseni kwezokuxhumana nokwakha i-'iqembu le-'.

Amandla Nokungalingani

Amandla agxiviziwe athanda ukuveza nokuqinisa ukungalingani. Labo abanegunya bangamisa imithetho nezimiso zomphakathi ukuze bavikele izinzuzo zabo, okwenza kube nzima ngamaqembu ancishisiwe ukuba athole ithonya. Lokhu kudala ishwa: amandla avulela amandla engeziwe, kuyilapho ukulwa okungenamandla kokuthola imithombo, ukumelelwa, nenhlonipho. Ukuqonda amandla kubalulekile ekuxazululeni ukungalungi okulawula okungokwezimiso njengokucwasa ngokwezinhlanga, ubulili, nokuxhaphaza ngokwezomnotho.

Ngokwesibonelo, igebe lengcebo [ eUnited States alinakuchazwa ngokugcwele ngaphandle kokuhlola ukungalingani kwamandla angokomlando ("relining, ukuboleka, ukubolekisa ngezimali, nokuxhasa imfundo okungafani. Ngokufanayo, ukungalingani kwezentengiselwano kuphikelela ngenxa yemiphakathi nezakhiwo zezemfundo eziphazamisa abesifazane nabantu abangebo abaholi, abakhokhi, abakhokhi, nababo abakhokhi bobuholi. Ukuhlola kwembula ukuthi lezi zigebe akuyona into engokwemvelo noma engenakugwenywa kodwa umphumela wezimiso zangamabo nezimiso zezenhlalo.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Imishini Enamandla

Ukuqaphela onamandla nendlela asetshenziswa ngayo kubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yezizathu eziningana:

  • Ukwakhiwa kwe-Invision : Ukuqonda izakhiwo zamandla kwenza abantu bakwazi ukuthatha iqhaza elinenjongo ezizinzile. Amavoter angahlola kangcono lokho okushiwo abazohlolwa futhi aqaphele uma izithakazelo eziphambili zokukhuluma.
  • Ubulungisa obungokwendawo: Ukuqaphela ukungalingani kwamandla kungabangela ukungalawuleki kwemiphakathi encishisiwe. Kusiza abashisekeli ukuba baphawule amaphuzu e-itropic kanye namasu asebenzayo oshintsho.
  • [ Ukucabanga okungaqondakaliyo: ukuhlolwa kwamandla kukhuthaza amakhono okucabanga agxekayo futhi kukhuthaza ukungabaza igunya. Iphikisa inkolelo yokuthi amalungiselelo akhona angokwemvelo noma alungile.
  • I-Instruction: Ukufunda ngemibango yamandla yangaphambili kusiza ekuhleleni izenzakalo zamanje. Izindlela ezifanayo zokugxilisa amandla nokumelana zibuye ziphinde zibuye emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, zinikeze izifundo zanamuhla.
  • Igunya Leyodwa: Ukuqonda indlela amandla asebenza ngayo kungasiza abantu ukuba baqondise izinhlangano, baxoxe ngemiphumela engcono, futhi baqinise inkampani yabo siqu ekuphileni komsebenzi nomphakathi.

Izimiso zemfundo, ikakhulukazi, zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokufundisa ngamandla. Abafundi abathweswa iziqu bengaqondi ukuthi imibuso yezombangazwe, ezomnotho, nempucuko ibumba kanjani ukuphila kwabo akuhlonyiselwe ukuba yizakhamuzi eziboshelwe. ICurcula ehlanganisa ukuhlola amandla, ukungalingani, nezinhlangano zomphakathi ilungiselela abafundi ukuba bahlaziye umhlaba ngokugxeka nokusekela ubulungisa.

Ukuhlola Izifo Ngemishini Yamandla

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Ezakhamuzi

I-Civil Rights Movement in the United States iyisibonelo esiyinhloko sezenzo zezenzo zobungcangcathu zempi yezehlakalo eziyinselele. Abaholi abanjengaye uMaritin King Jr. nezinhlangano ezifana ne-[[[FLT:]] i-Offidabinding Nortiving Councition Comitteement (SNC)[FLC] [[FLT]] ihlanganisa imiphakathi efuna amalungelo alinganayo nokususa ubuhlanga. [[Foffitets], insela, insela, inseko, nengokomthetho, iveza amandla aphoqelelweyo emibuso ye-RGoffance kanye nombuso wombuso ombuso owesizwe ophoqelelwe umbangosuku lwezizwe, njengoba kuqhubeka, njengoba kulwisa izisulu zezizwe ezikhona namuhla. [Foctivessssss, izisulu zezizwe ezinamandla amanani amanani amanani amanani amanani andile ayaqhubeka namuhla ayaqhubeka, njengoba kuqhubeka, njengoba kuqhubeka,

Izifundo ezibalulekile kuleli cala zihlanganisa ukubaluleka kwesakhiwo esihlangene, ukusetshenziswa kwezenzo eziqondile ukuze kwembulwe unya lokucindezelwa, nendima yokusakazwa kwemithombo yezindaba ekuthonyeni umbono womphakathi.

INtwasahlobo Yama - Arabhu

I-Arabian Spring yabonisa amandla ezokuxhumana nezokusebenza kwentsha ekubekeni inselele embusweni wobushiqela eMpuma Ephakathi. Kusukela eTunisia ngo-2010 futhi isakazekele eGibithe, eLibya, e-Siriya, nangaphandle kwayo, izigidi zezakhamuzi zathatha izintambo emigwaqweni zifuna inkululeko yezombangazwe, ithuba lezomnotho, kanye nokuphela kwenkohlakalo. Izincwadi ze-Platforms njenge incwadi ye-heac kanye ne-[FLT] zathatha indima ebalulekile ekuhleleni izingxoxo, ukusakaza, nokudonsa ukunakekela kwezizwe zonke.

Nakuba imiphumela yayihlukahluka, iholela ekushintsheni kwentando yeningi kwamanye amazwe kanye nezimpi zombango ezinonya kwezinye, i-Arabian Spring yanyakazisa izakhiwo zobushiqela futhi yabonisa ukuthi ngisho nezikhulu ezinamandla zingavikeleka ekuqoqweni kwemisebenzi ethandwayo. Yaqokomisa futhi imingcele ye-iprojekthi ye-intanethi ye-intanethi; ngaphandle kwezimiso zenhlangano nokusekela kwezizwe zonke, ukuqoqa kungavinjelwa noma kutholwe. I-Arabia Spring ihlala iyinganekwane eqaphileni ngobunzima bokushintsha amandla kanye nesidingo sezinhlangano eziqinile ukuze kuvikelwe inzuzo yentando yeningi.

Amandla Okusebenza Kwezimo Zezulu Nomthetho Wesimo Sezulu

Imboni yamandla kaphethiloli inikeza ukuhlolwa kwamanje kwendlela amandla enkampani ashintsha ngayo indlela yokulawula ibhizinisi ukuze umphakathi uphumelele. Amashumi eminyaka, Exxon Mobil[ nezinye izinkampani zikawoyela zasekela imikhankaso yokuphika isimo sezulu, emelene nemithetho, futhi zathonya abezombangazwe ukuba bavimbele ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Amandla abo ezomnotho abavumela ukuba balawule izinhlelo zezombangazwe, naphezu kokuvumelana okukhulu kwesayensi yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Nokho, ukunyuka kwenhlangano yobulungisa besimo sezulu sekuqale ukususa ukulinganisela. Abasebenzi baye basebenzisa imikhankaso yokuhlehlela phambili, izinqumo ezithatha izintambo, kanye nokusiza izinhlangano ezicindezelayo nohulumeni. I-Paris Accounting[ [20] [20] kanye nokusekelwa komphakathi okukhulayo kwamandla avuselelwayo kubonisa ukuthi amandla agcwele angabekelwenka ngenxa yokucindezela kotshani okuphikelelayo, nakuba intuthuko ihlala ihamba kancane futhi ingalingani.

Isiphetho: Ukulwela Ukubusa Okuqhubekayo

Amandla emphakathini awumqondo oyinkimbinkimbi noguquguqukayo. Awuphikisani kodwa awuphikisani njalo kodwa uphinde unqanyulwe. Ngokufunda ukuthi unegunya nomphumela walelogunya, abantu bangazibophezela futhi bakhuthaze umphakathi olinganayo. Amandla angasetshenziselwa inkululeko noma ukucindezela, ukwakha izinhlangano ezilungile noma ilungelo. Umsebenzi wabafundisi, abafundi, nabashisekeli ukuqonda inqubo yawo nokuhlanganyela ngentshiseko ekuthuthukiseni ukusakazwa kwawo.

Ekugcineni, ukuhlola amandla kuwukunxusa ukuba kwenziwe. Kusikhumbuza ukuthi idemokrasi, ubulungisa, nokulingana akunikezwanga kodwa kumelwe kuvikelwe futhi kuvikelwe. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuvota, ukuhlela, ukukhuluma, noma ukufundisa abanye, ngamunye wethu unamandla okuthonya izakhiwo zamandla ezibusa ukuphila kwethu. Lapho sazi ngokwengeziwe ukuthi amandla asebenza kanjani, sihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuwasebenzisa ngokuhlakanipha nangezimiso ezifanele.